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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">79GRz3fKRv9ggFBdTqmdb6D</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220756</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhora da Press&#227;o Arterial ap&#243;s Jejum Intermitente na Hipertens&#227;o: O Sistema Renina-Angiotensina e o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Podem Funcionar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0398-2647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirci</surname>
            <given-names>Erkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9760-1827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;alapkorur</surname>
            <given-names>Bekir</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7841-0227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Oguzhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6780-6776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ko&#231;er</surname>
            <given-names>Derya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7613-3078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirelli</surname>
            <given-names>Selami</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4401-491X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;imsek</surname>
            <given-names>Ziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kayseri City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kayseri City Hospital &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mugla Sitki Kocman University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mugla</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Mugla &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kayseri City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kayseri City Hospital &#8211; Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Erkan Demirci &#8226; Kayseri City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>demirci.e@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220756</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora tenha sido relatado que a dieta de jejum intermitente (JI) tem efeitos positivos na sa&#250;de do cora&#231;&#227;o e na melhora da press&#227;o arterial, ainda n&#227;o foi suficientemente esclarecido como poderia ter esses efeitos positivos.Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do JI no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) e no sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), que est&#227;o intimamente relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Setenta e dois pacientes hipertensos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, e os dados de 58 pacientes foram usados. Todos os participantes jejuaram por cerca de 15-16 horas por 30 dias. Os participantes foram avaliados com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas e eletrocardiograma Holter antes e ap&#243;s o JI; tamb&#233;m, amostras de sangue venoso de 5 ml foram coletadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de angiotensina I (Ang-I) e angiotensina II (Ang-II) e da atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA). Para an&#225;lise dos dados, o valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Comparado ao pr&#233;-JI, observou-se queda significativa nas press&#245;es arteriais dos pacientes no p&#243;s-JI. Um aumento na pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) e na raiz quadrada m&#233;dia da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN adjacentes (RMSSD) foram observados ap&#243;s o protocolo JI (p=0,039, p=0,043). A Ang-II e a atividade da ECA foram menores em pacientes ap&#243;s JI (p=0,034, p=0,004), e n&#237;veis decrescentes de Ang-II foram determinados como fatores preditivos para melhora da press&#227;o arterial, como o aumento da pot&#234;ncia de AF e RMSSD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os presentes achados de nosso estudo demonstraram uma melhora na press&#227;o arterial e a rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com resultados positivos, incluindo VFC, atividade da ECA e n&#237;veis de Ang-II ap&#243;s o protocolo JI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Jejum</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Renina Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o continua sendo a principal causa evit&#225;vel de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e morte em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os estudos sobre o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico e o tratamento ideal da hipertens&#227;o t&#234;m se concentrado principalmente no sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) e no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA). Embora n&#227;o haja causa subjacente definitiva na hipertens&#227;o essencial (prim&#225;ria), h&#225; superativa&#231;&#227;o do SRA e instabilidade auton&#244;mica (aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica) na maioria dos casos. Existe uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa e bidirecional entre esses dois sistemas em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas como a hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos mais atuais visam suprimir a atividade excessiva desses dois sistemas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O SRA era originalmente conhecido como um sistema end&#243;crino que regula a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e o equil&#237;brio hidroeletrol&#237;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O SRA cl&#225;ssico &#233; uma s&#233;rie de intera&#231;&#245;es enzima-substrato nas quais a prote&#237;na substrato angiotensinog&#234;nio &#233; processada em uma rea&#231;&#227;o de duas etapas pela convers&#227;o de renina e angiotensina enzima (ECA) para produzir horm&#244;nios pept&#237;dicos funcionais chamados angiotensina I (Ang-I) e angiotensina II (Ang-II), respectivamente. A Ang-II &#233; a mol&#233;cula mais funcional do SRA e desempenha um papel ativo em muitos processos fisiol&#243;gicos e patol&#243;gicos. Aumenta a press&#227;o arterial principalmente por vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, inflama&#231;&#227;o, secre&#231;&#227;o de vasopressina e aldosterona, estresse oxidativo, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica por meio de receptores tipo I (AT1) da superf&#237;cie celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a Ang-II contribui para a regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial modulando o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo nos n&#237;veis central e perif&#233;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o do receptor ECA/Ang-II/AT1 do SRA causa deteriora&#231;&#227;o na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular ao aumentar a condu&#231;&#227;o nervosa simp&#225;tica, inibindo o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico-vagal cardiovascular e diminuindo a sensibilidade do barorreflexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a combina&#231;&#227;o de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas &#233; oferecida para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o, incluindo modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, como dietas de forma eficaz. O jejum intermitente (JI) &#233; uma das dietas populares que demonstraram ter um efeito positivo na press&#227;o arterial, e os protocolos JI s&#227;o classificados como alimenta&#231;&#227;o com restri&#231;&#227;o de tempo (JRT), jejum em dias alternados (JDA), dieta 5:2, e jejum do Ramad&#227; (JR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem sido sugerido que o jejum intermitente melhora os fatores de risco cardiovascular por meio de tr&#234;s mecanismos poss&#237;veis: diminui&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo, sincroniza&#231;&#227;o com o sistema circadiano e aumento da cetog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica foi relatada com o JI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mas ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre como o JI reduz a press&#227;o arterial. Um dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos poderia ser uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico cardiovascular e um aumento do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, o que corrige significativamente o desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico observado na maioria dos pacientes hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA por JI tamb&#233;m pode teoricamente causar supress&#227;o do vasoconstritor (ECA- Ang II-AT1 receptor) do SRA, dadas as intera&#231;&#245;es do ANS e do SRA. Para apoiar esta hip&#243;tese, considerando as informa&#231;&#245;es existentes na literatura, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar 1. O efeito do JR na press&#227;o arterial, 2. O efeito da JR no SRA medindo a atividade s&#233;rica da ECA e Ang-I e Ang- n&#237;veis II. 3. O efeito da JR no SNA medindo a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Em an&#225;lises de poder, um bicaudal com tamanho de efeito de 0,5 pontos, um alfa de 0,05 e um poder de 0,80 precisou de um tamanho de amostra de apenas 34 para detectar esse efeito. Planejamos incluir cerca de 60 pacientes em nosso estudo, considerando o n&#250;mero de pacientes em um estudo realizado pela <italic>Society of Hypertension and Renal Diseases</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Setenta e dois pacientes com idade entre 40 e 60 anos, que procuraram o ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, apresentavam hipertens&#227;o controlada, usavam apenas bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio do grupo diidropirid&#237;nico como tratamento anti-hipertensivo, faziam qualquer outro tratamento medicamentoso por qualquer motivo e estavam em jejum volunt&#225;rio. Os dados de 58 pacientes foram usados excluindo 14 pacientes que pararam de jejuar por mais de 2 dias por motivos diversos e n&#227;o compareceram para controle ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Melhora da Press&#227;o Arterial ap&#243;s Jejum Intermitente na Hipertens&#227;o: O Sistema Renina-Angiotensina e o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Podem Funcionar?</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220756-20756-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com press&#227;o arterial desregulada, que apresentavam fatores de risco cardiovascular (tabagismo, IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , hiperlipidemia, diabetes) que podem afetar a atividade do SRA e do SNA, aqueles com TFG &lt; 50 e aumento duplo normal nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, e que tinham doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Pacientes em uso de drogas que podem afetar o SRA, a atividade do SNA (IECA, BRA, Diur&#233;ticos, &#946;/&#945;-bloqueadores) e PCR (estatina) tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, utilizamos a JR como protocolo de JI. Os participantes jejuaram por cerca de 15 a 16 horas, do amanhecer ao p&#244;r do sol, por 30 dias. N&#227;o houve nenhum paciente cujo tratamento foi alterado durante a JI. O motivo da escolha do JR &#233; a facilidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havendo restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica (alimenta&#231;&#227;o ad libitum) fora do per&#237;odo de jejum; portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade de um c&#225;lculo estrito de calorias. Para limitar a variabilidade da ingest&#227;o de calorias, os participantes foram aconselhados a seguir uma rotina de 30 dias de comer a refei&#231;&#227;o principal ap&#243;s o p&#244;r do sol e uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve antes do nascer do sol. Os participantes tomaram a medica&#231;&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio da inani&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram verificados duas vezes, 5 dias antes do jejum e nos &#250;ltimos 5 dias de jejum. Em seus controles, os participantes foram avaliados com monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas e eletrocardiograma Holter. Em ambos os controles, amostras de 5 ml de sangue venoso foram coletadas entre 8:00 e 8:30 para testes bioqu&#237;micos.</p>
        <p>O consentimento informado assinado foi obtido de todos os participantes antes de participar do estudo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local do Hospital Municipal (2021/517).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas de amostras de sangue</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas dos pacientes sentados ap&#243;s 20 minutos de repouso ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. A veia antecubital foi utilizada para obten&#231;&#227;o da amostra de sangue. O soro e o plasma foram separados ap&#243;s as amostras serem centrifugadas por 10 minutos a 5000 rpm (centr&#237;fugas NF 400, Turquia). Eles foram mantidos a -80 &#176;C at&#233; que os ensaios dos par&#226;metros fossem realizados por um bioqu&#237;mico cl&#237;nico experiente.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de angiotensina 1 e angiotensina 2 e a atividade da ECA foram estudados pelo m&#233;todo de ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA) usando kits comerciais (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Xangai, China). Os n&#237;veis de Ang-I e Ang-II e a atividade da ECA foram analisados de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante e expressos em ng/L, ng/L e U/L, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a press&#227;o arterial dos participantes, foram realizadas duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial de 24 horas, 5 dias antes da JI e nos &#250;ltimos 5 dias da JI. Foram obtidos os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 24 horas e os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios diurnos/noturnos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Para avaliar a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), os dados do eletrocardiograma Holter de 24 horas foram obtidos duas vezes (modelo Ge: informa&#231;&#245;es do software SEER 100 MARS). Os par&#226;metros e medidas da VFC foram feitos com base nos pareceres da European Society of Cardiology e da North American Society of Battery and Electrophysiology. O desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR [NN] normais a normais (SDNN), a raiz quadrada m&#233;dia da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN adjacentes (RMSSD), e o n&#250;mero de pares de intervalos NN que diferem em mais de 50 ms (pNN50) em 24 horas, pot&#234;ncia de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF), pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) e a propor&#231;&#227;o dos dois (BF/AF) foram obtidos a partir de registros de ECG de 24 horas. Al&#233;m disso, foram obtidas a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 24 horas e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca noturna m&#233;dia dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi analisada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk e QQ Plot Normality. Frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens foram calculadas para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis, foram utilizados o teste t de amostras pareadas e o teste de Wilcoxon. Os efeitos preditivos dos par&#226;metros sobre a press&#227;o arterial foram avaliados pelo m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. A adequa&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o linear ao modelo de 6 etapas foi controlada em modelos para PAS e PAD (para PAS; Durbin-Watson; 1,981, Std. Residual; -1,879-1,934, dist&#226;ncia de Cook; 0,000-0,375, para DBP, Durbin-Watson; 1.653, Std. Residual; -1.537-2.178, Dist&#226;ncia de Cook; 0,000-0,433). Altos n&#237;veis de correla&#231;&#227;o exclu&#237;ram BUN, &#225;cido &#250;rico e n&#237;veis de colesterol total das an&#225;lises. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como significativo nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cinquenta e oito pacientes com HTA controlada entre as idades de 40-60 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes s&#227;o dadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Pacientes com HTA (N:58)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, Masculino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35 (60,34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (Anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 8,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o da HTA (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,7&#177;2,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A Ang-I s&#233;rica foi menor, enquanto os n&#237;veis de Ang-II e ECA foram maiores nos hipertensos pr&#233;-JI do que nos hipertensos p&#243;s-JI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Em pacientes hipertensos antes e depois da JI, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no IMC, glicemia de jejum, HgA1C, creatinina, TFG, BUN, &#225;cido &#250;rico, colesterol total, LDL, HDL, TG e n&#237;veis de TSH (p&gt;0,05 para todos), enquanto uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada nos n&#237;veis de PCR ap&#243;s a JI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-JI, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa das m&#233;dias das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica aferidas &#224;s 24 horas e &#224; noite nos hipertensos p&#243;s-JI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#225;xima e da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia (24 Horas) ap&#243;s a JI, embora os valores da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#237;nima e da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia Noturna n&#227;o tenham mudado estatisticamente ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). A pot&#234;ncia de IC, o valor de LF/HF e os n&#237;veis de RMSSD diferem significativamente em pacientes hipertensos p&#243;s-IF em compara&#231;&#227;o com pr&#233;-IF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores antes e ap&#243;s JI em pacientes com HTA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes de JI 25-75 50&#186; (mediana)</th>
                <th>Depois JI 25-75 50&#186; (mediana)</th>
                <th>Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ECA(U/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38.02-51.98 44,97</td>
                <td align="center">34,61-44,42 39.38</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ang-I (ng/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64,93-135,61 96,46</td>
                <td align="center">89,18-146,30 103,74</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,043</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ang-II (ng/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">37.15-46.57 43,70</td>
                <td align="center">32,84-44,22 40,78</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,034</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina I; Ang-I: angiotensina I; ANG-II: angiotensina II. <bold><italic>Teste de Wilcoxon</italic></bold> </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas antes e depois do JI em pacientes com HTA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes de JI <italic>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</italic></th>
                <th>Depois JI <italic>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</italic></th>
                <th>Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,05&#177;3,03</td>
                <td align="center">26,59&#177;3,05</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicemia em jejum (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">109,06&#177;33,95</td>
                <td align="center">108,86&#177;35,98</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HgA1C (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,95&#177;0,62</td>
                <td align="center">5,88&#177;0,69</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,492</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">p=0, 143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TFG, (ml/min/1,73m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,3 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">83,4 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">p=0, 124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>BUN, (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15,68 &#177; 5,36</td>
                <td align="center">16,68 &#177; 5,43</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,74&#177; 1,22</td>
                <td align="center">6,19&#177;1,26</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol Total, (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">206,77&#177; 34,12</td>
                <td align="center">196,31 &#177; 29,82</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">137,81 &#177; 29,10</td>
                <td align="center">128,86 &#177; 27,76</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">46,59 &#177; 11,37</td>
                <td align="center">44,22 &#177; 10,83</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;ride, (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">177,2 &#177; 51,32</td>
                <td align="center">182,3 &#177; 48,23</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PCR (mg/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,58&#177;1,93</td>
                <td align="center">3,44&#177;1,29</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,016</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TSH (mIU/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,06&#177;0,31</td>
                <td align="center">3,08&#177;0,38</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,475</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa. <bold><italic>Teste t pareado</italic></bold> </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes e depois da JI em pacientes com HTA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes de JI <italic>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</italic></th>
                <th>Depois JI <italic>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</italic></th>
                <th>Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (24 horas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139,48&#177;12,26</td>
                <td align="center">126,44&#177;7,93</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (24 horas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">84,26&#177;7,54</td>
                <td align="center">76,35&#177;5,36</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,014</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica noturna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">133,35&#177;15,46</td>
                <td align="center">123,45&#177;10,56</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica noturna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,45&#177;10,64</td>
                <td align="center">71,35&#177;6,45</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (batidas/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">156,21&#177;13,55</td>
                <td align="center">148,42&#177;14,60</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,041</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima (batidas/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">65,43&#177;10,42</td>
                <td align="center">64,86&#177;10,25</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia (24 horas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,93 &#177; 10,44</td>
                <td align="center">74,55 &#177; 12,78</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,042</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia Noturna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,48&#177;10,51</td>
                <td align="center">72,70&#177;10,26</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">193,93&#177;63,02</td>
                <td align="center">216,00&#177;76,07</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,039</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor BF/AF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,75&#177;1,36</td>
                <td align="center">3,95&#177;1,49</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,041</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">126,16 &#177; 32,85</td>
                <td align="center">137,48 &#177; 30,56</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">33,76 &#177; 14,39</td>
                <td align="center">37,02 &#177; 11,35</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=0,042</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>pNN50 (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,68 &#177;2,51</td>
                <td align="center">8,20&#177;2,91</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,063</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF), rela&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia baixa-alta (BF/AF), SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR [NN] normais a normais), RMSSD (a raiz quadrada m&#233;dia da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN adjacentes), pNN50 (o n&#250;mero de pares de intervalos NN que diferem em mais de 50 ms). <bold><italic>Teste t pareado</italic></bold> </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando os efeitos do jejum intermitente no perfil lip&#237;dico IMC e PCR na literatura, as rela&#231;&#245;es do IMC e TSH com os n&#237;veis de ECA e a hip&#243;tese do estudo, todos os dados foram (exceto para dados de press&#227;o arterial, BUN, &#225;cido &#250;rico e n&#237;veis de colesterol total) inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para diminuir a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. O modelo de regress&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p=0,032), e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da ECA e dos n&#237;veis de Ang-II, aumentando tamb&#233;m o RMSSD e a pot&#234;ncia de IC, foram avaliados como fatores preditivos para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s a JI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, no mesmo modelo utilizado para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (p = 0,46), apenas a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de Ang-II foi encontrada como fator preditivo para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a JI (p = 0,031).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditores potenciais de mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no modelo de regress&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">B</th>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para B</th>
                <th rowspan="3">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Inferior</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ECA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,113</td>
                <td align="center">-0,787</td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,044</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ang-II</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,318</td>
                <td align="center">-0,606</td>
                <td align="center">-0,029</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,032</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PCR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,320</td>
                <td align="center">-1,481</td>
                <td align="center">0,840</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (batidas/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,242</td>
                <td align="center">-0,525</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
                <td align="center">1,023</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,041</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor BF/AF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,017</td>
                <td align="center">-0,119</td>
                <td align="center">0,409</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">-0,902</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,037</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>M&#233;todo=Retroceder. R<sup><italic>2</italic></sup> ajustado; %61,2, Durbin-Watson; 1.981, Std. Residual; -1.879-1.934, Dist&#226;ncia de Cook;.000-.375</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pesquisas em humanos indicam que o JI pode ter vantagens cardiovasculares. O JI parece afetar positivamente in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular, incluindo HTA, enquanto os mecanismos subjacentes s&#227;o desconhecidos. Nosso estudo &#233; um dos poucos que avaliaram os poss&#237;veis mecanismos subjacentes ao efeito da JR, um dos subtipos de JI, sobre a press&#227;o arterial. &#201; tamb&#233;m o primeiro estudo em que os sistemas SRA e ANS, reconhecidamente importantes na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, foram avaliados em conjunto. Os presentes achados de nosso estudo demonstraram os efeitos do JI na press&#227;o arterial e na VFC. Outro fator principal que apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o positiva ap&#243;s o protocolo de JI foi a atividade da ECA e os n&#237;veis de Ang-II.</p>
      <p>Estudos demonstraram que a terapia combinada com JR afeta positivamente a press&#227;o arterial diurna em pacientes hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por outro lado, resultados conflitantes foram relatados em estudos que n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos, como diminui&#231;&#227;o de TG, LDL, massa gorda e PCR, foram relatados no jejum terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, melhorias nos indicadores de sa&#250;de cardiovascular podem ser observadas 2 a 4 semanas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do JI em estudos animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o pr&#233;-JI, foi observada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nas press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dias sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica medidas em 24 horas e &#224; noite em pacientes hipertensos p&#243;s-JI. Al&#233;m das diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas entre os estudos, a inclus&#227;o de hipertensos controlados em nosso estudo pode ter levado a uma melhora mais significativa dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, uma vez que os casos resistentes foram exclu&#237;dos. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na glicemia de jejum, HgA1C, creatinina, GFR, BUN, colesterol total, LDL, HDL e n&#237;veis de TG, enquanto uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada nos n&#237;veis de PCR ap&#243;s a JI. No entanto, os n&#237;veis de PCR n&#227;o foram avaliados como fator preditivo para melhorar os valores da press&#227;o arterial nas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o observamos nenhuma mudan&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no IMC. Em um estudo de metan&#225;lise, foi relatado que o jejum intermitente teve efeitos positivos no IMC e na propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por outro lado, considerando os estudos que os tempos de dieta s&#227;o em sua maioria superiores a 1 m&#234;s, a raz&#227;o pela qual n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a significativa no IMC valores em nosso estudo podem ser a dura&#231;&#227;o. &#201; evidente a necessidade de novos estudos avaliando os efeitos do JI sobre o IMC em longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial, especialmente aqueles n&#227;o medicados, t&#234;m um aumento na atividade simp&#225;tica e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade parassimp&#225;tica do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O RMSSD &#233; a m&#233;trica chave no dom&#237;nio do tempo usada para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es vagalmente mediadas observadas na VFC. Reflete a varia&#231;&#227;o batimento a batimento na FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> As leituras de RMSSD ao longo de 24 horas est&#227;o altamente associadas com pNN50 e pot&#234;ncia de AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Estudos limitados investigaram os efeitos do JI na VFC em pacientes com HTA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em um estudo, VFC foi avaliado duas vezes por registros ambulatoriais de Holter de 24 horas em jejum durante e ap&#243;s JI em 20 pacientes hipertensos com ritmo sinusal que variavam em fatores de estilo de vida. Considerando as varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas em SDNN, SDANN, BF e pot&#234;ncia T entre os dois grupos, foi sugerido que a JR reduz a atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Por outro lado, em outro estudo que incluiu 58 pacientes hipertensos, a JR aumentou significativamente a VFC e reduziu o estresse card&#237;aco entre os pacientes controlados por um aderente &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, enquanto uma diminui&#231;&#227;o foi observada na Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#225;xima ap&#243;s a JI, os valores da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#237;nima e da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca M&#233;dia Noturna diminu&#237;ram, mas n&#227;o se alteraram estatisticamente. Comparado ao pr&#233;-JI, um aumento na pot&#234;ncia de IC e nos n&#237;veis de RMSSD e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em BF/AF foram observados em pacientes hipertensos p&#243;s-JI. Como resultado importante, os aumentos de RMSSD e de pot&#234;ncia de AF foram avaliados como fatores preditivos para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s a JI.</p>
      <p>A Ang-I &#233; convertida em Ang-II pela ECA zinco metalopeptidase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O efeito da Ang-II no aumento da press&#227;o arterial e na reten&#231;&#227;o de sal e &#225;gua &#233; bem conhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Embora estudos em animais tenham relatado que o JI pode ter efeitos positivos no SRA em Na literatura, nenhum estudo avaliou os efeitos do JI sobre o SRA em pacientes hipertensos. Em um estudo com animais, Camelo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que o JI reduz a press&#227;o arterial e melhora o perfil lip&#237;dico em camundongos devido a um SRA local menos ativado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, independentemente do plano alimentar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Eles descobriram que a perda de peso causada pelo tratamento com JI resultou na regula&#231;&#227;o do SRA local, com o benef&#237;cio do remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em outro estudo com ratos, foram investigados os efeitos dos esquemas de JI sobre o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de Ang-II, a express&#227;o dos receptores Ang-II e ECA2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Os animais idosos demonstraram ter maior &#237;ndice de hipertrofia card&#237;aca. O cora&#231;&#227;o e a aorta apresentaram maior express&#227;o de AT1aR e menor express&#227;o de AT2R. Aumentando os par&#226;metros declarados e o equil&#237;brio do SRA, &#8220;jejuar a cada dois dias&#8221; foi mais eficaz do que &#8220;jejuar um dia por semana&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a Ang-I s&#233;rica foi maior, enquanto a Ang-II e a atividade da ECA foram menores nos pacientes hipertensos p&#243;s-JI do que nos pacientes hipertensos pr&#233;-JI, e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da ECA e os n&#237;veis de Ang-II foram determinados como fatores preditivos para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s a JI. Al&#233;m disso, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de Ang-II foi um fator preditivo para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a JI. Outro ponto a ser enfatizado &#233; que a atividade da ECA est&#225; associada ao IMC e &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Portanto, pacientes eutireoideos foram inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo e n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no IMC e nos n&#237;veis de TSH antes e ap&#243;s a JI. Para controlar essas vari&#225;veis, os n&#237;veis de IMC e TSH foram adicionados &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o no modelo criado para a mudan&#231;a da press&#227;o arterial, e nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa foi encontrada.</p>
      <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo. O n&#250;mero de participantes foi pequeno, pois apenas pacientes em uso de bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio do grupo diidropirid&#237;nico foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo como tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Os participantes consistiam apenas em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o controlada e baixo risco cardiovascular. Futuros estudos abrangentes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar se as aplica&#231;&#245;es de FI s&#227;o eficazes em pacientes com maior risco cardiovascular (como diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular) com maior atividade de SRA e SNA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os resultados do nosso estudo podem ser interpretados como: 1. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema parassimp&#225;tico avaliada pela VFC desempenha um papel nos efeitos positivos do JI sobre a press&#227;o arterial. 2. A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de Ang-II pode ser aceita como uma das raz&#245;es para melhorar a hipertens&#227;o sobre a regula&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema simp&#225;tico sobre o SRA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Kayseri City Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 517. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improvement in Blood Pressure After Intermittent Fasting in Hipertension: Could Renin-Angiotensin System and Autonomic Nervous System Have a Role?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0398-2647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirci</surname>
            <given-names>Erkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Acquisition of data,Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9760-1827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;alapkorur</surname>
            <given-names>Bekir</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Acquisition of data,Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7841-0227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Oguzhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6780-6776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ko&#231;er</surname>
            <given-names>Derya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7613-3078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demirelli</surname>
            <given-names>Selami</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4401-491X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;imsek</surname>
            <given-names>Ziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kayseri City Hospital &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Mugla &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kayseri City Hospital &#8211; Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Erkan Demirci &#8226; Kayseri City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey E-mail: demirci.e@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Although it has been reported that the intermittent fasting (IF) diet has positive effects on heart health and improvement in blood pressure, it has not been sufficiently clarified how it could have these positive effects yet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate the effects of IF on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which are closely related to blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Seventy-two hypertensive patients were included in the study, and the data of 58 patients were used. All the participants fasted for about 15-16 hours for 30 days. Participants were evaluated with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter electrocardiography before and after IF; also, 5 ml venous blood samples were taken for assessment of Serum angiotensin I (Ang-I) and angiotensin II (Ang-II) levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. For data analysis, the p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared to pre-IF, a significant decrease was observed in the patients&#8217; blood pressures in post-IF. An increase in high-frequency (HF) power and the mean root square of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) were observed after the IF protocol (p=0.039, p=0.043). Ang-II and ACE activity were lower in patients after IF (p=0.034, p=0.004), and decreasing Ang-II levels were determined as predictive factors for improvement of the blood pressure, like the increase in HF power and RMSSD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The present findings of our study demonstrated an improvement in blood pressure and the relationship of blood pressure with positive outcomes, including HRV, ACE activity, and Ang-II levels after the IF protocol.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasting</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Renin-Angiotensin System</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension remains the leading preventable cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studies on the pathophysiological mechanism and optimal treatment of hypertension have focused mainly on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Although there is no definitive underlying cause in essential (primary) hypertension, there is overactivation of the RAS and autonomic instability (increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic activity) in most cases. There is a complex and bidirectional interaction between these two systems in physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension. Also, most current antihypertensive drugs aim to suppress the excessive activity of these two systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The RAS was originally known as an endocrine system that regulates blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Classical RAS is a series of enzyme-substrate interactions in which the substrate protein angiotensinogen is processed in a two-step reaction by renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to produce functional peptide hormones called angiotensin I (Ang-I) and angiotensin II (Ang-II), respectively. Ang-II is the most functional molecule of RAS and plays an active role in many physiological and pathological processes. It raises blood pressure mainly by vasoconstriction, inflammation, vasopressin and aldosterone secretion, oxidative stress, cellular proliferation, and immunological activation through cell surface type I (AT1) receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Also, Ang-II contributes to regulating blood pressure by modulating the autonomic nervous system at both central and peripheral levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Activation of the ACE/Ang-II/AT1 receptor arm of the RAS causes deterioration in cardiovascular autonomic regulation by increasing sympathetic nerve conduction, inhibiting cardiovascular parasympathetic-vagal tone, and decreasing baroreflex sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is known that combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies is offered to manage hypertension, including lifestyle modifications such as diets effectively. Intermittent fasting (IF) is one of the popular diets that has been shown to have a positive effect on blood pressure, and IF protocols are classified as time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate-day fasting (ADF), 5:2 diet, and Ramadan fasting (RF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has been suggested that IF improves cardiovascular risk factors through three possible mechanisms: decreasing oxidative stress, synchronization with the circadian system, and increasing ketogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Also, a decrease in systolic/diastolic blood pressure was reported with IF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> but there is no consensus yet on how IF reduces blood pressure. One of the possible mechanisms could be a decrease in cardiovascular sympathetic tone and an increase in parasympathetic tone, which significantly corrects the autonomic imbalance observed in most hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ANS modulation by IF may also theoretically cause suppression of the vasoconstrictor (ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor) arm of the RAS, given the interactions of the ANS and the RAS. In order to support this hypothesis, considering the information in the existing literature, our study aimed to evaluate 1. The effect of RF on blood pressure, 2. The effect of RF on RAS by measuring serum ACE activity and Ang-I and Ang-II levels. 3. The effect of RF on ANS by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>In power analyses, a two-tailed with 0.5 point effect size, an alpha of .05, and a power of .80 needed a sample size of only 34 to detect that effect. We planned to include about 60 patients in our study, considering the number of patients in a study conducted by the Society of Hypertension and Renal Diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Seventy-two patients aged 40-60 years, who applied to the cardiology outpatient clinic, had controlled hypertension, used only dihydropyridine group calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive treatment, had any other drug treatment for any reason, and voluntarily fasted were included in our study. The data of 58 patients were used by excluding 14 patients who stopped fasting for more than 2 days for various reasons and did not come for control ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Improvement in Blood Pressure After Intermittent Fasting in Hipertension: Could Renin-Angiotensin System and Autonomic Nervous System Have a Role?</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220756-20756-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with unregulated blood pressure, who had cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, BMI&gt; 30 kg/m2, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) that may affect RAS and ANS activity, those with a GFR &lt;50 and a double-normal increase in liver function tests, and who had cardiovascular disease including coronary artery disease, heart failure, chronic kidney failure, and cerebrovascular disease were excluded from the study. Patients using drugs that may affect RAS, ANS activity (ACEI, ARB, Diuretics, &#946;/&#945;-blockers), and CRP (statin) were also excluded.</p>
          <p>In our study, we used RF as the IF protocol. Participants fasted for about 15-16 hours from dawn to sunset for 30 days. There was no patient whose treatment was changed during IF. The reason for choosing the RF is that it is easy to apply, and there is no calorie restriction (ad libitum nutrition) outside the fasting period; therefore, there is no need for a strict calorie calculation. To limit calorie intake variability, participants were advised to follow a 30-day routine of eating the main meal after sunset and a light meal before sunrise. Participants took their medication before the onset of starvation.</p>
          <p>Participants were checked twice, 5 days before fasting and in the last 5 days of fasting. In their controls, participants were evaluated with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter electrocardiography. In both controls, 5 ml venous blood samples were taken between 08:00 and 08:30 for biochemical tests.</p>
          <p>Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants before participating in the study. This study was approved by the local ethics committee of the City Hospital (2021/517).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical analyzes of blood samples</title>
          <p>Blood samples were taken from the patients seated after a 20 min rest following 12h of fasting. The ante-cubital vein was used to obtain the blood sample. The serum and plasma were separated after the samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5000 rpm (NF 400 centrifuges, Turkey). They were kept at &#8722;80 &#176;C until assays for parameters were performed by an experienced clinical biochemist.</p>
          <p>Serum angiotensin 1 and angiotensin 2 levels and ACE activity were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using commercial kits (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai, China). Ang-I and Ang-II levels and ACE activity were analyzed according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions and expressed as ng/L, ng/L, and U/L, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of blood pressure and heart rate variability</title>
          <p>In order to evaluate the blood pressure of the participants, two 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements were made 5 days before IF and in the last 5 days of IF. 24-hour mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and day/night mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were obtained. To assess heart rate variability (HRV), 24-hour Holter electrocardiography data were obtained twice (Ge model: SEER 100 software information MARS). HRV parameters and measurements were made based on the opinions of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Battery and Electrophysiology. The standard deviation of all normal to normal RR [NN] intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD), and the number of pairs of NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50) in 24 hours, low-frequency (LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power, and the ratio of the two (LF/HF) were obtained from 24-hour ECG recordings. In addition, the patients&#8217; maximal heart rate, minimal heart rate, 24-hour mean heart rate, and mean nightly heart rate were obtained.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. The data distribution was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Q-Q Plot Normality. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as the mean and standard deviation, while continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as the median and interquartile range. To compare variables, the paired-sample T-test and the Wilcoxon test were used. The predictive effects of parameters on blood pressure were evaluated using the linear regression analysis method. The suitability of the linear regression to the 6-step model was controlled in models for SBP and DBP (For SBP; Durbin-Watson; 1.981, Std. Residual; -1.879-1.934, Cook&#8217;s Distance; .000-.375, for DBP, Durbin-Watson; 1.653, Std. Residual; -1.537-2.178, Cook&#8217;s Distance; .000-.433). High correlation levels excluded BUN, Uric acid, and total cholesterol levels from analyses. A p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as significant in statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifty-eight patients with controlled HT between the ages of 40-60 were included in the study. The characteristics of the patients are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HT patients (N:58)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, Male, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (60.34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 8.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Duration of HT (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.7&#177;2.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Serum Ang-I was lower, while Ang-II and ACE levels were higher in the pre-IF hypertensive patients than in post-IF hypertensive patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). In hypertensive patients before and after IF, there was no statistically significant change in BMI, fasting blood glucose, HgA1C, creatinine, GFR, BUN, uric acid, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG, and TSH levels (p&gt;0.05 for all), while a significant decrease was observed in CRP levels after IF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Compared to pre-IF, a significant decrease was observed in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at 24 hours and night in post-IF hypertensive patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). A decrease was observed in Maximum Heart Rate and Average Heart Rate (24 Hours) values after IF, although Minimum Heart Rate and Average Night Heart Rate values did not change statistically ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). HF power, LF/HF value, and RMSSD levels differ significantly in post-IF hypertensive patients compared to pre-IF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of biomarkers before and after IF in patients with HT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before IF 25th-75th 50th (Median)</th>
                  <th>After IF 25th-75th 50th (Median)</th>
                  <th>Comparison</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACE (U/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38.02-51.98 44.97</td>
                  <td align="center">34.61-44.42 39.38</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ang-I (ng/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64.93-135.61 96.46</td>
                  <td align="center">89.18-146.30 103.74</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.043</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ang-II (ng/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">37.15-46.57 43,70</td>
                  <td align="center">32.84-44.22 40,78</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.034</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACE: angiotensin-I-converting enzyme; Ang-I: angiotensin I; Ang-II: angiotensin II. <bold><italic>Wilcoxon test</italic></bold> </italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of clinical characteristics before and after IF in patients with HT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before IF <italic>Mean&#177;SD</italic></th>
                  <th>After IF <italic>Mean&#177;SD</italic></th>
                  <th>Comparison</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.05&#177;3.03</td>
                  <td align="center">26.59&#177;3.05</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.425</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">109.06&#177;33.95</td>
                  <td align="center">108.86&#177;35.98</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HgA1C (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.95&#177;0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">5.88&#177;0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinin (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0. 143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>GFR, (ml/min/1.73m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.3 &#177; 16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">83.4 &#177; 15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0. 124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BUN, (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15.68 &#177; 5.36</td>
                  <td align="center">16.68 &#177; 5.43</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uric acid (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.74&#177; 1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">6.19&#177;1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total Cholesterol, (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">206.77&#177; 34.12</td>
                  <td align="center">196.31 &#177; 29.82</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">137.81 &#177; 29.10</td>
                  <td align="center">128.86 &#177; 27.76</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46.59 &#177; 11.37</td>
                  <td align="center">44.22 &#177; 10.83</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Trigliserid, (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">177.2 &#177; 51.32</td>
                  <td align="center">182.3 &#177; 48.23</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CRP (mg/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.58&#177;1.93</td>
                  <td align="center">3.44&#177;1.29</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.016</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TSH (mIU/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.06&#177;0.31</td>
                  <td align="center">3.08&#177;0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.475</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass &#305;ndex, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, CRP: C-reactive protein. <bold><italic>Paired t-test</italic></bold> </italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of blood pressure and heart rate variability before and after IF in patients with HT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before IF <italic>Mean&#177;SD</italic></th>
                  <th>After IF <italic>Mean&#177;SD</italic></th>
                  <th>Comparison</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic blood pressure (24 Hours)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">139.48&#177;12.26</td>
                  <td align="center">126.44&#177;7.93</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diastolic blood pressure (24 Hours)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">84.26&#177;7.54</td>
                  <td align="center">76.35&#177;5.36</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.014</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Night Systolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">133.35&#177;15.46</td>
                  <td align="center">123.45&#177;10.56</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Night Diastolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.45&#177;10.64</td>
                  <td align="center">71.35&#177;6.45</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Maximum Heart Rate (beats/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">156.21&#177;13.55</td>
                  <td align="center">148.42&#177;14.60</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.041</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Minimum Heart Rate (beats/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65.43&#177;10.42</td>
                  <td align="center">64.86&#177;10.25</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.634</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Average Heart rate (24 Hours)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.93 &#177; 10.44</td>
                  <td align="center">74.55 &#177; 12.78</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.042</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Average Heart Rate Night</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69.48&#177;10.51</td>
                  <td align="center">72.70&#177;10.26</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HF power</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">193.93&#177;63.02</td>
                  <td align="center">216.00&#177;76.07</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LF/HF value</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.75&#177;1.36</td>
                  <td align="center">3.95&#177;1.49</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.041</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126.16 &#177; 32.85</td>
                  <td align="center">137.48 &#177; 30.56</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33.76 &#177; 14.39</td>
                  <td align="center">37.02 &#177; 11.35</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=0.042</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pNN50 (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.68 &#177;2.51</td>
                  <td align="center">8.20&#177;2.91</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.063</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>High-frequency (HF) power, the ratio of low-high frequency (LF/HF), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal to normal RR [NN] intervals), RMSSD (the mean root square of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals), pNN50 (the number of pairs of NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms). <bold><italic>Paired t-test</italic></bold> </italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the effects of intermittent fasting on lipid profile BMI and CRP in the literature, the relations of BMI and TSH with ACE levels, and the hypothesis of the study, all data were (except for blood pressure data, BUN, Uric acid and total cholesterol levels) included in the regression analysis for decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The regression model was statistically significant (p=0.032), and decreasing ACE activity and Ang-II levels, also increasing RMSSD and HF power, were assessed as predictive factors for decreasing systolic blood pressure after IF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). In addition, in the same model used for diastolic blood pressure (p =0.46), only decreasing Ang-II level was found as a predictive factor for decreasing diastolic blood pressure after IF (p=0.031).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Potential predictors of changes in systolic blood pressure in the regression model</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">B</th>
                  <th colspan="2">95% confidence interval for B</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Lower</th>
                  <th>Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.113</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.787</td>
                  <td align="center">0.144</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.044</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ang-II</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.318</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.606</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CRP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.320</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.481</td>
                  <td align="center">0.840</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Maximum Heart Rate (beats/min))</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.242</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.525</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HF power</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.293</td>
                  <td align="center">0.837</td>
                  <td align="center">1.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LF/HF value</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.119</td>
                  <td align="center">0.409</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.902</td>
                  <td align="center">0.951</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Method=Backward. Adjusted R<sup><italic>2</italic></sup> ;%61.2, Durbin-Watson; 1.981, Std. Residual; -1.879-1.934, Cook&#8217;s Distance;.000-.375</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Human research indicates that IF may have cardiovascular advantages. IF appears to positively affect numerous cardiovascular risk variables, including HT, while the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Our study is one of the few studies that evaluated the possible mechanisms underlying the effect of RF, one of the subtypes of IF, on blood pressure. It is also the first study in which the RAS and ANS systems, which are known to be important in blood pressure regulation, were evaluated together. The present findings of our study demonstrated the effects of IF on blood pressure and HRV. Another main factor that presented a positive outcome after the IF protocol was ACE activity and Ang-II levels.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown that combination therapy with RF positively affects daytime blood pressure in hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> On the other hand, conflicting results were reported in studies that found no difference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In addition, cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, such as the decrease in TG, LDL, fat mass, and CRP, have been reported in therapeutic fasting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Also, improvements in indicators of cardiovascular health could be seen 2&#8211;4 weeks after the start of IF in animal studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, compared to pre-IF, a significant decrease was observed in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at 24 hours and night in post-IF hypertensive patients. In addition to the methodological differences in the studies, including controlled hypertensive patients in our study may have led to a more significant improvement in blood pressure levels since resistant cases were excluded. There was no statistically significant change in fasting blood glucose, HgA1C, creatinine, GFR, BUN, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG levels, while a significant decrease was observed in CRP levels after IF. Although, CRP levels were not evaluated as a predictive factor for improving blood pressure values in the regression analyses. Also, we observed no statistically significant change in BMI. In a meta-analysis study, it was reported that intermittent fasting had positive effects on BMI and fat ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> On the other hand, considering the studies that diet times are mostly over 1 month, the reason why there was no significant change in BMI values in our study may be the duration. It is obvious that there is a need for new studies evaluating the effects of IF on BMI in the long term.</p>
        <p>Patients with essential hypertension, especially those who are unmedicated, have an increase in sympathetic and a decrease in the parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The RMSSD is the key time-domain metric used to assess the vagally mediated changes seen in HRV. It reflects the beat-to-beat variance in HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> RMSSD readings over 24 hours are highly associated with pNN50 and HF power.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Limited studies investigated the effects of IF on HRV in patients with HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In one study, HRV was assessed twice by ambulatory 24-hour Holter recordings at fasting during and after IF in 20 hypertension patients with sinus rhythm who varied in lifestyle factors. Considering the statistically significant variations in SDNN, SDANN, LF, and T power between the two groups, it was suggested that RF reduces the sympathetic nervous system&#8217;s activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> On the other hand, in another study that included 58 hypertensive patients, RF significantly increased HRV and reduced cardiac stress among patients controlled by an adherent to hypertensive medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In our study, while a decrease was observed in Maximum Heart Rate after IF, Minimum Heart Rate and Night Average Heart Rate values decreased but did not change statistically. Compared to pre-IF, an increase in HF power and RMSSD levels and a decrease in LF/HF were observed in post-IF hypertensive patients. As an important result, RMSSD and HF power increases were assessed as predictive factors for decreasing systolic blood pressure after IF.</p>
        <p>Ang-I is converted to Ang-II by the zinc metallopeptidase ACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The effect of Ang-II on raising blood pressure and salt and water retention is well-known.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Although animal studies reported that IF might have positive effects on RAS in the literature, no study assessed the effects of IF on RAS in hypertensive patients. In one animal study, Camelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> hypothesized that IF lowers blood pressure and improves lipid profile in mice due to a less activated local RAS in the left ventricle, regardless of the dietary plan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> They found that the weight loss caused by the IF treatment resulted in regulation of the local RAS, with the benefit of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and blood pressure reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In another study with rats, it was investigated the effects of IF regimens on the plasma level of Ang-II, the expression of Ang-II receptors, and ACE2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The elderly animals were shown to have a higher heart hypertrophy index. The heart and aorta had higher AT1aR expression and less AT2R expression. Increasing the stated parameters and RAS balance, &#8220;every other day fasting&#8221; was more effective than &#8220;fasting one day each week.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In our study, serum Ang-I was found to be higher while Ang-II and ACE activity were found to be lower in the post-IF hypertensive patients than in the pre-IF hypertensive patients, and decreasing ACE activity and Ang-II levels were determined as predictive factors for decreasing systolic blood pressure after IF. Also, decreasing Ang-II level was a predictive factor for decreasing diastolic blood pressure after IF. Another point to be emphasized is that ACE activity is associated with BMI and thyroid functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Therefore, euthyroid patients were included in our study, and no statistically significant change was observed in BMI and TSH levels before and after IF. To control these variables, BMI and TSH levels were added to the regression analysis in the model created for the change in blood pressure, and no significant relationship was found.</p>
        <p>There are some limitations of our study. The number of participants was small, as only patients using dihydropyridine group calcium channel blockers were included in the study as antihypertensive treatment. Participants consisted only of patients with controlled hypertension and low cardiovascular risk. Future comprehensive studies are needed to determine whether IF applications are effective in patients with higher cardiovascular risk (such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney failure, and cerebrovascular disease) with higher RAS and ANS activity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the results of our study could be interpreted as:1. Parasympathetic system activation evaluated through HRV plays a role in the positive effects of IF on blood pressure. 2. Decreasing the Ang-II levels could be accepted as one of the reasons for improving hypertension over regulating sympathetic system activation over the RAS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kayseri City Hospital under the protocol number 517. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding <italic>:</italic> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
