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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hf5NX6HxdQbTvBx9xmpDy7R</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220849</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico Relacionado &#224; Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o P&#243;s-S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda na Aten&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria: An&#225;lise de Sobrevida em Longo Prazo na Estrat&#233;gia ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3110-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidim</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra V. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscritoRevis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Tatiana C. Bruno &#8226; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-900, Butant&#227;, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>taticbruno@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220849</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre terapia de reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e mortalidade na aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto de tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas: (1) terapia medicamentosa exclusiva, (2) Angioplastia Transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria (ATPC) e (3) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) na sobrevida em longo prazo de participantes da Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana Aguda (ERICO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises de sobrevida para mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e mortalidade por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foram realizadas de acordo com tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas (tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo, ATPC ou RM). Modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox foram usados para estimar o hazard ratio (HR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) de 180 dias a quatro anos de acompanhamento ap&#243;s a SCA. Os modelos s&#227;o apresentados como modelo sem ajuste ou ajustado quanto &#224; idade, sexo e DAC pr&#233;via, tipo de SCA, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais obstru&#237;das (&#8805;50%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Entre os 800 participantes, as piores taxas de sobrevida (mortalidade por todas as causas e DCV) foram detectadas entre os indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram a RM. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre RM e DAC [HR: 2,19 (IC95% 1,05-4,55)], mas o risco perdeu signific&#226;ncia no modelo multivariado. A ATPC foi associada a uma menor probabilidade de eventos fatais durante os quatro anos de acompanhamento: mortalidade por todas as causas [HR, an&#225;lise multivariada: 0,42 (IC95% 0,26-0,70)], por DCV [HR: 0,39 (95% CI: 0,20-0,73)] e DAC [HR, an&#225;lise multivariada: 0,24 (IC95% 0,09-0,63)] em compara&#231;&#227;o aos submetidos ao tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>No ERICO, a ATPC ap&#243;s a SCA foi associada a um melhor progn&#243;stico, principalmente sobrevida por DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; causa de altas taxas de mortalidade, principalmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, a DCV foi a principal causa de morte nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, sendo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) respons&#225;vel por um ter&#231;o das mortes por DCV em 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento cardiovascular com t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e surgimento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> estudos recentes que compararam diferentes estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), como angioplastia Transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria (ATPC), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM), e terapia medicamentosa exclusiva relataram achados controversos quanto ao impacto sobre a mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, a desigualdade socioecon&#244;mica associada &#224; falta de acesso a centros terci&#225;rios de cardiologia representa uma barreira a tratamentos mais efetivos durante a fase aguda de um evento coron&#225;rio. O tratamento inadequado tem contribu&#237;do para as altas taxas de mortalidade no Brasil nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Assim, n&#243;s avaliamos o progn&#243;stico em longo prazo de pacientes com SCA, participantes do ERICO (Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana Aguda) de acordo com o tratamento implementado ap&#243;s a SCA. Comparamos tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias de tratamento: (1) terapia medicamentosa exclusiva, (2) ATPC (angioplastia com bal&#227;o, <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, e <italic>stents</italic> de metal), e (3) RM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes eram participantes do ERICO, um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte de paciente com SCA recrutados no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em resumo, o ERICO &#233; um estudo em andamento no HU-USP, um hospital secund&#225;rio com 260 leitos localizado no bairro do Butant&#227;, S&#227;o Paulo, cuja popula&#231;&#227;o era de 428 mil habitantes em 2010. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora o Butant&#227; apresente alguns indicadores socioecon&#244;micos acima da m&#233;dia da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (por exemplo, da renda familiar), ele &#233; caracterizado por amplas desigualdades. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os participantes do ERICO residem em uma regi&#227;o de renda m&#233;dia-baixa, com poss&#237;veis dificuldades de acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos todos os participantes (n=800/1085, 73,7%) admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia do HU-USP, com SCA confirmada, submetidos &#224; angiografia invasiva para o diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, seguido de tratamento ap&#243;s a fase aguda com tratamento cl&#237;nico isolado, incluindo tromb&#243;lise, ATPC ou RM. Todos os exames foram realizados em nosso centro de refer&#234;ncia de cardiologia durante a fase aguda do evento coronariano, o Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), localizado aproximadamente oito quil&#244;metros do HU-USP. O HU-USP n&#227;o &#233; um hospital especializado e, por isso, nem procedimentos de cateterismo card&#237;aco nem RM era dispon&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com suspeita de SCA no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia do HU-USP foram rastreados para participar no ERICO. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSSST), ou de angina inst&#225;vel (AI). Os crit&#233;rios usados para definir SCA foram: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>1) Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: presen&#231;a de sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca dentro de 24 horas da admiss&#227;o e n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99, com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico &lt; 10%.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>1a) IAMSST: presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mais um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST igual ou superior a 1mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas, ou presen&#231;a de um bloqueio novo ou presumivelmente novo do ramo esquerdo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>1b) IAMSSST: presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas n&#227;o para IAMSST.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2) AI: sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca 24 horas antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e ao menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: hist&#243;ria de DAC; teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco card&#237;aco positivo (invasivo ou n&#227;o invasivo); altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do segmento ST igual ou superior a 0,5mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, nova invers&#227;o da onda T igual ou superior a 1 mm e/ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T previamente invertidas; troponina I igual ou superior a 0,4ng/mL (que garante n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99 independentemente do kit utilizado); ou concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica de dois m&#233;dicos independentes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o hospitalar por SCA, ap&#243;s assinar o termo de consentimento, todos os participantes forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es basais de acordo com question&#225;rios padronizados que inclu&#237;ram dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, fatores de risco cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria pessoal ou familiar de DAC, sedentarismo, uso de coca&#237;na e menopausa), e uso pr&#233;vio de medicamentos. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram relatadas pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes foram respons&#225;veis, de maneira independente, pela revis&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es e valida&#231;&#227;o dos casos de SCA. O protocolo do estudo tamb&#233;m incluiu amostras de sangue para exames laboratoriais, incluindo troponina I, creatina quinase MB, hemograma e lipidograma (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 30 dias do evento agudo, todos os participantes foram convidados para atualizar suas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Aos seis meses, e anualmente ap&#243;s o evento inicial, os pacientes foram contactados por telefone para atualizar suas informa&#231;&#245;es, ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, hist&#243;ria cardiovascular, e uso de medicamentos. Sempre que o paciente relatasse um novo evento de SCA potencial, iniciava-se uma investiga&#231;&#227;o para se obter mais informa&#231;&#245;es. Outros detalhes do ERICO foram descritos anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por DCV e mortalidade por DAC foram obtidas do ERICO. A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito foi atualizada pelos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e certificados de &#243;bito. Os dados de mortalidade foram confirmados por certificados de &#243;bito obtidos do sistema de estat&#237;stica de S&#227;o Paulo (PRO-AIM - Programa de Aprimoramento das Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo), ag&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de do estado de S&#227;o Paulo (funda&#231;&#227;o SEADE - Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados) e o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Regularmente, a equipe da pesquisa preparou uma lista de indiv&#237;duos que eram descritos como mortos ou cujos contatos haviam sido perdido. As ag&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de estadual e municipal buscaram pelos certificados de &#243;bito em seus bancos de dados e relataram os resultados &#224; equipe do ERICO. Em nosso estudo, usamos a causa b&#225;sica da morte e, se necess&#225;rio, reclassificamos a causa subjacente de morte. Qualquer discord&#226;ncia entre eles era resolvida por discuss&#227;o com um terceiro revisor. Causa cardiovascular de morte foi definida como qualquer diagn&#243;stico classificado em &#8220;doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio&#8221; da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as vers&#227;o 10 (CID-10), cap&#237;tulo IX, ou como CID-10 c&#243;digo R57.0 &#8220;choque cardiog&#234;nico&#8221;. Cada evento foi classificado usando crit&#233;rios internacionais pr&#233;-definidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A mortalidade dos participantes foi classificada como &#8220;mortalidade p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio&#8221; sempre que DAC fosse identificada como a principal causa de morte. Para tanto, usou-se a defini&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (CID-10 c&#243;digo I21.X). Mortalidade por todas as causas referiu-se &#224; morte independente da causa subjacente registrada.</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional para pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento de inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;stica descritiva dos participantes &#233; apresentada por estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica (tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo como grupo de refer&#234;ncia, ATPC e RM). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas, foram analisadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado. Uma vez que n&#227;o foi observada nenhuma distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica pelo teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas e respectivos intervalos interquartis (IIQs) e comparadas entre os grupos de tratamento pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de sobrevida foram realizadas por curvas de Kaplan-Meier <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox [ <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC)] <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> para avaliar mortalidade por todas as causas, por DCV e por DAC de acordo com as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas (tratamento medicamentoso exclusivo como grupo de refer&#234;ncia, ATPC e RM). Os pacientes foram acompanhados por sete anos, com um per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de 1460 dias (quatro anos). Assim, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox e de <italic>hazard ratio</italic> foram conduzidas em 180 dias e anualmente at&#233; quatro anos ap&#243;s um evento agudo. Os seguintes modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox foram calculados: sem ajuste, ajustado por idade, e ajustado quanto hist&#243;ria de DAC, subtipo da DAC (AI, IAMSST, IAMSSST), tabagismo (passado, atual ou ausente), hipertens&#227;o (sim/n&#227;o), diabetes (sim/n&#227;o), dislipidemia (sim/n&#227;o), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, e de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias maiores obstru&#237;das (&#8805; 50%), ou de qualquer de seus ramos [art&#233;ria descendente anterior, art&#233;ria circunflexa e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita] &#8211; sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (todos os vasos com obstru&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50%), um vaso (obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal ou seus ramos principais), dois vasos (obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% em duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais ou seus ramos principais) e doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% em duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais ou seus ramos principais) ou na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda, ou presen&#231;a de RM pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m restringimos nossas an&#225;lises para os casos de IAMSSST para esclarecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade em longo prazo e interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Todos os testes foram bicaudais, como signific&#226;ncia &lt;0,05. As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas usando o programa SPSS&#174; Statistics vers&#227;o 25,0 do IBM&#174;.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do ERICO por estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica ap&#243;s SCA s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A idade mediana dos pacientes foi 62 &#177; 12,9 anos, a maioria dos participantes eram homens (n=493; 61,6%), brancos (n= 536; 67,2%), casados (n=506; 63,5%) e baixa escolaridade (62,8% tinham ensino fundamental). O tempo mediano entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas de SCA e a primeira interven&#231;&#227;o (ATPC ou RM) foi de quatro dias (IIQ: 1-8 dias) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o no HU-USP (mediana oito dias; IIQ: 4-13 dias), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os submetidos &#224; ATPC e &#224; RM. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, 343 (42,9%) pacientes se submeteram ao tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (15 haviam se submetido &#224; tromb&#243;lise anteriormente), 400 (50,0%) pacientes submeteram-se &#224; ATPC ou coloca&#231;&#227;o de cateter (65 haviam se submetido &#224; tromb&#243;lise anteriormente), e 57 (7,1%) submeteram-se &#224; RM (um havia se submetido &#224; tromb&#243;lise previamente). Observamos que os participantes submetidos &#224; eram mais velhos e apresentavam n&#237;veis um pouco mais altos de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e triglicer&#237;deos. No entanto, frequ&#234;ncias mais altas de tabagismo atual e IAMSST foram encontradas entre os indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ATPC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. Embora uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de pacientes que relataram hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes do evento &#237;ndice foi encontrada entre aqueles submetidos &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica isolada, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos de tratamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos 800 participantes do ERICO de acordo com as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</th>
                  <th>Tratamento medicamentoso (n=343)</th>
                  <th>ATPC (n=400)</th>
                  <th>RM (n=57)</th>
                  <th>Total (n=800)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade mediana, anos (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (54-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (52-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (58-74)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (53-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">259 (64,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">493 (61,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (64,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">273 (68,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (71,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">536 (67,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (26,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negra</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (5,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amarela</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estado civil (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Solteiro</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (12,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Casado</td>
                  <td align="center">204 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (66,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (61,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">506 (63,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Divorciado</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (8,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vi&#250;vo(a)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (15,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (10,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (12)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (62,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">248 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (70,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">502 (62,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (17)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (8,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovasculares</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atual</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (36,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (29,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passado</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (38,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (47,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (39,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (35,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (30,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m <sup>2</sup> mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (25-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (25,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">286 (72,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (80,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">588 (74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (41,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (36,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">307 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (64,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">385 (54,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentarismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (67,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (78,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">521 (68,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><sup>*</sup> Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (141-208)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (134-204)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (148-212)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (148-210)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><sup>*</sup> LDL Colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (78-132)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (75-131)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (81-134)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (80-126)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (32-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (98-189)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (94-176)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (106-202)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (90-162)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipos de SCA (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (31,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (29,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (24,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMSSST</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (46,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (56,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">351 (43,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMSST</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (21,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (31,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (43-67)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (45-67)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (44-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (45-67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><sup>*</sup> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (24,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (18,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Todas essas comorbidades foram autorrelatadas por participantes com base no diagn&#243;stico clinico e tratamento. ATPC: angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Os valores p foram obtidos do teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, respectivamente</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa na admiss&#227;o, os pacientes submetidos a RM apresentaram a porcentagem mais baixa de uso de varfarina (3,6%; p=0,032) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. A maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso de clopidogrel em 30 dias foi observada entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; ATPC (51,5%; p= 0,018), e os pacientes submetidos a RM apresentaram maior uso de bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio (20%; p=0,029). Em 180 dias, os pacientes submetidos &#224; ATPC apresentaram a maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso de clopidogrel em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos (30%, p=0,014). Em um ano, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente quanto ao uso de medicamentos (Tabela Suplementar 1).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terapia de reperfus&#227;o versus obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a obstrutiva, encontramos 107 (13,4%) pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, 304 (38,0%) pacientes com doen&#231;a em um &#250;nico vaso, 169 (21,1%) com doen&#231;a de dois vasos e 220 (27,5%) com doen&#231;a em m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Apesar de a maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no grupo &#8220;terapia medicamentosa exclusiva&#8221; ter apresentado doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria leve, eles apresentaram uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido &#224; ATPC (28,9% vs. 18,0%, p&lt;0,0001).</p>
        <p>A maioria dos 400 pacientes submetidos &#224; ATPC recebeu <italic>stents</italic> de metal (n=325; 75,8%) seguido de angioplastia com bal&#227;o (n=57; 13,3%) e <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (n=47; 10,9%). Vale mencionar que, entre os pacientes submetidos &#224; ATPC, somente 40 pacientes (10%) necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por ATPC, e tr&#234;s pacientes (0,75%) necessitaram de RM ap&#243;s a ATPC. Nenhum paciente submetido a RM necessitou de uma nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Taxas de mortalidade e de sobrevida</title>
        <p>No geral, observamos 140 mortes ap&#243;s a SCA (88 &#243;bitos por DCV, 52 por DAC). N&#243;s observamos as seguintes taxas de letalidade: terapia medicamentosa exclusiva (76/274; 27,7%), ATPC (50/314; 15,9%) e 14/48 (29,2%), p=0,001 at&#233; quatro anos de seguimento. As piores taxas de sobrevida tamb&#233;m foram observadas entre os indiv&#237;duos submetidos a RM: mortalidade por todas as causas e DCV, p-log rank 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1-3</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04"/> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade por todas as causas durante o acompanhamento por quatro anos. ATPC: angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular durante o acompanhamento por quatro anos. ATPC: angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante o acompanhamento por quatro anos. ATPC: angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox, a ATPC foi associada a menor probabilidade de eventos fatais ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado durante os quatro anos de acompanhamento. Todas as causas [HR: 0,42 (IC95% 0,26-0,70], DCV [HR: 0,39 (IC95% 0,20-0,73)] e DAC [HR multivariado 0,24 (IC95% 0,09-0,63)] em compara&#231;&#227;o aos submetidos &#224; tratamento medicamentoso exclusivo. O procedimento de RM foi correlacionado &#224; mortalidade por DAC ap&#243;s ajuste por idade e sexo [HR: 2,19 (IC95% 1,05-4,55)]. No entanto, o risco perdeu signific&#226;ncia no modelo multivariado ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hazard ratios (HR) [Intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%)] de mortalidade por todas as causas, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana dos 800 participantes do ERICO segundo estrat&#233;gias de tratamento ap&#243;s um evento coronariano agudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Mortalidade por todas as causas (Total de mortes =140)</th>
                  <th>180 dias</th>
                  <th>1 ano</th>
                  <th>2 anos</th>
                  <th>3 anos</th>
                  <th>4 anos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sem ajuste</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,41 - 1,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,36 - 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 (0,35 - 0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51 (0,34 - 0,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 (0,37 - 0,75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 (0,99 - 4,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 (1,07 - 4,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 (0,69 - 2,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 (0,68 - 2,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,65 - 2,03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ajustado por idade e sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,43 - 1,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,38 - 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0,36 - 0,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 (0,35 - 0,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0,38 - 0,78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02 (0,90 - 4,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91 (0,96 - 3,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (0,62 - 2,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,61 - 2,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (0,59 - 1,84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ajuste multivariado <sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 (0,22 - 1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0,21 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38 (0,21 - 0,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,24 - 0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 (0,26 - 0,70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,25 - 3,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,4 - 2,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 (0,23 - 1,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,27 - 1,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,28 - 1,39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Mortalidade por DCV (Total de mortes = 88)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem ajuste</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 (0,41 - 1,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 (0,37 - 1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,37 - 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,31 - 0,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,31 - 0,78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">2,61 (1,08 - 6,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60 (1,2 - 5,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68 (0,81 - 3,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 (0,72 - 2,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (0,75 - 2,77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ajustado por idade e sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,43 - 1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,38 - 1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,38 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51 (0,32 - 0,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,31 - 0,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">2,36 (0,98 - 5,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,06 - 5,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 (0,71 - 3,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,63 - 2,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (0,66 - 2,45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ajuste multivariado <sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 (0,2 - 1,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 (0,22 - 1,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0,22 - 0,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 (0,20 - 0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 (0,20 - 0,73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,31 - 4,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,37 - 3,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,26 - 2,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,31 - 2,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,34 - 2,07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Mortalidade por DAC (Total de mortes = 52)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sem ajuste</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,37 - 1,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,29 - 1,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,32 - 1,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,29 - 1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51 (0,27 - 0,94)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44 (1,27 - 9,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,38 (1,43 - 7,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54 (1,12 - 5,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,58 (1,19 - 5,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,42 (1,16 - 5,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sem ajuste por idade e sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,39 - 2,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,30 - 1,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,33 - 1,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 (0,30 - 1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 (0,28 - 0,97)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">3,16 (1,17 - 8,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,06 (1,3 - 7,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,29 (1,00 - 5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,06 - 5,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19 (1,05 - 4,55)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ajuste multivariado <sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATPC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,12 - 2,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 (0,10 - 1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31 (0,10 - 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 (0,10 - 0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24 (0,09 - 0,63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,17 - 4,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,26 - 3,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,21 - 2,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,29 - 2,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,33 - 2,58)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup><italic>1</italic></sup> Ajustada por idade, sexo, tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, tabagismo (atual, passado ou nunca), hipertens&#227;o (sim/n&#227;o), diabetes (sim/n&#227;o), e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias principais ou quais de seus ramos obstru&#237;dos (&#8805; 50%) (sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, um vaso, dois vasos, m&#250;ltiplos vasos); ATPC: angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronaria; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>N&#243;s selecionamos os pacientes que se submeteram &#224; terapia medicamentosa exclusiva como o grupo de refer&#234;ncia por haver menos indiv&#237;duos com as formas mais graves de SCA (angina n=108; 31,5%), e o n&#250;mero mais alto de pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (n=103; 96,3%).</p>
        <p>Ajustes adicionais para o uso de medicamentos como aspirina, agentes hipolipemiantes, inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores, ou varfarina no basal e ap&#243;s o evento agudo n&#227;o alteraram nossos achados. Para ATPC, os HRs da mortalidade em quatro anos foram: todas as causas 0,39 (IC95% 0,25-0,61), DCV 0,36 (95% CI: 0,20-0,65) e DAC 0,31 (IC95% 0,14-0,70). Para RM, os HRs da mortalidade foram: todas as causas 0,91 (IC95% 0,47-1,76), DCV 1,06 (IC95% 0,49-2,32) e DAC 1,27 (IC95% 0,53-3,05).</p>
        <p>Ao restringir nossas an&#225;lises aos 351 casos de IAMSSST (80 &#243;bitos), encontramos resultados similares quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com riscos de mortalidade a longo prazo e ATPC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia medicamentosa exclusiva (Tabela Suplementar 2). De fato, os HRs para DCV e DAC em nosso estudo foram ainda mais baixos para pacientes com IAMSSST submetidos &#224; ATPC [risco em quatro anos: DCV 0,28 (IC95% 0,12-0,67) e DAC 0,13 (IC95% 0,03-0,63) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos mesmos riscos de mortalidade observados quando inclu&#237;mos toda a amostra no modelo de Cox.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Principais resultados sobre evento coron&#225;rio agudo e mortalidade</title>
        <p>Em nossa amostra, o grupo submetido &#224; ATPC foi o &#250;nico que mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com mortalidade por todas as causas, por DCV e por DAC mais baixas durante os quatro anos de acompanhamento ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ). Alguns estudos que avaliaram interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas ap&#243;s um evento de SCA restringiram seus estudos a pacientes com IAMSSST e n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa ao comparar estrat&#233;gias invasivas com estrat&#233;gias mais conservadoras. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Progn&#243;stico Relacionado &#224; Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o P&#243;s-S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda na Aten&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria: An&#225;lise de Sobrevida em Longo Prazo na Estrat&#233;gia ERICO</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado (ECR) de Boden et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 920 pacientes com IAMSSST foram separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos (tratamento invasivo e tratamento conservador), sem diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas durante os 23 meses de seguimento. Em outro ECR, McCullough et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> estudaram 201 pacientes com suspeita de SCA, que eram ineleg&#237;veis para tromb&#243;lise, e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de tratamento durante 21 meses de acompanhamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outro ECR com 313 pacientes com IAMSSST alocados em dois grupos &#8211; estrat&#233;gia precoce agressiva ou estrat&#233;gia inicialmente conservadora &#8211; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; mortalidade durante acompanhamento por 12 meses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, quando restringimos nossa amostra a pacientes com IAMSSST, aqueles submetidos &#224; ATPC apresentaram mortalidade por toda as causas, por DCV e por DAC mais baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o aos submetidos &#224; terapia medicamentosa exclusiva. Vale mencionar que mais de 50% das mortes na amostra total ocorreram entre os pacientes com IAMSSST (80/140 das mortes totais); assim, esse subgrupo foi o que mais se beneficiou da ATPC. E diferentemente dos estudos anteriores, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> consideramos um per&#237;odo mais longo de acompanhamento que nos permitiu detectar um efeito ben&#233;fico da ATPC na mortalidade por todas as causas, por DCV e por DAC em todos os subtipos de SCA.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do ERICO foram inicialmente atendidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio e, assim, o intervalo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a interven&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na maioria dos casos foi mais longo (ap&#243;s 24 &#8211; 48 horas) em compara&#231;&#227;o a de estudos conduzidos em centros especializados, em que os procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos s&#227;o geralmente realizados dentro de 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s um evento agudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Mesmo considerando essa limita&#231;&#227;o, nosso principal resultado apoia a ATPC para os casos de IAMSSST. Ainda, a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica previamente realizada na fase aguda em 16,3% do subgrupo da ATPC tamb&#233;m possa ter contribu&#237;do para um melhor progn&#243;stico em longo prazo em nosso estudo, mesmo com as frequ&#234;ncias mais altas de IAMSST e tabagismo atual nesse subgrupo, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros subgrupos (RM e terapia medicamentosa exclusiva).</p>
        <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o efeito protetor em longo prazo observado no subgrupo da ATPC &#233; a frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos (75,8% dos casos de ATPC). De fato, com o advento do stent de metal, a necessidade de reestenose tornou-se menos frequente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Estudos recentes mostraram uma taxa mais baixa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes que receberam <italic>stents</italic> de metal (19,8%) e <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (16,5%) [HR: 0,76 (IC95% 0,69-0,85) p&lt;0,001], mas sem diferen&#231;as significativas na mortalidade por todas as causas ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal durante os seis meses de acompanhamento. Em nosso estudo, a taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a primeira ATPC foi ainda mais baixa (10%).</p>
        <p>Ainda, nossos achados diferem-se dos da literatura, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de nossa amostra haver inclu&#237;do todos os tipos de SCA, e n&#227;o somente pacientes de alto risco com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Por&#233;m, mesmo considerando os casos de IAMSSST, nossos resultados foram confirmados. Ainda, nossos resultados refletem um per&#237;odo que testemunhou tr&#234;s eras de <italic>stents</italic> (angioplastia com bal&#227;o, <italic>stent</italic> de metal, e <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico), o que pode explicar por que nossos resultados corroboram a ATPC como uma terapia invasiva precoce, relacionada com melhor sobrevida em longo prazo nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda.</p>
        <p>H&#225; apenas um estudo mostrando associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre SCA e mortalidade. Wijeysundera et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> avaliaram 50302 pacientes com IAMSSST segundo o tratamento de reperfus&#227;o sete dias ap&#243;s a angiografia de refer&#234;ncia: 68,2% foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o [ATPC (n=28011) e RM (n=6,227)] ou terapia medicamentosa exclusiva (n=16014). Durante o acompanhamento de seis anos, os pacientes submetidos a RM [HR: 0,53 (IC95% 0,47&#8211;0,60)] e ATPC [HR: 0,64 (IC95% 0,60&#8211;0,69)] apresentaram menor risco de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao subgrupo submetidos &#224; terapia medicamentosa exclusiva.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes que se submeteram a RM (n=52) ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice apresentaram as taxas mais baixas de sobrevida para mortalidade em quatro anos de acompanhamento em modelos sem ajustes e modelos ajustados por idade e sexo. Contudo, esses achados n&#227;o foram confirmados nos modelos multivariados. Provavelmente, o pequeno n&#250;mero de casos de RM n&#227;o nos permitiu detectar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em nossa an&#225;lise multivariada para mortalidade por todas as causas, DCV e DAC, como observamos para o subgrupo ATPC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo oferece uma oportunidade &#250;nica de avaliar a sobrevida e a mortalidade (todas as causas, DCV e DAC) em longo prazo, de acordo com as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento adotadas ap&#243;s a SCA em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de renda m&#233;dia-baixa atendida no servi&#231;o secund&#225;rio. Ainda, a maioria dos estudos anteriores n&#227;o descreveram os efeitos do tratamento cl&#237;nico sobre a mortalidade espec&#237;fica, como n&#243;s fizemos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Por se tratar de um estudo observacional, n&#227;o podemos extrapolar nossos achados a outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; fatores de confus&#227;o que n&#227;o podem ser controlados, incluindo vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, a angiografia invasiva para o diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi realizada por um &#250;nico profissional ou por uma equipe restrita de profissionais. No entanto, um cardiologista do estudo ERICO revisou todos os casos cuidadosamente e fez a classifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, embora tenhamos observado uma taxa baixa de nova interven&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica nos subgrupos (menos que 1% dos participantes necessitaram de RM ap&#243;s ATPC) nos quatro anos de acompanhamento, a possibilidade de que taxas mais altas possam ser encontradas em um acompanhamento mais longo n&#227;o pode ser exclu&#237;da.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>No estudo ERICO, a estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o por ATPC foi associada com melhor progn&#243;stico em longo prazo em todos os subtipos de SCA durante os quatro anos de acompanhamento. Nossos achados foram confirmados mesmo considerando somente os casos de IAMSSST. O avan&#231;o da tecnologia com a emerg&#234;ncia de <italic>stents</italic> de metal e farmacol&#243;gicos pode ter favorecido a ATPC como tratamento de escolha nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de renda m&#233;dia-baixa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>* Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12005/2022-0849_AO_Supplemental%20tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Tatiana C. Bruno pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HU-USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 82801318-0-0000-0076 / Registro CEP/HU/USP 1692/18. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognosis Related to Reperfusion Therapy Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome in Secondary Care: Long-Term Survival Analysis in the ERICO Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3110-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidim</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra V. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Tatiana C. Bruno &#8226; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05508-900, Butant&#227;, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: taticbruno@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Relationship between reperfusion therapy post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and mortality in secondary care is not well-known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of three therapeutic strategies: (1) exclusive medical therapy, (2) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and (3) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on long-term survival of participants in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Survival analyses for all-cause, cardiovascular (CVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality were performed according to three therapeutic strategies (exclusive medical therapy, PCI or CABG). Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) from 180 days to four years of follow-up after ACS. Models are presented as crude, age-sex adjusted and further adjusted for previous CAD, ACS subtype, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, left ventricular ejection fraction and according to the number of obstructed (&#8805; 50%) major coronary arteries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Among 800 participants, the lowest crude survival rates were detected among individuals who underwent CABG (all-cause and CVD). CABG was correlated to CAD (HR: 2.19 [95% CI: 1.05-4.55]). However, this risk lost significance in the full model. PCI was associated to lower probability of fatal events during four-year follow-up: all-cause [multivariate HR: 0.42 (95% CI: 0.26-0.70)], CVD [HR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20-0.73)] and CAD [multivariate HR: 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09-0.63)] compared to those submitted to exclusive medical therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In the ERICO study, PCI after ACS was associated to better prognosis, particularly CAD survival.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for high mortality rates, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, CVD was the main cause of death in the last decades, with coronary artery disease (CAD) accounting for one third of deaths for CVD in 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite advances in cardiovascular treatment with surgical techniques and the emerging of drug-eluting stents,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recent studies that compared different therapeutic strategies after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and exclusive medical therapy have reported controversial findings regarding their impact on mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In LMICs, socioeconomic inequalities coupled with a lack of access to tertiary cardiology centers represent a barrier to more effective treatment during the acute phase of a coronary event. This lack of adequate treatment have contributed to the high mortality rates in Brazil in the last decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thus, we evaluated the long-term prognosis of ACS patients, participants of the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study according to the therapy implemented after ACS. We compared three therapeutic strategies: (1) exclusive medical therapy, (2) PCI (balloon angioplasty, bare metal, and drug-eluting stents) and (3) CABG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample design and population</title>
          <p>All patients were participants in the ERICO study, a prospective cohort study of ACS individuals recruited at the University Hospital of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP) from February 2009 to December 2013. Further details of the ERICO study are described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In brief, ERICO is an ongoing study at the HU-USP, a 260-bed secondary hospital located in Sao Paulo at the district of Butantan, which had a population of 428,000 inhabitants in 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although Butantan has some socioeconomic indicators above the city&#8217;s average (e.g., average family income), it is characterized by wide inequalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Of note, ERICO participants live in a low-middle income neighborhood and may have difficulties to access health care services.</p>
          <p>Here, we evaluated all participants (n=800/1085, 73.7%), admitted at the emergency department of HU-USP, with confirmed ACS submitted to invasive angiography for the diagnosis of coronary obstruction, followed by therapy after the acute phase with exclusive medical therapy, including thrombolysis, PCI or CABG. All exams were performed in our main cardiology referral center during acute phase of coronary event, the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), located approximately eight kilometers away from HU-USP. Since HU-USP is a non-specialized hospital, neither cardiac catheterization procedures nor CABG was available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of acute coronary syndrome</title>
          <p>All patients with suspected ACS at the emergency department of HU-USP were screened to participate in the ERICO study. Eligibility inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). The criteria used to define ACS were:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>1) Myocardial infarction: presence of symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia within 24 hours of hospital presentation and troponin I levels above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt; 10%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>1a) STEM: presence of criteria for myocardial infarction plus one of the following: persistent ST segment elevation equal to or greater than 1mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads or the presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>1b) NSTEMI: presence of criteria for myocardial infarction but not for STEMI.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>2) UA: symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission, absence of myocardial infarction criteria and at least one of the following: history of CAD; positive cardiac risk stratification test (invasive or noninvasive); transient ST segment changes equal to or greater than 0.5mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion equal to or greater than 1mm and/or pseudonormalization of previously inverted T-waves; troponin I equal to or greater than 0.4 ng/mL (which guarantees troponin I levels above the 99th percentile regardless of the kit used); or diagnostic agreement between two physicians.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>At hospital admission for ACS, after signing the informed consent all participants provided baseline information based on standardized questionnaires that included sociodemographic data, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking, personal or family history of CAD, physical inactivity, cocaine use and menopause) and the use of previous medication. Clinical conditions were self-reported.</p>
          <p>Three physicians were independently responsible for reviewing information and validating ACS cases. The study protocol also included blood sample collection for laboratory measurements, including troponin I, MB-creatine kinase, complete blood count and lipid profile (including total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides).</p>
          <p>After 30 days of the acute event, all participants were invited to update their information about cardiovascular risks factors. At six months and annually after the initial event, patients were contacted by phone to update their information, their vital status, cardiovascular history, and medication use. Whenever a patient reported a new potential ACS event, an investigation was initiated to obtain further information. More details about ERICO were described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>Information on all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality were obtained from the ERICO study. Vital status was updated trough medical records and death certificates. Mortality data were confirmed by death certificates obtained from S&#227;o Paulo&#8217;s statistics system (PRO-AIM, Program for Improvement of Mortality Information in the Municipality of S&#227;o Paulo), S&#227;o Paulo state health offices (SEADE foundation, Sao Paulo state Health Data Analysis System) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. On a regular basis, the research team prepared a list of individuals who were reported as dead or with whom contact had been lost. State and municipal health agencies searched their databases for death certificates and reported the results to the ERICO study research team. In the present study, the basic cause of death was used. Two physicians independently analyzed the death certificate and, when necessary, we reclassified the underlying cause of death. Any disagreement between them was resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Cardiovascular cause of death was defined as any cardiovascular diagnosis classified as &#8220;Diseases of the circulatory system&#8221; of the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10), chapter IX or as ICD-10 code R57.0 &#8220;Cardiogenic Shock&#8221;. Each event was classified using predefined international criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Participants&#8217; mortality was classified as &#8220;post-myocardial infarction mortality&#8221; whenever fatal CAD was identified as the main cause of death. For this purpose, the definition of myocardial infarction (ICD-10 code I21.X) was used. All-cause mortality referred to death, regardless of underlying cause recorded.</p>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board addressing research in human beings. All subjects provided a written informed consent for the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics of participants are presented by therapeutic strategy (exclusive medical therapy as the reference group, PCI, and CABG). Categorical variables, presented in absolute and relative frequencies, were analyzed using the chi-square test. As no parametric distribution was observed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, continuous variables are presented as median values with respective interquartile range (IQR) and compared between therapeutic strategies using the Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          <p>We performed survival analyses by Kaplan-Meier curves<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and Cox proportional hazards models (hazard ratios [HR] with respective 95% confidence intervals [CI])<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> to evaluate cumulative all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality rates according to the therapeutic strategies (exclusive medical therapy as the reference group, PCI and CABG). Patients were followed-up for seven years, with a median of 1,460 days (four years). Therefore, Cox regression and hazard ratio analyses were conducted in 180 days and yearly up to four years after an acute event. We calculated the Cox regression models as follows: crude, age-sex adjusted and further adjusted for history of previous CAD, ACS subtype (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI), smoking (past, current and never), hypertension (y/n) diabetes (y/n), dyslipidemia (y/n), ejection fraction, and according to the number of obstructed (&#8805; 50%) major coronary arteries or any of its major branches (anterior descending artery, circumflex artery and right coronary artery) &#8211; no obstruction (all vessels had obstruction &lt;50%), one-vessel (obstruction &#8805;50% in one major coronary artery or any of its major branches), two-vessel (obstruction &#8805;50% in two major coronary arteries or its major branches) and multivessel-disease [obstruction in all three major coronary (or its major branches) or in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) or presence of previous CABG].</p>
          <p>We also restricted our analyses to NSTEMI cases to better clarify the association between long-term mortality and therapeutic intervention. All tests were two-tailed with a significance of &lt;0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS&#174; Statistics version 25.0 from IBM&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics</title>
          <p>Baseline characteristics of ERICO participants by therapeutic strategies after ACS are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Overall, mean age was 62&#177;12.9 years, most participants were men 493 (61.6%), white 536 (67.2%), married 506 (63.5%) and had low education level (62,8% had elementary school education). Median time between the onset of ACS symptoms and the first intervention (PCI or CABG) was four days (IQR: 1-8 days) during hospitalization at HU-USP (median: 8 days, IQR: 4-13 days), without significant difference between those who underwent PCI and CABG.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the 800 participants of the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome ERICO cohort according to therapeutic strategies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Sociodemographic Characteristics</th>
                    <th>MT (n=343)</th>
                    <th>PCI (n=400)</th>
                    <th>CABG (n=57)</th>
                    <th>Total (n=800)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median age, years (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (54-71)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (52-70)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (58-74)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (53-71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (57.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">259 (64.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (63.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">493 (61.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">222 (64.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">273 (68.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (71.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">536 (67.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brown</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (25.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (26.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (5.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asian</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (0.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Marital status (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Single</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (11.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (12.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Married</td>
                    <td align="center">204 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">267 (66.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (61.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">506 (63.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Divorced</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (8.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Widowed</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (15.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Education (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No formal education</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (10.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (12)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary</td>
                    <td align="center">214 (62.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">248 (62)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (70.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">502 (62.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-school</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (17)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>College</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (8.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (23.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">141 (36.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">228 (29.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Past</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (38.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (47.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">306 (39.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Never</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (35.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (35.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">235 (30.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>(IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (25-30)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (24-30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (25.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (25.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">256 (75.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">286 (72.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (80.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">588 (74.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (41.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (36.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">307 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">155 (51)</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (64.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">385 (54.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentarism (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">222 (69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">256 (67.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (78.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">521 (68.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>*Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (141-208)</td>
                    <td align="center">162 (134-204)</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (148-212)</td>
                    <td align="center">177 (148-210)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>*LDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (78-132)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (75-131)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (81-134)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (80-126)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-43)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (32-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (98-189)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (94-176)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (106-202)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (90-162)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Types ACS (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (31.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (29.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">194 (24.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSTEMI</td>
                    <td align="center">160 (46.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (56.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">351 (43.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STEMI</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (21.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">255 (31.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous CAD (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (27.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (43-67)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (45-67)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (44-65)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (45-67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>*Heart failure (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (24.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (15.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (18.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* All these comorbidities were self-reported by participants based on their medical diagnosis and treatment. MT: conservative medical therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; BMI: Body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. All continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range (IQ) P-values were obtained from chi-Square test or Kruskal-Wallis for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding therapeutic strategies, 343 (42.9%) patients underwent exclusive medical therapy (15 had undergone previous chemical thrombolysis), 400 (50.0%) underwent PCI or stent placement (65 had undergone previous chemical thrombolysis), and 57 (7.1%) underwent CABG (one had undergone previous chemical thrombolysis). We observed that participants undergoing CABG were older and had slightly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. However, higher frequencies of current smokers and STEMI were noticed among individuals who underwent PCI compared to other groups. Although we found a higher frequency of self-reported previous heart failure before the index event among those who underwent exclusive medical therapy, the ejection fraction was not statistically different between treatment groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Regarding drug therapy at admission, patients who underwent CABG showed the lowest percentage of warfarin use (3.6%; p=0.032) compared to other groups. The highest use of clopidogrel in 30 days was found among patients who underwent PCI (51.5%; p=0.018), and patients who underwent CABG made more frequent use of calcium beta-blocker (20%; p=0.029) compared to other groups. In 180 days, patients who underwent PCI showed highest frequency of clopidogrel use compared to other groups (30%, p=0.014). In one year, we did not find any significant differences regarding medication use (Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reperfusion therapy versus coronary obstruction</title>
          <p>Regarding the extension of the obstructive disease, we found 107 (13.4%) patients with no obstruction, 304 (38.0%) patients with one-vessel-disease, 169 (21.1%) with two-vessel-disease and 220 (27.5%) patients with multivessel disease. Although most patients included in the &#8220;exclusive medical therapy&#8221; group had mild coronary heart disease, they showed a higher frequency of multivessel disease when compared to the PCI group (28.9% vs. 18.0%, p&lt;0.0001).</p>
          <p>Most of the 400 patients undergoing PCI received metal stent (n=325; 75.8%) followed by balloon angioplasty 57 (13.3%) and drug-eluting stent 47 (10.9%). Of note, among patients undergoing PCI, only 40 patients (10%) required a repeated PCI revascularization, and three patients (0.75%) required a CABG after PCI. No patient undergoing CABG needed a new revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality and survival rates</title>
          <p>Overall, there were 140 deaths post-ACS (88 deaths due to CVD, 52 due to CAD), and the following mortality rates: exclusive medical therapy (76/274; 27.7%), PCI (50/314; 15.9%) and14/48 (29.2%), p=0.001 up to four years of follow-up. The lowest crude survival rates were also detected among individuals who underwent CABG (all-cause and CVD survival p-log rank: 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1 - 3</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001"/> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curve for all-cause mortality during four years of follow-up; MT: medical treatment; ICP: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curve for cardiovascular disease mortality during four years of follow-up; MT: medical treatment; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curve for myocardial infarction mortality during four years of follow-up; MT: medical treatment; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the Cox regression models, PCI was associated to a lower probability of fatal events during the four-year follow-up: all-cause [multivariate HR: 0.42 (95% CI: 0.26-0.70)] CVD [HR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20-0.73)] and CAD [multivariate HR: 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09-0.63)] compared to those submitted to exclusive medical therapy. CABG was correlated to CAD mortality after age and sex adjustment [HR: 2.19 (95% CI: 1.05-4.55)]. However, this risk lost significance in the full model ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hazard ratios (HR) [95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI)] of all-cause, cardiovascular and coronary artery disease mortality among ERICO participants according to therapeutic strategies after acute coronary event</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">All-cause mortality (Total deaths=140)</th>
                    <th>180 days</th>
                    <th>1 year</th>
                    <th>2 years</th>
                    <th>3 years</th>
                    <th>4 years</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Crude</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 (0.41 - 1.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.36 - 1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53 (0.35 - 0.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51 (0.34 - 0.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53 (0.37 - 0.75)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">2.21 (0.99 - 4.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12 (1.07 - 4.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 (0.69 - 2.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24 (0.68 - 2.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 (0.65 - 2.03)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Age and sex-adjusted</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.43 - 1.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.38 - 1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.36 - 0.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52 (0.35 - 0.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.38 - 0.78)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02 (0.90 - 4.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.91 (0.96 - 3.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 (0.62 - 2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (0.61 - 2.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (0.59 - 1.84)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Multivariable adjusted<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52 (0.22 - 1.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46 (0.21 - 0.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38 (0.21 - 0.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.24 - 0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 (0.26 - 0.70)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.25 - 3.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.4 - 2.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59 (0.23 - 1.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.27 - 1.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.28 - 1.39)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>CVD mortality (Total deaths = 88)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Crude</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81 (0.41 - 1.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69 (0.37 - 1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 (0.37 - 1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.31 - 0.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 (0.31 - 0.78)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">2.61 (1.08 - 6.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.60 (1.2 - 5.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68 (0.81 - 3.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.43 (0.72 - 2.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44 (0.75 - 2.77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Age and sex-adjusted</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.43 - 1.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 (0.38 - 1.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 (0.38 - 1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51 (0.32 - 0.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.31 - 0.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">2.36 (0.98 - 5.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.06 - 5.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49 (0.71 - 3.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (0.63 - 2.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 (0.66 - 2.45)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Multivariable adjusted<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56 (0.2 - 1.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54 (0.22 - 1.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46 (0.22 - 0.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40 (0.20 - 0.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39 (0.20 - 0.73)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 (0.31 - 4.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (0.37 - 3.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.26 - 2.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.31 - 2.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.34 - 2.07)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>CAD mortality (Total deaths = 52)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Crude</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.37 - 1.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.29 - 1.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 (0.32 - 1.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57 (0.29 - 1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51 (0.27 - 0.94)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44 (1.27 - 9.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.38 (1.43 - 7.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.54 (1.12 - 5.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.58 (1.19 - 5.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.42 (1.16 - 5.01)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Age and sex-adjusted</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.39 - 2.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 (0.30 - 1.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 (0.33 - 1.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59 (0.30 - 1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52 (0.28 - 0.97)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">3.16 (1.17 - 8.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.06 (1.3 - 7.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.29 (1.00 - 5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.06 - 5.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.19 (1.05 - 4.55)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Multivariable adjusted<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MT</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 (0.12 - 2.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39 (0.10 - 1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31 (0.10 - 0.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29 (0.10 - 0.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24 (0.09 - 0.63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.17 - 4.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.26 - 3.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76 (0.21 - 2.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.29 - 2.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.33 - 2.58)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic><sup>1</sup>Adjusted for: age and gender, type of ACS (unstable angina, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction), history of previous CAD, smoking (past, current and never), hypertension, (y/n), diabetes (y/n), dyslipidemia (y/n), ejection fraction and according to the number of obstructed (&#8805; 50%) major coronary arteries or any of its major branches (no obstruction, 1-vessel-disease, 2-vessel-disease and multivessel-disease); MT: conservative medical therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>We chose patients who underwent exclusive medical therapy as the reference group because there were fewer individuals with severe forms of ACS [angina n=108 (31.5%)] and the highest number of patients with no obstruction 103 (96.3%).</p>
          <p>Additional adjustments for medication use such as aspirin, lipid lowering drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, &#946;-blocker, or warfarin at baseline and after the acute event did not modify our findings. For PCI, four-year mortality HRs were all-cause 0.39 (95% CI: 0.25-0.61), CVD 0.36 (95% CI: 0.20-0.65) and CAD 0.31 (95% CI: 0.14-0.70). For CABG, the following mortality HRs: all-cause 0.91 (95% CI: 0.47-1.76), CVD 1.06 (95% CI: 0.49-2.32) and CAD 1.27 (95% CI: 0.53-3.05).</p>
          <p>Restricting our analyses to the 351 NSTEMI cases (n=80 deaths), we found similar results regarding the inverse association with long-term mortality risks and PCI intervention compared to those patients under exclusive medical therapy (Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). In fact, CVD and CAD HRs in our study were even lower for NSTEMI patients submitted to PCI (four-year risk: CVD 0.28 [95% CI: 0.12-0.67] and CAD 0.13 [95% CI: 0.03-0.63]) compared to the same mortality risks observed when we included all sample in the Cox model.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Main findings of acute coronary event and mortality</title>
          <p>In our sample, the PCI group was the only one significantly associated with lower all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality during the four-year follow-up ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Prognosis Related to Reperfusion Therapy Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome in Secondary Care: Long-Term Survival Analysis in the ERICO Study</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220849-20849-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Some studies that evaluated therapeutic interventions after an ACS event restricted their samples to NSTEMI patients and found no significant association comparing invasive strategies versus more conservative strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a randomized clinical trial (RCT) by Boden et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 920 NSTEMI patients were randomized into two groups (invasive or conservative treatment), with no significant differences reported for all-cause mortality during 23 months of follow-up. McCullough et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> investigated 201 patients in a RCT, with suspected ACS who were ineligible for thrombolysis and no differences between treatment groups were found during 21 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another RCT with 313 NSTEMI patients allocated in two groups &#8211; early aggressive or an initially conservative strategy &#8211; also found no significant differences regarding mortality during 12 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In our study, when we restricted our sample to NSTEMI patients, those subjected to PCI showed lower all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality when compared to those who underwent medical treatment alone. Of note, more than 50% of deaths in the total sample occurred among NSTEMI cases (80/140 total deaths); thus, this subgroup was the one that most benefited from PCI. And differently from previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> we considered a longer follow-up that might allowed us to detect a beneficial effect of PCI in all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality for all ACS subtypes.</p>
          <p>ERICO patients were first seen in a non-tertiary setting, thus the interval between the onset of ACS symptoms and cardiac intervention in most cases was longer (after 24-48 hours) than in studies conducted in specialized centers, where cardiologic procedures are usually performed within 24- 48 hours after an acute event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Even considering this limitation, our main finding favors PCI for NSTEMI cases. Further, previous chemical thrombolysis performed in the acute phase in 16.3% of PCI subgroup might also have contributed to a better long-term prognosis in our study, even with the highest frequencies of STEMI and current smokers in this subgroup, compared to other subgroups (CAGB and exclusive medical therapy).</p>
          <p>Another possible explanation for this long-term protective effect observed in the PCI subgroup is the higher frequency of bare metal stent (75.8% of PCI cases). In fact, with the advent of bare metal stent the need for restenosis has become less frequent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown a lower rate of revascularization in patients receiving bare stent metal (19.8%) and drug-eluting stents (16.5%) [HR: 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69-0.85) p&lt;0.001], but no significant differences in all-cause mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction during a six-year follow-up. In our study, the rate of revascularization after the first PCI was even lower (10%).</p>
          <p>Our findings differ from those in the literature, which may be explained by the fact that our sample included all types of ACSs, and not only high-risk patients with multivessel disease. But even considering NSTEMI cases, our results were confirmed. Moreover, our findings capture a period witnessing three different stent eras (balloon angioplasty, bare metal, and drug-eluting stents), which might explain why our results favor PCI as an early invasive therapy, related to better long-term survival in this low-income population.</p>
          <p>There is only one study showing significant associations between ACS and mortality with significant associations. Wijeysundera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> evaluated 50,302 NSTEMI patients according to reperfusion treatment seven days after their index angiogram: 68.2% underwent revascularization [PCI (n=28,011) and CABG (n=6,227)] or exclusive medical therapy (n=16,014). During the follow-up of six years, patients undergoing CABG [HR: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.47&#8211;0.60)] and PCI [HR: 0.64 (95% CI: 0.60&#8211;0.69)] had lower mortality risks compared to those undergoing exclusive medical therapyy.</p>
          <p>In our study, patients who underwent CABG (n=52), after the index event, had the lowest survival rates for CAD mortality in four years of follow-up in crude and age and sex adjusted models. However, these findings were not confirmed in the multivariate models. Probably the low number of CABG cases did not allow us to find statistical significance in our multivariate analysis for all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality, as we observed for the PCI subgroup.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths</title>
          <p>This study provides a single opportunity to evaluate long-term survival and mortality (all-cause, CVD and CAD) according to therapeutic strategies adopted post-ACS in a low-middle income population seen in secondary care. Moreover, most previous studies did not describe the effects of clinical treatment on specific mortality, as we did.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Since this is an observational study, we cannot extrapolate our findings to other populations. In addition, there are confounders that cannot be controlled, including selection bias of the therapeutic strategies. Besides that, invasive angiography for the diagnosis of coronary obstruction was not performed by a single or a restricted team of professionals. However, a cardiologist from the ERICO study revised all cases carefully and performed the classification according to the extension of the obstructive disease.</p>
          <p>Finally, although we observed a low rate of cardiologic reintervention in the subgroups (less than 1% of participants required CABG after PCI) in the four-year follow-up, the possibility that higher rates may be found in a longer follow-up cannot be excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the ERICO study, PCI reperfusion strategy was associated to better long-term prognosis in all ACS subtypes during four-year follow-up. These findings were confirmed even considering only NSTEMI cases. Advances in technology with the emergence of bare metal stent and drug-eluting stents might have favored PCI as treatment of choice in this low-middle income population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12005/2022-0849_AO_Supplemental%20tables.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tatiana C. Bruno, from universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HU-USP under the protocol number CAAE: 82801318-0-0000-0076 / CEP/HU/USP 1692/18. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
