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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">74smRhpKyGPK9nFgmLtjTPh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220819</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o &#193;cido &#218;rico/Albumina e a Espessura M&#233;dia-Intimal da Car&#243;tida em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3165-6769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ayl&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8188-5020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#305;nar</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6386-0142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sel&#231;uk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4546-9227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanbo&#287;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;brahim Halil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Van Training and Education Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Van Training and Education Hospital, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul Nisantasi University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica, Istanbul Nisantasi University, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Faysal &#350;ayl&#305;k &#8226; Van Education and Research Hospital, S&#252;phan Street, Airway Road, Edremit, 65100, Van &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>faysalsaylik@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220819</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o causa inflama&#231;&#227;o subendotelial e disfun&#231;&#227;o na aterosclerose resultante. A espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida (EMIC) &#233; um marcador &#250;til de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aterosclerose. A raz&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina (RUA) emergiu como um novo marcador para prever eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o da RUA com a EIMC em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Duzentos e dezesseis pacientes hipertensos consecutivos foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ultrassonografia de car&#243;tida para classificar baixos (EMIC &lt; 0,9 mm) e altos (EMIC&#8805;0,9 mm) grupos de EMIC. A capacidade preditiva da RUA para EMIC alta foi comparada com o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (IIS), raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito (RNL), raz&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito (RPL) e raz&#227;o prote&#237;na C reativa/albumina (RCA). Um valor de p bilateral &lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os pacientes com EMIC alta eram mais velhos e tinham maior RUA, IIS, RNL e RCA do que baixo EMIC. Idade, RUA, IIS, RNL e RCA, mas n&#227;o RPL, foram associados a EMIC alta. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, idade, PCR, IIS e RUA foram preditores independentes de EMIC alta. A capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o de RUA foi maior do que &#225;cido &#250;rico, albumina, IIS, RNL e RCA, e RUA teve um ajuste de modelo maior do que essas vari&#225;veis. RUA teve maior melhoria aditiva na detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta do que outras vari&#225;veis, conforme avaliado com melhoria de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida, MDI e estat&#237;sticas C. RUA tamb&#233;m foi significativamente correlacionada com EMIC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> RUA pode ser usado para prever EMIC alta e pode ser &#250;til para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Espessura Intima-Media Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido &#250;rico</kwd>
        <kwd>Albuminas</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (HA) &#233; estimada em aproximadamente 30-45% em adultos em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar da disponibilidade de op&#231;&#245;es de terapia avan&#231;ada, a HA continua sendo um dos principais fatores de risco para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A aterosclerose &#233; aceita como uma das principais causas de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A HA leva &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o subendotelial, que supostamente s&#227;o a base patogen&#233;tica da aterosclerose. &#201; importante detectar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica de forma n&#227;o invasiva em um est&#225;gio precoce para o progn&#243;stico de pacientes hipertensos. A espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida &#233; um marcador objetivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O valor preditivo da EIMC em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi avaliado em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico &#233; um produto final do catabolismo das purinas. O alto n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de &#225;cido &#250;rico tem um efeito pr&#243;-oxidante, &#233; cr&#237;tico no desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e leva a um risco cardiovascular elevado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido &#250;rico e EMIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A albumina, um reagente negativo de fase aguda, tem um papel na manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o plasm&#225;tica onc&#243;tica e efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios. N&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina s&#233;rica foram relacionados &#224; aterosclerose carot&#237;dea e maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis baixos de albumina foram relatados como associados a EMIC alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina s&#233;rica (RUA) foi recentemente relatada como um novo marcador associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, nenhuma prova implica que a RUA esteja relacionada &#224; EIMC em pacientes hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, assumimos que a integra&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico e da albumina em um &#250;nico &#237;ndice, RUA, predizia melhor a EIMC em pacientes hipertensos do que o &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico ou a albumina isoladamente ou marcadores inflamat&#243;rios bem conhecidos. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RUA e EIMC em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cole&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Duzentos e dezesseis pacientes diagnosticados com HA foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal prospectivo. A defini&#231;&#227;o de HA foi baseada na diretriz atual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e foi diagnosticada como tendo pelo menos duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio &gt; 140/90 mmHg, ou uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia de 24 horas &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia (PAD) &#8805; 80 mmHg ou PAS diurna m&#233;dia &#8805; 135 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 85 mmHg em uma monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial bem-sucedida da press&#227;o arterial. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular moderada a grave, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, malignidade, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, aqueles que tomam medicamentos que afetam os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido &#250;rico e/ou albumina e desnutri&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <p>Todas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram anotadas durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de rotina. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o estudo (n&#250;mero aprovado:) e o consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes da inscri&#231;&#227;o. A pesquisa foi conduzida seguindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, conforme revisada em 2008.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostras de sangue</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de todos os pacientes atrav&#233;s da veia antecubital esquerda pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum noturno. Um analisador de hematologia Beckman Coulter LH 780 (Beckman Coulter, FL, EUA) foi usado para par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos, e um Roche Cobas 6000 c501 (Roche, Mannheim, Alemanha) foi usado para par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. A RUA foi calculada dividindo-se o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de &#225;cido &#250;rico pelo n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de albumina. O &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (IIS) foi calculado com a seguinte f&#243;rmula; IIS = (plaqueta x neutr&#243;filo) /linf&#243;cito. A raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito (RNL) foi calculada pela divis&#227;o de neutr&#243;filo por linf&#243;cito, a raz&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito (RPL) foi obtida pela divis&#227;o de plaqueta por linf&#243;cito, e a rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na C-reativa/albumina (RCA) foi obtida pela divis&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa por albumina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrassonografia modo B</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram examinados com um sistema de ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (Toshiba Aplio 300 Toshiba Co. Ltd., T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) para ambas as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns (CCA) direita e esquerda em posi&#231;&#227;o supina por um ultrassonografista experiente que desconhecia os dados dos pacientes. O EMIC foi medido com um transdutor linear usando uma frequ&#234;ncia de 10,0 MHz (8,0-12,0 MHz). As paredes anterior e posterior do CCA foram demonstradas longitudinalmente. De acordo com as diretrizes da American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force, uma regi&#227;o proximal de um cent&#237;metro da bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea foi localizada e foram obtidas varreduras de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o da parede oposta da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum bilateral (CCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A EMIC foi obtida como a medida entre a borda de ataque da interface l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e a interface m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia durante a di&#225;stole. A m&#233;dia EMIC foi calculada como a m&#233;dia das duas imagens de melhor qualidade de cada segmento CCA em ambos os lados. Um valor EMIC de0,9 foi considerado anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas usando R-software v. 3.6.3 (software estat&#237;stico R, Instituto de Estat&#237;stica e Matem&#225;tica, Viena, &#193;ustria). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi verificada usando o Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram relatadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil (IQR)). Os n&#250;meros e porcentagens foram usados para relatar os dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste &#967;2 ou teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos, conforme apropriado. O teste t de amostra independente ou teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi realizada para detectar a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis com o grupo de EMIC alta. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com vari&#225;veis estatisticamente significativas na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. Para detectar a multicolinearidade, foram calculados os valores de VIF (fator de infla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia &gt;3) e de toler&#226;ncia (&lt;0,1). Para avaliar a melhora na capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o de modelos para EMIC alta entre o modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais (idade, sexo masculino, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hiperlipidemia) e o modelo aumentado com a adi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, incluindo RNL, RPL, RCA, IIS e RUA para o modelo de linha de base, foram calculados estat&#237;sticas de concord&#226;ncia de Harrell (c-statistics) com teste DeLong,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> melhoria de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrada (MDI) e melhoria de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (MRL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A curva de caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para detectar a capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis para detectar o grupo de EMIC alta. As compara&#231;&#245;es ROC foram feitas usando o teste de De-long. Uma an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usada para detectar a associa&#231;&#227;o de RUA s&#233;rico com EMIC. Calculamos o tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio de um estudo anterior incorporando um tamanho de efeito de 0,75, probabilidade de erro alfa de 0,05 e um poder de 80%, resultando em 40 pacientes em cada bra&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os achados foram analisados usando um intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e um limite de signific&#226;ncia de valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> mostra os principais dados deste estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os resultados laboratoriais dos grupos de alta (EMIC &gt; 0,9 mm, n=75) e baixa (EMIC &lt; 0,9 mm, n=141) foram apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . O grupo de alta EIMC era mais velho que o grupo de baixa EIMC. A contagem de neutr&#243;filos, creatinina s&#233;rica, n&#237;vel de &#225;cido &#250;rico, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), RUA, RCA, RNL, RPL e IIS foram maiores, e hemoglobina, albumina, rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina foi menor no grupo EMIC alto do que no o grupo EMIC baixo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o &#193;cido &#218;rico/Albumina e a Espessura M&#233;dia-Intimal da Car&#243;tida em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Resumo dos principais dados deste estudo. RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; RCA: rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na C reativa/albumina.</italic>
          </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados laboratoriais entre grupos de alta e EMIC baixa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>EMIC baixa</th>
                <th>EMIC alta</th>
                <th rowspan="2">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>(N=141)</th>
                <th>(N=75)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 (7,80)</td>
                <td align="center">62,6 (7,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (65,2)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,3 (3,04)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 (2,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,605</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GB, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;eu</td>
                <td align="center">9,01 (2,77)</td>
                <td align="center">9,39 (2,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13,9 (2,70)</td>
                <td align="center">13.2 (2,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;eu</td>
                <td align="center">279 (37,6)</td>
                <td align="center">289 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;eu</td>
                <td align="center">4,80 (0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">5,30 (0,75)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;eu</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 (0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">2,07 (0,64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eGFR, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">98,7(8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">98,1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">201 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (29.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">134 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (7,51)</td>
                <td align="center">38,7 (7,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">168 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,630</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">4,37 (3,83-4,99)</td>
                <td align="center">4,93 (4,56-5,48)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,82 (0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">3,70 (0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">4,23(0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">4,04(0,37)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 (1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">3,75 (0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RUA</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,19)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCA</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,33)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">2,08 (1,65-2,73)</td>
                <td align="center">2,47 (1,96-3,32)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">119 (99,3-151)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (113-177)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IIS</td>
                <td align="center">573 (447-733)</td>
                <td align="center">835 (626-1055)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; GB: gl&#243;bulos brancos; eGFR: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; LDL: baixa densidade; HDL: alta densidade; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; RCA: C -rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na reativa/albumina; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> compara caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados laboratoriais entre tercis RUA. O tercil RUA alto apresentou valores mais altos de neutr&#243;filos, &#225;cido &#250;rico, RCA, RNL e IIS e albumina s&#233;rica e rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina mais baixas do que o tercil RUA baixo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados laboratoriais entre os grupos RUA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>RUA &lt; mediana</th>
                <th>RUA &#8805; mediana</th>
                <th rowspan="2">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>(N=108)</th>
                <th>(N=108)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 (7,60)</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 (7,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (71,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,556</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,3 (2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 (3,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,853</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (40,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (37,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,772</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GB, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">8,81 (2,88)</td>
                <td align="center">9,48 (2,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 (2,47)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 (2,64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,796</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">278 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">287 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">4,81 (0,72)</td>
                <td align="center">5,13 (0,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">2,30 (0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 (0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eGFR, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">98,6 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">98,4 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">203 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">202 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">132 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (33,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40,1 (7,72)</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 (7,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">168 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">4,03 (3,65-4,43)</td>
                <td align="center">5,30 (4,85-5,64)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,86 (0,24)</td>
                <td align="center">3,69 (0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">4,28(0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">4,05(0,36)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,29 (1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">3,52 (0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RUA</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (0,14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCA</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">2,14 (1,70-2,61)</td>
                <td align="center">2,37 (1,88-3,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">121 (101-151)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (107-178)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IIS</td>
                <td align="center">595 (478-767)</td>
                <td align="center">720 (562-999)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EMIC, mil&#237;metros</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,65-0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,80-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; GB: gl&#243;bulos brancos; eGFR: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; LDL: baixa densidade; HDL: alta densidade; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; RCA: C -rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na reativa/albumina; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada mostrou que idade, creatinina s&#233;rica, PCR, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, IIS, RCA, RNL, RPL e RUA foram associados com EMIC alta. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, idade, PCR, IIS e RUA foram preditores independentes de alta EIMC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para detec&#231;&#227;o do grupo EMIC alta</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Regress&#227;o univari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="3">Regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor-p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1.066</td>
                <td align="center">1.026, 1.109</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.047</td>
                <td align="center">1.004, 1.094</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1.074</td>
                <td align="center">1.015, 1.140</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">1.053</td>
                <td align="center">0,99, 1,124</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C-reativa</td>
                <td align="center">1.591</td>
                <td align="center">1.212, 2.123</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.537</td>
                <td align="center">1.116, 2.155</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo</td>
                <td align="center">2.670</td>
                <td align="center">1.757, 4.192</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
                <td align="center">0,375, 0,883</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IIS</td>
                <td align="center">1.002</td>
                <td align="center">1.001, 1.003</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.000, 1.002</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCA</td>
                <td align="center">11.47</td>
                <td align="center">4.346, 33.13</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1.391</td>
                <td align="center">1.088, 1.845</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">1.003</td>
                <td align="center">1.000, 1.007</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RUA</td>
                <td align="center">1.038</td>
                <td align="center">1.024, 1.054</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">1.032</td>
                <td align="center">1.016, 1.049</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; RCA: C -rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na reativa/albumina; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>RUA teve maior &#967;2 do que todas as outras vari&#225;veis no modelo (&#967;2=14,8, p=0,0001), contribuindo com a maior capacidade preditiva do modelo completo na detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta. As compara&#231;&#245;es do desempenho diagn&#243;stico das vari&#225;veis para detectar EMIC alta foram apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . RUA teve desempenho diagn&#243;stico superior quando comparado a RPL, RNL, RCA e IIS. A an&#225;lise ROC mostrou que a capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o de RUA para pacientes com alto EMIC de baixo EMIC foi maior do que outras vari&#225;veis, incluindo &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, albumina, RNL, RPL, RCA e IIS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> ). O gr&#225;fico de correla&#231;&#227;o entre RUA e EMIC mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desempenhos diagn&#243;sticos de vari&#225;veis na detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>AIC</th>
                <th>BIC</th>
                <th>-2LL</th>
                <th>Nagelkarke R2</th>
                <th>c estat&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Brier-Scaled</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">295</td>
                <td align="center">305</td>
                <td align="center">275,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,626</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">292</td>
                <td align="center">302</td>
                <td align="center">270,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCA</td>
                <td align="center">271</td>
                <td align="center">282</td>
                <td align="center">252.1</td>
                <td align="center">0,161</td>
                <td align="center">0,706</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IIS</td>
                <td align="center">259</td>
                <td align="center">269</td>
                <td align="center">237</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,750</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RUA</td>
                <td align="center">246</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">0,297</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>AIC: crit&#233;rio de &#237;ndice de Akaike; BIC: crit&#233;rio de &#237;ndice bayesiano; LL: log-verossimilhan&#231;a; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; RCA: C -rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na reativa/albumina; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es ROC de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, albumina e RUA para detectar o grupo EMIC alta. ROC: caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es ROC de RNL, RPL, RCA, IIS e RUA para detectar o grupo EMIC alta. ROC: caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: raz&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; RCA: raz&#227;o prote&#237;na c-reativa/albumina; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; RUA: raz&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; O gr&#225;fico de correla&#231;&#227;o entre RUA e EMIC. RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina. EMIC: espessura m&#233;dia-intimal da car&#243;tida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Valores preditivos adicionais ap&#243;s adicionar vari&#225;veis aos fatores de risco tradicionais para detectar EMIC alta</title>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o de IIS a um modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais (idade, sexo masculino, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, hiperlipidemia) melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta, conforme demonstrado pelo aumento significativo na estat&#237;stica-C ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). A reclassifica&#231;&#227;o da adi&#231;&#227;o de IIS aos fatores de risco tradicionais tamb&#233;m mostrou uma melhoria de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrada (MDI) de 0,069 (p&lt;0,001) com uma melhoria de 4,9% na melhoria de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (MRL) (p=0,007). Adicionar RNL ao modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta com estat&#237;sticas c mais altas (0,698) e uma MDI de 0,025. No entanto, n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio de RNL para reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (MRL =0,021, p-valor =0,079). A adi&#231;&#227;o de RPL n&#227;o melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta com fatores de risco tradicionais. A adi&#231;&#227;o de RCA ao modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta com estat&#237;sticas c mais altas (0,753, valor p = 0,003) e uma MDI de 0,101 e melhoria de 10,1% na MRL (p = 0,003). Finalmente, adicionar RUA ao modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta com estat&#237;sticas c mais altas (0,765, valor p = 0,001) e uma MDI de 0,109 e a maior melhoria com 16,3% em MRL (p &lt;0,001). Essas descobertas sugeriram que a adi&#231;&#227;o de IIS, RCA e RUA pode detectar significativamente melhor a EMIC alta do que os fatores de risco tradicionais. Adicionar RUA ao modelo de linha de base com fatores de risco tradicionais melhorou a detec&#231;&#227;o de EMIC alta com estat&#237;sticas c mais altas (0,765, valor p = 0,001) e uma MDI de 0,109 e a maior melhoria com 16,3% em MRL (p &lt;0,001). Essas descobertas sugeriram que a adi&#231;&#227;o de IIS, RCA e RUA pode detectar significativamente melhor a EMIC alta do que os fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Melhoria aditiva de vari&#225;veis para detectar EMIC alta adicionando aos fatores de risco tradicionais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Diferen&#231;a C-estat&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>MRL (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>IDI (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IIS</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659-0,745 (p=0,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049 (0,014-0,086) (p=0,007)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,069 0,036-0,102) (p&lt;0,001)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659-0,698 (p= 0,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021 (-0,003-0,045) (p=0,079)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025 (0,003-0,047) (p=0,028)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659-0,671 (p=0,231)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007 (-0,007-0,021) (p= 0,316)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009 (-0,006-0,023) (p=0,231)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659-0,753 (p=0,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101 (0,035-0,167) (p=0,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101 (0,061-0,141) (p&lt;0,001)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RUA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659-0,765 (p=0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163 (0,102-0,224) (p&lt;0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109 (0,067-0,151) (p&lt;0,001)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>MRL: melhoria de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida; IDI: &#237;ndice de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrado; RUA: rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina; RCA: C -rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na reativa/albumina; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta/linf&#243;cito; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostrou que os pacientes com alto EMIC tiveram maior RNL, RPL, RCA, IIS e RUA do que os pacientes com baixo EMIC. Todas essas vari&#225;veis foram associadas com EMIC alta. RUA teve um ajuste de modelo mais alto e capacidade discriminativa do que outras vari&#225;veis para EMIC alta. A melhoria aditiva para detectar EMIC alta adicionando RUA aos fatores de risco tradicionais foi maior com RUA do que com outras vari&#225;veis. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre RUA e EMIC.</p>
      <p>A EMIC, que pode ser facilmente obtida por ultrassonografia, tem sido utilizada como marcador progn&#243;stico na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular e pode predizer eventos cl&#237;nicos futuros. Kawai et al. mostraram que a EIMC foi um preditor de AVC isqu&#234;mico e mortalidade em pacientes hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Zielinski et al. relataram que o grupo de EMIC alta teve um desfecho composto mais alto, incluindo morte, acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, quando comparado ao grupo de EMIC baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico no desenvolvimento de HA e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico e doen&#231;a cardiovascular j&#225; foi estudada antes. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de &#225;cido &#250;rico foram relacionados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular ao longo de 10 anos de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de &#225;cido &#250;rico foram encontrados em doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, incluindo obesidade, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A hiperuricemia foi detectada em 25-47% dos pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o tratados, podendo aumentar para 75% na HA maligna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os mecanismos patogen&#233;ticos subjacentes da associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperuricemia e HA podem ser devidos ao sistema renina-angiotensina ativado, arteriopatia aferente renal e doen&#231;a tubulointersticial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A hiperuricemia leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, afetando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares e inibindo a forma&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre antes do desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dong et al. encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido &#250;rico e aterosclerose carot&#237;dea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Halcox et al. relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a progress&#227;o da EMIC ao longo de um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 6 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em um estudo de Tavil et al., a EIMC foi detectada mais alta em hipertensos hiperuric&#234;micos do que em hipertensos normois&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o grupo RUA alto apresentou n&#237;veis de EMIC mais altos do que o grupo RUA baixo em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis baixos de albumina foram associados a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O valor progn&#243;stico da albumina s&#233;rica em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi relatado em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Existem resultados contradit&#243;rios na literatura quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre albumina s&#233;rica e aterosclerose carot&#237;dea. Yildirim et al. descobriram que pacientes com estenose grave da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida apresentavam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina mais baixos do que pacientes com estenose n&#227;o grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em contraste, Folsom et al. n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de albumina e EMIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, EMIC alta apresentou n&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina, e a albumina foi associada ao grupo de EMIC alta.</p>
      <p>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como RCA, RNL, RPL e IIS, foram previamente estudados em pacientes com doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. Yildirim et al. descobriram que o RCA era um preditor independente de alto EMIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cirakc&#237;oglu et al. mostraram que o IIS estava relacionado de forma independente com EMIC alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Mannarino et al. relataram que RNL foi correlacionada com EMIC, mas n&#227;o com a progress&#227;o da EMIC ao longo dos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Assim como esse estudo, Lee et al. encontraram RNL como um preditor independente de EMIC alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> RPL tamb&#233;m foi associada com EMIC em um estudo recente conduzido por Kaya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s esses estudos, nosso estudo descobriu que RCA, RNL e IIS, mas n&#227;o RPL, estavam associados a EMIC alta.</p>
      <p>A hiperuricemia foi encontrada como relacionada ao maior estado inflamat&#243;rio. Takir et al. mostraram que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de &#225;cido &#250;rico estava associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Zhou et al. descobriram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 e TNF-alfa eram maiores em pacientes hiperuric&#234;micos do que em controles, sugerindo papel adverso da inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com hiperuricemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis de albumina s&#233;rica diminuem por uma inflama&#231;&#227;o ativada por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR s&#233;rica, IL-6 e TNF-alfa. Assim, n&#237;veis mais altos de &#225;cido &#250;rico e n&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina, demonstrados com uma rela&#231;&#227;o RUA mais alta, podem refletir um estado inflamat&#243;rio mais elevado, uma causa subjacente de alta EIMC. RUA &#233; um novo marcador recentemente relatado como um marcador preditivo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Kalkan et al. relataram que a RUA foi um preditor independente de mortalidade em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#214;zg&#252;r et al. observaram que a RUA pode ser usada como um preditor independente de mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com les&#227;o renal aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> &#199;akmak et al. investigaram a RUA em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a RUA e a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Devido ao fato de um alto n&#237;vel de &#225;cido &#250;rico e um baixo n&#237;vel de albumina estarem relacionados &#224; EIMC, buscamos investigar se a combina&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores prediz melhor a EIMC alta do que cada um isoladamente. Descobrimos que a RUA pode prever melhor a EMIC alta do que o &#225;cido &#250;rico e a albumina s&#233;ricos e melhor do que todos os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios mencionados acima, incluindo RNL, RPL, RCA e IIS.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas proeminentes. RUA pode ser um marcador facilmente obtido e calcul&#225;vel para detectar pacientes hipertensos com EMIC alta melhor do que todos os outros par&#226;metros. Assim, os pacientes com alto risco para futuros eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos adversos podem ser detectados e observados de perto, e esses pacientes podem ser candidatos a op&#231;&#245;es de terapia mais intensivas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O pequeno tamanho da amostra e um desenho de estudo de centro &#250;nico foram as principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Devido ao desenho do estudo transversal, houve uma falta de causalidade. Os pacientes n&#227;o foram acompanhados em um desenho de estudo longitudinal. Portanto, n&#227;o podemos relatar os eventos adversos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o impacto da RUA nesses desfechos e o impacto da RUA na progress&#227;o da EIMC ao longo do tempo. Finalmente, futuros estudos prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e longitudinais com amostras maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar os resultados deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A RUA pode ser melhor do que seus componentes e outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios como um preditor independente de EMIC alta em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Van Training and Education Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2022/08-03. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Relationship between Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3165-6769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ayl&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8188-5020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#305;nar</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6386-0142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sel&#231;uk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4546-9227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanbo&#287;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;brahim Halil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Van Training and Education Hospital, Van &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Bioestat&#237;stica, Istanbul Nisantasi University, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Faysal &#350;ayl&#305;k &#8226; Van Education and Research Hospital, S&#252;phan Street, Airway Road, Edremit, 65100, Van &#8211; Turkey E-mail: faysalsaylik@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Hypertension causes subendothelial inflammation and dysfunction in resulting atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a useful marker of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The uric acid to albumin ratio (UAR) has emerged as a novel marker for predicting cardiovascular events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We aimed to investigate the association of UAR with CIMT in hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Two hundred sixteen consecutive hypertensive patients were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent carotid ultrasonography to classify low (CIMT &lt; 0.9 mm) and high (CIMT &#8805; 0.9 mm) CIMT groups. The predictive ability of UAR for high CIMT was compared with systemic immune inflammation index (SII), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR). A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Patients with high CIMT were older and had higher UAR, SII, NLR, and CAR than low CIMT. Age, UAR, SII, NLR, and CAR, but not PLR, were associated with high CIMT. In multivariable analysis, age, CRP, SII, and UAR were independent predictors of high CIMT. The discrimination ability of UAR was higher than uric acid, albumin, SII, NLR, and CAR, and UAR had a higher model fit than those variables. UAR had higher additive improvement in detecting high CIMT than other variables, as assessed with net-reclassification improvement, IDI, and C-statistics. UAR was also significantly correlated with CIMT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>UAR might be used to predict high CIMT and might be useful for risk stratification in hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Uric Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>Albumins</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The prevalence of hypertension (HT) is estimated to be approximately 30-45% in adults worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite the availability of advanced therapy choices, HT remains one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atherosclerosis is accepted as a major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> HT leads to subendothelial inflammation and dysfunction, which are supposed to be the pathogenetic basis of atherosclerosis. It is important to detect subclinical atherosclerosis non-invasively at an earlier stage for the prognosis of hypertensive patients. Carotid-intima media thickness is an objective marker of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The predictive value of CIMT in cardiovascular diseases has been evaluated in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Serum uric acid is a final product of purine catabolism. High serum uric acid level has a pro-oxidant effect, is critical in developing endothelial dysfunction, and leads to an elevated cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There was a significant correlation between serum uric acid levels and CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Albumin, a negative acute phase reactant, has a role in maintaining oncotic plasma pressure and anti-inflammatory effects. Lower serum albumin levels were found to be related to carotid atherosclerosis and enhanced risk of cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, low albumin levels were reported to be associated with high CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Serum uric acid/albumin ratio (UAR) has been recently reported as a novel marker associated with cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, no proof implicates that the UAR is related to CIMT in hypertensive patients. Furthermore, we assumed that integrating serum uric acid and albumin into a single index, UAR, would better predict CIMT in hypertensive patients than either serum uric acid or albumin alone or well-known inflammatory markers. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between UAR and CIMT in hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Two hundred sixteen patients diagnosed with HT were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. The definition of HT was based on the current guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and was diagnosed as having at least two office blood pressure measurements of &gt;140/90 mmHg, or the use of anti-hypertensive drugs or mean 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 80 mmHg or mean daytime SBP &#8805; 135 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 85 mmHg on a successful ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Patients with congestive heart failure, secondary HT, moderate to severe valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, chronic renal or liver disease, malignancy, active infection, chronic inflammatory disease, those taking drugs affecting serum uric acid and/or albumin levels, and malnutrition were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>All patients&#8217; clinical and demographic characteristics were noted during the routine outpatient assessment. The local ethics committee approved the study (approved number:) and written informed consent was taken from all the patients before enrollment. The research was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2008.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood samples</title>
          <p>Blood samples were taken from all patients via the left antecubital vein in the morning after an overnight fasting period. A Beckman Coulter LH 780 hematology analyzer (Beckman Coulter, FL, USA) was used for hematologic parameters, and a Roche Cobas 6000 c501 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) was used for biochemical parameters. UAR was calculated by dividing serum uric acid level by serum albumin level. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was calculated with the following formula; SII = (platelet x neutrophil)/lymphocyte. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated by dividing neutrophil by lymphocyte, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was obtained by dividing platelet by lymphocyte, and C-reactive protein/ albumin ratio (CAR) was obtained by dividing C-reactive protein by albumin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>B mode ultrasonography</title>
          <p>All patients were examined with a high-resolution ultrasound system (Toshiba Aplio 300 Toshiba Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for both right and left common carotid arteries (CCA) in a supine position by an experienced sonographer who was blinded to patients&#8217; data. CIMT was measured with a linear transducer using a frequency of 10.0 MHz (8.0- 12.0 MHz). The anterior and posterior walls of CCA were demonstrated longitudinally. According to the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force guidelines, a one-centimeter proximal region of the carotid bifurcation was located, and high-resolution scans from the far wall of the bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) were obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CIMT was obtained as the measurement between the leading edge of the lumen-intima interface and the media-adventitia interface during diastole. The mean CIMT was calculated as the average of the two best-quality images of each CCA segment on both sides. A CIMT value of &#8805; 0.9 was considered abnormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were done using R-software v. 3.6.3 (R statistical software, Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Vienna, Austria). The normal distribution was checked using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. The continuous variables with normal distribution were reported as mean and standard deviation (SD), and with non-normal distribution as median (interquartile range (IQR)). The numbers and percentages were used to report the categorical data. The &#967;2 test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables between the groups, as appropriate. The independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Univariable logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the association of variables with the high CIMT group. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with variables statistically significant in univariable logistic regression analysis. To detect multicollinearity, VIF (variance inflation factor &gt;3) and tolerance (&lt;0.1) values were calculated. To assess the improvement in discrimination ability of models for high CIMT between the baseline model with traditional risk factors (age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and hyperlipidemia) and the augmented model with the addition of variables including, NLR, PLR, CAR, SII, and UAR to the baseline model, Harrell&#8217;s concordance statistics (c-statistics) with DeLong test,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to detect the discrimination ability of variables for detecting the high CIMT group. The ROC comparisons were made using the De-long test. A Spearman correlation analysis was used to detect the association of serum UAR with CIMT. We calculated the minimum required sample size from a previous study by incorporating an effect size of 0.75, an alfa error probability of 0.05, and a power of 80 %, resulting in 40 patients in each arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The findings were analyzed using a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a significance threshold of p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> shows the main data of this study. The demographic characteristics and laboratory results of high (CIMT &gt; 0.9 mm, n=75) and low (CIMT &lt; 0.9 mm, n=141) CIMT groups were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The high CIMT group was older than the low CIMT group. The neutrophil count, serum creatinine, uric acid level, C-reactive protein (CRP), UAR, CAR, NLR, PLR, and SII were higher, and hemoglobin, albumin, albumin/creatinine ratio was lower in the high CIMT group than in the low CIMT group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: The Relationship between Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>The summary of the main data of this study. UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparisons of demographic features and laboratory results between high and low CIMT groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th>Low CIMT</th>
                  <th>High CIMT</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(N=141)</th>
                  <th>(N=75)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0 (7.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6 (7.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (65.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (76.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 (3.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 (2.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.605</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (35.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (44.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (31.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (31.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">9.01 (2.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.39 (2.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9 (2.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 (2.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (37.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">289 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.80 (0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.30 (0.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.32 (0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07 (0.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">98.7(8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (29.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (37.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (26.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5 (7.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.7 (7.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (11.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">4.37 (3.83-4.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.93 (4.56-5.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.82 (0.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.70 (0.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin/creatinine ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">4.23(0.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.04(0.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.22 (1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.75 (0.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UAR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 (0.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (0.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 (0.29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08 (1.65-2.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.47 (1.96-3.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (99.3-151)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (113-177)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">573 (447-733)</td>
                  <td align="center">835 (626-1055)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood cell; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density; HDL: high-density; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> compares demographic characteristics and laboratory results between UAR tertiles. High UAR tertile had higher neutrophil, uric acid, CAR, NLR, and SII values and lower serum albumin and albumin/creatinine ratio than low UAR tertile.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparisons of demographic features and laboratory results between UAR groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>UAR &lt; median</th>
                  <th>UAR &#8805; median</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(N=108)</th>
                  <th>(N=108)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">59.3 (7.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1 (7.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (71.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 (2.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4 (3.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.853</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (40.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.576</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (37.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.473</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (34.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.772</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                  <td align="center">8.81 (2.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.48 (2.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7 (2.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6 (2.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.796</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                  <td align="center">4.81 (0.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.13 (0.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte, x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                  <td align="center">2.30 (0.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.17 (0.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">98.6 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.4 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">203 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (34.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (33.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">40.1 (7.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6 (7.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.638</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (11.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">4.03 (3.65-4.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.30 (4.85-5.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.86 (0.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.69 (0.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin/creatinine ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">4.28(0.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.05(0.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.29 (1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.52 (0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UAR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 (0.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 (0.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 (1.70-2.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.37 (1.88-3.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (101-151)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (107-178)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">595 (478-767)</td>
                  <td align="center">720 (562-999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CIMT, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 (0.65-0.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.80-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood cell; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density; HDL: high-density; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Univariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, serum creatinine, CRP, neutrophil, lymphocyte, SII, CAR, NLR, PLR, and UAR was associated with high CIMT. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age, CRP, SII, and UAR were independent predictors of high CIMT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis for detecting high CIMT group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariable regression</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariable regression</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.066</td>
                  <td align="center">1.026, 1.109</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.047</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004, 1.094</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">1.074</td>
                  <td align="center">1.015, 1.140</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                  <td align="center">1.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99, 1,124</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein</td>
                  <td align="center">1.591</td>
                  <td align="center">1.212, 2.123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.537</td>
                  <td align="center">1.116, 2.155</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil</td>
                  <td align="center">2.670</td>
                  <td align="center">1.757, 4.192</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581</td>
                  <td align="center">0,375, 0,883</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001, 1.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000, 1.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAR</td>
                  <td align="center">11.47</td>
                  <td align="center">4.346, 33.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.391</td>
                  <td align="center">1.088, 1.845</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000, 1.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,121</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UAR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.038</td>
                  <td align="center">1.024, 1.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.032</td>
                  <td align="center">1.016, 1.049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>UAR had a higher &#967;2 than all other variables in the model (&#967;2=14.8, p=0.0001) by contributing the highest predictive ability of the full model in detecting high CIMT. Diagnostic performance comparisons of variables for detecting high CIMT were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . UAR had higher diagnostic performance when compared to PLR, NLR, CAR, and SII. ROC analysis showed that the discrimination ability of UAR for patients with high CIMT from low CIMT was higher than other variables, including serum uric acid, albumin, NLR, PLR, CAR, and SII ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> ). The correlation graph between UAR and CIMT showed a significant correlation, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagnostic performances of variables in detecting high CIMT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>AIC</th>
                  <th>BIC</th>
                  <th>-2LL</th>
                  <th>Nagelkarke R2</th>
                  <th>c statistic</th>
                  <th>Brier-Scaled</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">295</td>
                  <td align="center">305</td>
                  <td align="center">275.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">0.626</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">292</td>
                  <td align="center">302</td>
                  <td align="center">270.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAR</td>
                  <td align="center">271</td>
                  <td align="center">282</td>
                  <td align="center">252.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.161</td>
                  <td align="center">0.706</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">259</td>
                  <td align="center">269</td>
                  <td align="center">237</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.750</td>
                  <td align="center">0.194</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UAR</td>
                  <td align="center">246</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">0.297</td>
                  <td align="center">0.783</td>
                  <td align="center">0.178</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIC: Akaike-index criterion; BIC: bayesian index criterion; LL: log-likelihood; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The ROC comparisons of serum uric acid, albumin, and UAR for detecting the high CIMT group. ROC: receiver-operating characteristics; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The ROC comparisons of NLR, PLR, CAR, SII, and UAR for detecting the high CIMT group. ROC: receiver-operating characteristics; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; CAR: c-reactive protein/albumin ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The correlation graph between UAR and CIMT. UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio. CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220819-20819-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Additional predictive values after adding variables to the traditional risk factors for detecting high CIMT</title>
          <p>Adding SII to a baseline model with traditional risk factors (age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia) improved the detection of high CIMT, as demonstrated by the significant increase in the C-statistics ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). Reclassification of adding SII to the traditional risk factors also showed an integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of 0.069 (p&lt;0.001) with a 4.9 % improvement in net reclassification improvement (NRI) (p=0.007). Adding NLR to the baseline model with traditional risk factors improved the detection of high CIMT with higher c-statistics (0.698) and an IDI of 0.025. However, there was no benefit of NLR for net reclassification (NRI =0.021, p=0.079). Adding PLR did not improve the detection of high CIMT with traditional risk factors. Adding CAR to the baseline model with traditional risk factors improved the detection of high CIMT with higher c-statistics (0.753, p=0.003) and an IDI of 0.101 and 10.1 % improvement in NRI (p=0.003). Finally, adding UAR to the baseline model with traditional risk factors improved the detection of high CIMT with higher c-statistics (0.765, p=0.001) and an IDI of 0.109 and the highest improvement with 16.3 % in NRI (p&lt;0.001). These findings suggested that adding SII, CAR, and UAR might significantly better detect high CIMT than traditional risk factors.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Additive improvement of variables for detecting high CIMT by adding to the traditional risk factors</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>C-statistic difference</th>
                    <th>NRI (95 % CI)</th>
                    <th>IDI (95 % CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659-0.745 (p=0.002)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.049 (0.014-0.086) (p=0.007)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.069 0.036-0.102) (p&lt;0.001)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659-0.698 (p= 0.038)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021 (-0.003-0.045) (p=0.079)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025 (0.003-0.047) (p=0.028)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659-0.671 (p=0.231)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007 (-0.007-0.021) (p= 0.316)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009 (-0.006-0.023) (p=0.231)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659-0.753 (p=0.003)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101 (0.035-0.167) (p=0.003)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101 (0.061-0.141) (p&lt;0.001)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UAR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659-0.765 (p=0.001)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.163 (0.102-0.224) (p&lt;0.001)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.109 (0.067-0.151) (p&lt;0.001)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NRI: net-reclassification improvement; IDI: integrated discrimination index; UAR: uric acid/albumin ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein/albumin ratio; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study showed that patients with high CIMT had higher NLR, PLR, CAR, SII, and UAR than low CIMT patients. All those variables were associated with high CIMT. UAR had a higher model fit and discriminative ability than other variables for high CIMT. The additive improvement for detecting high CIMT by adding UAR to the traditional risk factors was higher with UAR than with other variables. There was a significant correlation between UAR and CIMT.</p>
        <p>CIMT, which can be easily obtained by ultrasonography, has been used as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease and can predict future clinical events. Kawai et al. showed that CIMT was a predictor of ischemic stroke and mortality in hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Zielinski et al. reported that the high CIMT group had a higher composite end-point, including death, stroke, and myocardial infarction when compared to the low CIMT group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Inflammation plays a critical role in developing HT and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Serum uric acid is a marker of inflammation, and the relationship between serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease has been studied before. Higher serum uric acid levels were found to be related to cardiovascular mortality over 10 years of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Increased serum uric acid levels were found in metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Hyperuricemia was detected in 25-47 % of untreated hypertensive patients, and that can rise to 75 % in malignant HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of the association between hyperuricemia and HT might be due to the activated renin-angiotensin system, renal afferent arteriopathy, and tubulointerstitial disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Hyperuricemia leads to endothelial dysfunction by affecting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and inhibiting nitric oxide formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Endothelial dysfunction occurs earlier before the development of cardiovascular atherosclerotic complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Dong et al. found a positive association between serum uric acid levels and carotid atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Halcox et al. reported a significant association between endothelial dysfunction and the progression of CIMT over a 6-year follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In a study by Tavil et al., the CIMT was detected higher in hyperuricemic hypertensive patients than in normourisemic hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Similarly, the high UAR group had higher CIMT levels than the low UAR group in our study.</p>
        <p>Low albumin levels were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The prognostic value of serum albumin in patients with acute coronary syndrome and heart failure was reported in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> There were contradictory results regarding the relationship between serum albumin and carotid atherosclerosis in the literature. Yildirim et al. found that patients with severe carotid artery stenosis had lower serum albumin levels than patients with non-severe stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In contrast, Folsom et al. found no association between albumin level and CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In our study, high CIMT had lower albumin levels, and albumin was associated with the high CIMT group.</p>
        <p>Inflammatory markers, such as CAR, NLR, PLR, and SII, have been previously studied in patients with carotid artery disease. Yildirim et al. found that CAR was an independent predictor of high CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cirakc&#305;oglu et al. showed that SII was independently related to high CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Mannarino et al. reported that NLR was correlated with CIMT but not with CIMT progression over the years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Like that study, Lee et al. found NLR as an independent predictor of high CIMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> PLR was also associated with CIMT in a recent study conducted by Kaya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Following those studies, our study found that CAR, NLR, and SII but not PLR were associated with high CIMT.</p>
        <p>Hyperuricemia was found as related to higher inflammatory status. Takir et al. showed that a decrease in serum uric acid level was associated with reduced inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Zhou et al. found that serum IL-6 and TNF-alfa levels were higher in hyperuricemic patients than in controls, suggesting inflammation&#8217;s adverse role in patients with hyperuricemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Similarly, serum albumin levels decrease by an activated inflammation by an elevation in serum CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alfa. So, higher levels of uric acid and lower levels of albumin, demonstrated with a higher UAR ratio, could reflect a higher inflammatory status, an underlying cause of high CIMT. UAR is a novel marker recently reported as a predictive marker of cardiovascular disease. Kalkan et al. reported that UAR was an independent predictor of mortality in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (MI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ozgur et al. noted that UAR might be used as an independent predictor of short-term mortality in acute kidney injury patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Cakmak et al. investigated the UAR in non-ST segment elevation MI patients and found a correlation between UAR and the extent of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Due to a high level of uric acid and a low level of albumin being related to CIMT, we aimed to investigate whether the combination of these markers predicts high CIMT better than each alone. We found that UAR might better predict high CIMT than serum uric acid and albumin and better than all the above-mentioned inflammatory parameters, including NLR, PLR, CAR, and SII.</p>
        <p>Our study has prominent clinical implications. UAR might be an easily obtained and calculable marker for detecting hypertensive patients with high CIMT better than all other parameters. So, the patients with a high risk for future adverse atherosclerotic events might be detected and observed closely, and these patients might be candidates for more intensive therapy options.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The small sample size and a single-center study design were the major limitations of this study. Due to the cross-sectional study design, there was a lack of causality. The patients were not followed-up in a longitudinal study design. Thus, we cannot report the study population&#8217;s adverse events, UAR&#8217;s impact on these outcomes, and the impact of UAR on CIMT progression over time. Finally, future prospective, multicenter, and longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to confirm the results of this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>UAR might be better than its components and other inflammatory markers as an independent predictor of high CIMT in hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Van Training and Education Hospital under the protocol number 2022/08-03. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
