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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SjW5Jx7pHhD9Jmh5Z7VLwKH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220581</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Neuromodula&#231;&#227;o Vagal Auricular e sua Aplicabilidade em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3378-0771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6987-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bonacossa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2080-2767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Bonacossa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6831-0185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata S. Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-8813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel &#8211; Cardiologia, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina Souza Marques</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques Escola de Medicina Souza Marques &#8211; Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Incordis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Incordis, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campus Maca&#233; &#8211; Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maca&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233; &#8211; Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Maca&#233;, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Menezes Couceiro &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Raul Veiga,15 sala 203. CEP 28907-090, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sergiomenezes.card@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220581</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O desequil&#237;brio do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cria um ciclo vicioso, o excesso de atividade simp&#225;tica e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal contribuindo para a piora da IC. A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica transcut&#226;nea de baixa intensidade do ramo auricular do nervo vago (taVNS) &#233; bem tolerada e abre novas possibilidades terap&#234;uticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Gerar hip&#243;tese da aplicabilidade e benef&#237;cio da taVNS na IC atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, teste de caminhada de 6 min, variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pelo Holter (SDNN e rMSSD), question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida de Minnesota e classe funcional pela New York Heart Association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado com metodologia sham, unic&#234;ntrico. Avaliados 43 pacientes e alocados em 2 grupos: o Grupo 1 recebeu taVNS (frequ&#234;ncias 2/15 Hz) e Grupo 2 recebeu sham. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es, valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na fase p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que o Grupo 1 se manteve com melhor rMSSD (31 x 21; p = 0,046) e atingiu melhor SDNN (110 vs. 84, p = 0,033). Ao compararmos os par&#226;metros intragrupos, antes e ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que todos melhoraram significativamente no grupo 1 e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no grupo 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A taVNS &#233; uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e que sugere prov&#225;vel benef&#237;cio na IC pela melhora na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que indica melhor equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. Novos estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para responder &#224;s quest&#245;es levantadas por esse estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o do Nervo Vago</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Parassimp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A IC (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) &#233; considerada uma s&#237;ndrome grave afetando, no mundo, mais de 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sua mortalidade permanece elevada com sobrevida m&#233;dia de cinco anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de apenas 35% se n&#227;o tratada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, dados do registro BREATHE ( <italic>Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure</italic> )<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mostraram a IC como principal causa de rehospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de elevada taxa de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Desequil&#237;brios do SNA (sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo) t&#234;m sido observados em diversas doen&#231;as<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e est&#227;o associados ao aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> como na IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais e s&#237;ndrome da dor cr&#244;nica. A atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada pode ser regulada por f&#225;rmacos e a atividade parassimp&#225;tica reduzida pode ser estimulada pelo treinamento f&#237;sico, por exemplo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, foi publicada metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mostrando que a estimula&#231;&#227;o invasiva do nervo vago melhorou a classe funcional pela NYHA ( <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> ), o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min), a qualidade de vida pelo question&#225;rio de Minnesota (MLHFQ) e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B) em pacientes com ICFER (IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida).</p>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o auricular do nervo vago (aVNS) &#233; produzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica n&#227;o invasiva do nervo vago na orelha,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> atrav&#233;s de eletrodos (taVNS) ou pequenas agulhas (paVNS) colocadas na concha e/ou na parte inferior do tragus.</p>
      <p>A regulariza&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico mediada pela VNS diminui a atividade simp&#225;tica e provoca a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o que, combinada com seus efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, leva a uma melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos atuais sobre taVNS na IC. No presente estudo buscamos analisar e gerar a hip&#243;tese da aplicabilidade e benef&#237;cio da taVNS na ICFER atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos do ecocardiograma, TC6min, variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pelo Holter (SDNN e rMSSD), MLHFQ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e classe funcional (NYHA) aplicados antes de iniciar e ao finalizar as interven&#231;&#245;es (taVNS e <italic>Sham</italic> ). Analisamos tamb&#233;m a aplicabilidade e benef&#237;cio da taVNS na ICFER atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupos dos dados supracitados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado, com metodologia <italic>sham</italic> , sendo avaliados pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% em regime ambulatorial. Foram atendidos pacientes provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de IC da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de de Cabo Frio (CADHI-Centro de atendimento ao diab&#233;tico, hipertenso e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e pacientes encaminhados por outros m&#233;dicos para o ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital Santa Izabel em Cabo Frio.</p>
      <p>Ao estimularmos o nervo vago aferente em n&#237;vel auricular modula-se o sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco para atingir o efeito cardioprotetor. Os pacientes foram estimulados a n&#237;vel auricular at&#233; que percebessem um formigamento no local do est&#237;mulo, bem abaixo do limiar de dor, o que tornou exequ&#237;vel e confort&#225;vel o procedimento.</p>
      <p>Para evitar que o pesquisador tivesse conhecimento de quem recebeu taVNS ou <italic>sham</italic> foi escalada a enfermeira Rafaela dos Santos Cardoso Carneiro que, ap&#243;s treinamento e prepara&#231;&#227;o adequados, realizou as interven&#231;&#245;es e aplicou os testes. Coletaram-se dados atrav&#233;s do acompanhamento dos pacientes e exames cardiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o invasivos como ecocardiograma e HOLTER ECG 24 h. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional foi abordada pelo TC6MIN, e a classe funcional-NYHA e o question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida Minnesota-MLHFQ foram tamb&#233;m utilizados.</p>
      <p>Utilizamos, em nosso estudo, o equipamento de eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea EL-30 (NKL Produtos Eletr&#244;nicos, Brusque, SC), com os seguintes par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o: largura de pulso de 500 &#181;s, intensidade abaixo do limiar doloroso, 5 segundos 2 Hz / 5 segundos 15 Hz. Estudos recentes mostraram que baixas frequ&#234;ncias t&#234;m efeito maior na diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> enquanto frequ&#234;ncias na faixa de 10-25Hz produzem boa modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Escolhemos o modo misto, utilizando tanto baixas (2 Hz) quanto m&#233;dias frequ&#234;ncias (15 Hz) de modo a obtermos ambos os benef&#237;cios auton&#244;micos.</p>
      <p>Foi usado ecocardiograma com alta qualidade de imagem e processamento, por meio da sonda Setorial Matricial XDclear, o Vivid S70N-GE.</p>
      <p>O gravador digital de Holter Cardiolight-Cardios, com tecnologia digital de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do sinal de 800 pontos por segundo com processamento em tempo real (DSP) foi utilizado em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o (taVNS) ocorreu durante 30 minutos de segunda-feira a sexta-feira, totalizando 20 sess&#245;es. As avalia&#231;&#245;es e coleta de dados foram feitas antes de iniciar o estudo e ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de cada participante.</p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo entre 03-02-2021 e 05-01-2022 foram inicialmente recrutados 52 pacientes, mas devido &#224; pandemia de COVID-19 perdemos o seguimento de 9 pacientes. Logo, 43 pacientes conclu&#237;ram o estudo, 22 pacientes no grupo taVNS e 21 no grupo <italic>sham</italic> .</p>
      <p>A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada atrav&#233;s de sorteio eletr&#244;nico e confec&#231;&#227;o de envelopes lacrados distribu&#237;dos de forma bin&#225;ria. &#192; medida que os participantes eram recrutados um envelope era aberto: ao vir &#8216;0&#8221; (zero) recebia <italic>sham</italic> -simulado, ao vir &#8220;1&#8221; (um) recebia taVNS-interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, os pacientes foram alocados em 2 grupos:</p>
      <p><italic>&#8211;</italic> Grupo 1 (22 pacientes) recebeu a interven&#231;&#227;o taVNS, com um eletrodo transcut&#226;neo na concha superior (cimba) e o outro no l&#243;bulo direito, nas frequ&#234;ncias 2/15 Hz no per&#237;odo de 30 minutos. Estimulamos dessa forma o nervo vago na concha superior e o grande nervo auricular no l&#243;bulo. Tais locais foram escolhidos baseados na inerva&#231;&#227;o da orelha, facilidade t&#233;cnica para coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos e para uniformizar o tratamento.</p>
      <p><italic>&#8211;</italic> Grupo 2 (21 pacientes) recebeu a interven&#231;&#227;o <italic>sham</italic> , com ambos os eletrodos transcut&#226;neos no l&#243;bulo direito nas frequ&#234;ncias 2/15 Hz por per&#237;odo de 1 minuto, e depois desligado e mantido por 29 minutos. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Anatomia da orelha, mostrando a &#225;rea de inerva&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo auricular no nervo vago (RANV) e os locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o nos dois grupos, taVNS e sham. taVNS: estimula&#231;&#227;o transcut&#226;nea auricular do nervo vago.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Divis&#227;o dos grupos e fluxograma do estudo. taVNS: estimula&#231;&#227;o transcut&#226;nea auricular do nervo vago; Grupo sham: simula&#231;&#227;o. ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos R-R normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo (milissegundos); FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes ambulatoriais com IC compensada ou recuperada classes NYHA I-II-III e IV, recebendo terapia farmacol&#243;gica &#243;tima nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Idade acima de 18 anos.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>FEVE menor que 50% documentada por ecocardiografia.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>
        <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou uso de terapia intravenosa para IC nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave ou estenose a&#243;rtica grave.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cirurgia card&#237;aca ou angioplastia ou AVC nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Usu&#225;rios de marcapasso.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Com base em estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> o presente estudo foi elaborado para detectar uma melhora de 30% nos escores de qualidade de vida, no teste de caminhada de 6 min e na variabilidade de FC no grupo taVNS (estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal) versus grupo <italic>sham</italic> . Um tamanho amostral de 40 pacientes (20 em cada grupo) forneceria pelo menos 80% de poder do teste para detectar essa diferen&#231;a, em um n&#237;vel alfa de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) conforme normalidade dos dados, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa.</p>
        <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas para normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es nas caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos foram realizadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado (ou Mann-Whitney), e <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado para compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupos. O teste do qui-quadrado (ou exato de Fisher) foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
        <p>Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos e todos os testes foram bicaudais.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software <italic>R Statistic</italic> 3.5.1 ( <italic>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</italic> , Vienna, Austria).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recursos</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Humanos: A coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames cardiol&#243;gicos foram feitos pelo investigador.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Financeiros: N&#227;o houve recursos de terceiros, al&#233;m de recursos pr&#243;prios.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quest&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O pesquisador n&#227;o teve conhecimento sobre a conduta cl&#237;nica promovida pelos pacientes integrantes do estudo e provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, garantindo assim o tratamento &#243;timo para IC nos 2 grupos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo CEP sob o parecer 4.486.173 em 29/12/2020 de conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 e cadastrado no ReBEC/World Health Organization, UTN: U111112552081, e na Plataforma Brasil: 38606820.6.0000.5243.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais foram similares na maioria dos par&#226;metros nos 2 grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). No entanto, na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o o Grupo 1 (taVNS) apresentou idade superior (p= 0,037) e maior rMSSD (p= 0,018).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais &#8211; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Pacientes (n=43)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>taVNS (n=22)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=21)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, %</td>
                <td align="center">79,1</td>
                <td align="center">72,7</td>
                <td align="center">85,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe NYHA, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (42,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">17 (39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">11 (25,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (86,4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (81,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (44,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (53,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (59,1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,547</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7))</td>
                <td align="center">1 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (95,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo/drogas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,721</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia da IC, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">15 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">14 (32,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">14 (32,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo sinusal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,547</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; HF de DAC: hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; RM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Testes estat&#237;sticos realizados: teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O Grupo 2 ( <italic>sham)</italic> na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou melhor qualidade de vida (p= 0,013) e tend&#234;ncia a melhor desempenho no TC6M (292 vs. 365, p= 0,09) como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais &#8211; vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Pacientes (n=43)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>taVNS (n=22)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=21)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">84,5 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">80,2 &#177; 17,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,436</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo diagn&#243;stico IC (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">51,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TC6M (min)</td>
                <td align="center">328,9 &#177; 137,1</td>
                <td align="center">292,2 &#177; 143,2</td>
                <td align="center">365,6 &#177; 123,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MLHFQ</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 17,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,4 &#177; 17,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (53,5)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (87,2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas representadas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; MLHQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos R-R normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo (milissegundos). Testes estat&#237;sticos utilizados: teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis sim&#233;tricas (exibidas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP) e teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis assim&#233;tricas [exibidas como mediana (intervalo interquartil)]. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na fase p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o observou-se que o Grupo 1 se manteve com melhor rMSSD (31 vs. 21; p = 0,046) e atingiu melhor SDNN (110 vs. 84, p = 0,033) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Nos demais par&#226;metros n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos ap&#243;s 4 semanas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Pacientes (n=43)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>TaVNS (n=22)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=21)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mediana da classe da NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE-Simpson (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">53,1 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">49,4 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TC6M (min)</td>
                <td align="center">378,9 &#177; 138,8</td>
                <td align="center">353 &#177; 119,7</td>
                <td align="center">405,9 &#177; 154,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MLHFQ</td>
                <td align="center">48,9 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (77,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas representadas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; MLHQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos R-R normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo (milissegundos). Testes estat&#237;sticos utilizados: teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis sim&#233;tricas (exibidas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP) e teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis assim&#233;tricas [exibidas como mediana (intervalo interquartil)]. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nota-se que o SDNN nos dois grupos antes da taVNS apresentava n&#237;veis semelhantes, mas analisando a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> podemos observar que ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o o grupo 1 atingiu melhor SDNN e n&#227;o foi observado o mesmo benef&#237;cio no grupo 2.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desvio-Padr&#227;o do R-R (SDNN) antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. Teste estat&#237;stico realizado: t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; aVNS: estimula&#231;&#227;o auricular do nervo vago.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ao comparar os par&#226;metros antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise intragrupos, constatamos que muitos melhoraram significativamente no Grupo 1 e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no Grupo 2.</p>
      <p>Houve benef&#237;cio no Grupo 1 ap&#243;s taVNS quanto &#224; qualidade de vida, enquanto n&#227;o houve o mesmo benef&#237;cio no grupo controle ap&#243;s 30 dias de estimula&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ). Da mesma maneira, foi observada superioridade do Grupo 1 no TC6M quando comparamos antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, fato que n&#227;o ocorreu no Grupo 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da qualidade de vida pelo question&#225;rio de Minnesota-MLHFQ (A) e do teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos (B) nos grupos 1 (taVNS) e 2 (sham) antes do tratamento e ap&#243;s 30 dias. Nota-se, em ambos os casos, melhora desses par&#226;metros no grupo taVNS (p&lt;0,05) e nenhuma melhora no grupo sham. Testes estat&#237;sticos realizados: Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para qualidade de vida e t de Student pareado para o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o observamos nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia ou abandono do tratamento por eventos adversos em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>O resumo do design e dos achados do estudo pode ser observado na ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Neuromodula&#231;&#227;o Vagal Auricular e sua Aplicabilidade em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>An&#225;lise de dados e resultados. taVNS: estimula&#231;&#227;o transcut&#226;nea auricular do nervo vago (interven&#231;&#227;o); FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; sham: simula&#231;&#227;o (controle); FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 6 min: 6 minutos.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostrou que, em pacientes com ICFEr, quando comparamos o est&#237;mulo com taVNS vs. <italic>sham</italic> , houve melhora do &#237;ndice de variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havendo benef&#237;cios nos demais par&#226;metros. Por outro lado, quando se comparou as vari&#225;veis intragrupos, observou-se melhora no TC6M e MLHFQ ap&#243;s a taVNS, enquanto n&#227;o se modificaram no grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Sabemos desde 1998 com o estudo de Nolan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade card&#237;aca &#233; um preditor independente no aumento na morte s&#250;bita na IC e mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Podemos sugerir que a taVNS, trazendo um aumento na variabilidade da FC, possa estar associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> por interferir indiretamente na redu&#231;&#227;o da cascata inflamat&#243;ria da IC, com menor carga arr&#237;tmica, atrav&#233;s de um melhor equil&#237;brio neurohumoral.</p>
      <p>De acordo com os estudos HOPE4 HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e BEAT HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> o uso de terapia de ativa&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo foi segura e conferiu benef&#237;cio na IC. O presente estudo demonstrou a mesma seguran&#231;a, facilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o e menores efeitos colaterais, al&#233;m de mostrar benef&#237;cio na variabilidade da FC e sugerir melhoras no TC6M e na qualidade de vida. Com a melhora da capacidade funcional, foi percept&#237;vel em todos os pacientes o desejo de persistir no tratamento mesmo durante um per&#237;odo de pandemia e riscos.</p>
      <p>Frangos et al. em 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> mostraram o benef&#237;cio e a facilidade da execu&#231;&#227;o da taVNS em humanos de forma n&#227;o invasiva e foi poss&#237;vel confirmar neste estudo a mesma facilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Zannad et al., no estudo NECTAR HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> usando VNS, falharam no objetivo prim&#225;rio quanto &#224; melhoria das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ap&#243;s VNS, mas demonstraram melhoria na qualidade de vida, achado este que foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar em nosso estudo sem a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o invasiva.</p>
      <p>A melhora na qualidade de vida acarretou uma melhor ades&#227;o ao tratamento, no estilo de vida, uma percept&#237;vel satisfa&#231;&#227;o do paciente e um engajamento maior ao perceber resultados palp&#225;veis e um novo foco sobre seu posicionamento quanto &#224; IC e suas expectativas.</p>
      <p>Gold et al., no estudo INOVATE HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> envolvendo 85 centros, n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ao utilizar VNS, mas sim um benef&#237;cio no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, o que se alinha com nossos achados, com a vantagem que utilizamos a via auricular do nervo vago.</p>
      <p>A classe funcional da NYHA e a qualidade de vida melhoraram ap&#243;s VNS em v&#225;rios estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Esses efeitos positivos demonstraram que a maioria dos pacientes se tornaram menos sintom&#225;ticos e mais capazes para as atividades do dia-a-dia ap&#243;s o tratamento com VNS. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi realizado em cinco estudos relativamente recentes, com aumento significativo da dist&#226;ncia percorrida em pacientes tratados por VNS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Esses achados se alinham com a melhora no TC6M e na qualidade de vida observados neste estudo no grupo taVNS, apontando que esses pacientes se tornaram fisicamente mais aptos ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal. Por outro lado, o presente estudo n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar melhora na classe funcional NYHA, provavelmente porque a maior parte dos pacientes j&#225; estavam em classes I ou II desde o in&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>No estudo ANTHEM HF, Premchand et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstraram que a VNS no lado esquerdo ou direito n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a nos resultados e foi seguro. Neste estudo, optou-se por manter o est&#237;mulo no ouvido externo direito por simples conven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em 2015 e novamente em 2020, no estudo TREAT AF, Stavrakis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstraram que taVNS suprimiu e reduziu a carga de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes sem IC, al&#233;m de reduzir os n&#237;veis de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias. Recentemente, o mesmo grupo demonstrou, num estudo piloto, que a taVNS reduziu os n&#237;veis de fator de necrose tumoral alfa e melhorou a qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nosso estudo vem gerar a hip&#243;tese que a taVNS possa vir tamb&#233;m a ser ben&#233;fica em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, pois observou-se melhora na variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no grupo taVNS.</p>
      <p>Kaniusas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> demonstraram de forma sistem&#225;tica os efeitos ben&#233;ficos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios da taVNS, n&#227;o apenas pelos mecanismos cl&#225;ssicos expostos em seus estudos, mas tamb&#233;m por outros ainda n&#227;o bem compreendidos. Este estudo vem gerar uma hip&#243;tese ao demonstrar que, ao modularmos o excesso de atividade simp&#225;tica e estimularmos a atividade parassimp&#225;tica, obtivemos resultados promissores na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, Sant&#8217;Anna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> realizaram metan&#225;lise sobre estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando VNS invasiva + tratamento medicamentoso vs. tratamento medicamentoso na IC, e observaram que em pacientes com ICFEr o uso de VNS foi associado &#224; melhora na classe funcional NYHA, qualidade de vida, TC6M e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP. Neste estudo foi poss&#237;vel observar melhora na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, qualidade de vida e TC6M, com menos efeitos adversos que os estudos invasivos e que usaram dispositivos implant&#225;veis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>O Grupo 1 teve na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, idade superior, pior qualidade de vida e maior rMSSD que o Grupo 2, o que pode prejudicar as an&#225;lises ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Atribu&#237;mos tal achado ao pequeno tamanho de amostra, mas os resultados mostraram que tais discrep&#226;ncias n&#227;o influ&#237;ram nos achados finais;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A pandemia de COVID-19 foi um obst&#225;culo para realiza&#231;&#227;o desse estudo. Ressalta-se a preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes por serem cardiopatas e do risco de cont&#225;gio. Tais obst&#225;culos foram contornados mudando o ambiente e informando que seriam fornecidas medidas protetivas, embora tal fato n&#227;o tenha afetado a an&#225;lise dos dados;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o trazida pela pandemia foi a crise econ&#244;mica dificultando a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o para realizar o tratamento e exames seriados. Fornecemos passagem, ajuda de custo alimentar e o fundamental esclarecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia do tratamento;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>N&#227;o dosamos biomarcadores neste estudo, no entanto, at&#233; &#224; &#233;poca do recrutamento n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos de laborat&#243;rio dispon&#237;vel em nossa regi&#227;o. No entanto, a ideia original era gerar hip&#243;tese para tratamento ambulatorial, o que foi feito;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o decorre do curto prazo do estudo. A maioria dos estudos de estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal demonstraram um resultado mais percept&#237;vel ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo maior de estimula&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o per&#237;odo de tratamento deste estudo foi de apenas 1 m&#234;s. Como ainda assim os resultados foram promissores, espera-se que novos estudos venham em breve esclarecer o tempo m&#237;nimo e o ideal para se obter um efeito razo&#225;vel da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal na IC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Outro fator limitante foi a classe funcional NYHA dos pacientes, a maioria foi classe I (27,9%) ou II (39,5%), e com isso o objetivo de avaliar a melhora de classe funcional nesses pacientes perdeu um pouco o sentido. Novos estudos envolvendo uso de taVNS no tratamento da IC devem excluir a classe I da NYHA, uma vez que nesses pacientes j&#225; se atingiu o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico almejado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A taVNS &#233; uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e pode conferir benef&#237;cio na IC pela melhora nos par&#226;metros de variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (SDNN), o que indica melhor equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. Mostrou-se tamb&#233;m, na compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupos antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, melhora na qualidade de vida e no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos no grupo taVNS.</p>
      <p>A partir desses resultados, pode-se aventar a hip&#243;tese de amplia&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o da neuromodula&#231;&#227;o vagal auricular em pacientes com IC, embora novos estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes sejam necess&#225;rios para responder &#224;s quest&#245;es levantadas pelo presente estudo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Auricular Vagal Neuromodulation and its Application in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3378-0771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Menezes</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
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          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6987-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bonacossa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2080-2767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6831-0185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata S. Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
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            <sup>5</sup>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-8813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel &#8211; Cardiologia, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques Escola de Medicina Souza Marques &#8211; Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Incordis, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233; &#8211; Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Maca&#233;, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Sergio Menezes Couceiro &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Raul Veiga,15 sala 203. Postal Code 28907-090, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sergiomenezes.card@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) imbalance in heart failure (HF) creates a vicious cycle, excess sympathetic activity, and decreased vagal activity contributing to the worsening of HF. Low-intensity transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (taVNS) is well tolerated and opens new therapeutic possibilities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To hypothesize the applicability and benefit of taVNS in HF through intergroup comparison of echocardiography parameters, 6-minute walk test, Holter heart rate variability (SDNN and rMSSD), Minnesota quality of life questionnaire, and functional class by the New York Heart Association. In comparisons, p values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical study with sham methodology, unicentric. Forty-three patients were evaluated and divided into 2 groups: Group 1 received taVNS (frequencies 2/15 Hz), and Group 2 received sham. In comparisons, p values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In the post-intervention phase, it was observed that Group 1 had better rMSSD (31 x 21; p = 0.046) and achieved better SDNN (110 vs. 84, p = 0.033). When comparing intragroup parameters before and after the intervention, it was observed that all of them improved significantly in group 1, and there were no differences in group 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>taVNS is a safe to perform and easy intervention and suggests a probable benefit in HF by improving heart rate variability, which indicates better autonomic balance. New studies with more patients are needed to answer the questions raised by this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vagus Nerve Stimulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Parasympathetic Nervous System Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Reduced Ejection Fraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is considered a serious syndrome affecting more than 23 million people worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its mortality remains high, with average five-year survival after diagnosis of only 35% if untreated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, data from the BREATHE registry (Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> showed HF as the main cause of rehospitalizations and a high hospital mortality rate.</p>
        <p>ANS (autonomic nervous system) imbalances have been observed in several diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and are associated with increased sympathetic tonus and decreased parasympathetic tonus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> such as in HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> inflammatory bowel diseases, and chronic pain syndrome. Drugs can regulate the increased sympathetic activity, and the reduced parasympathetic activity can be stimulated by physical training, for example.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, a meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> was published showing that invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve improved the functional class by the New York Heart Association(NYHA), the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), the quality of life by the Minnesota questionnaire (MLHFQ) and the NT-proBNP levels (N-terminal fraction of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) in patients with HFrER (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction).</p>
        <p>Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is produced by non-invasive electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in the ear<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> through electrodes (taVNS) or small needles (paVNS) placed in the concha and/or lower part of the tragus.</p>
        <p>The regulation of autonomic balance mediated by VNS decreases sympathetic activity and causes the release of nitric oxide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which, combined with its anti-inflammatory effects, leads to improved tissue oxygenation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are no current studies on taVNS in HF. In the present study, we sought to analyze and hypothesize the applicability and benefit of taVNS in HFrER by comparing intergroup echocardiographic parameters, 6MWT, Holter heart rate variability (SDNN and rMSSD), MLHFQ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and functional class (NYHA) applied before starting and at the end of the interventions (taVNS and <italic>sham</italic> ). We also analyzed the applicability and benefit of taVNS in HFrER by intragroup comparison of the abovementioned data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical study, with sham methodology, evaluating patients with HF and ejection fraction &lt; 50% on an outpatient basis. Patients from the HF outpatient clinic of the Cabo Frio Health Secretariat (CADHI-Center for diabetic, hypertensive, and heart failure care) and patients referred by other physicians to the outpatient clinic of Hospital Santa Izabel in Cabo Frio were treated.</p>
        <p>When we stimulate the afferent vagus nerve at the auricular level, the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system is modulated to achieve the cardioprotective effect. Patients were stimulated at the auricular level until they felt tingling at the stimulus site, well below the pain threshold, which made the procedure feasible and comfortable.</p>
        <p>To prevent the researcher from knowing who received taVNS or sham, nurse Rafaela dos Santos Cardoso Carneiro was chosen, who, after adequate training and preparation, carried out the interventions and applied the tests. Data were collected through patient follow-up and non-invasive cardiological tests such as echocardiography and 24-hour HOLTER ECG. The 6MWT addressed functional assessment, and the NYHA functional class and the Minnesota quality of life questionnaire (MLHFQ) were also used.</p>
        <p>Our study used the EL-30 electrical stimulation equipment (NKL Electronic Products, Brusque, SC) with the following stimulation parameters: pulse width of 500 &#181;s, intensity below the painful threshold, 5 seconds 2 Hz / 5 seconds 15 Hz. Recent studies have shown that low frequencies have a greater effect on decreasing sympathetic activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> while frequencies in the 10-25Hz range produce good parasympathetic modulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> We chose the mixed mode, using both low (2 Hz) and medium frequencies (15 Hz) to obtain both autonomic benefits.</p>
        <p>A high image and processing quality echocardiogram was used, the Vivid S70N-GE, with the XDclear Matrix Sector probe.</p>
        <p>The Holter Cardiolight-Cardios digital recorder, with digital signal acquisition technology at 800 points per second with real-time processing (DSP), was employed in our study.</p>
        <p>The intervention (taVNS) took 30 minutes from Monday to Friday, totaling 20 sessions. Assessments and data collection were performed before starting the study and after the last session of each participant.</p>
        <p>From 2021-02-03 to 2022-01-05, 52 patients were initially recruited, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we lost the follow-up of 9 patients. Therefore, 43 patients completed the study, 22 in the taVNS group and 21 in the <italic>sham</italic> group.</p>
        <p>Randomization was carried out through an electronic raffle and the creation of sealed envelopes distributed in a binary way. As participants were recruited, an envelope was opened: when &#8216;0&#8217; (zero) came up, they received the <italic>sham</italic> intervention; when &#8216;1&#8217; (one) came up, they received taVNS.</p>
        <p>Thus, patients were allocated into 2 groups:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Group 1 (22 patients) received the taVNS intervention, with a transcutaneous electrode on the superior concha (cimba) and the other on the right lobe, at frequencies 2/15 Hz over 30 minutes. This way, we stimulate the superior concha&#8217;s vagus nerve and the lobe&#8217;s great auricular nerve. Such sites were chosen based on the innervation of the ear, the technical facility for placing the electrodes and standardizing the treatment.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Group 2 (21 patients) received the <italic>sham</italic> intervention, with both transcutaneous electrodes on the right lobe at frequencies 2/15 Hz for 1 minute, then turned off and maintained for 29 minutes. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> )</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Anatomy of the ear, showing the area of innervation by the auricular branch in the vagus nerve (ABVN) and the stimulation sites in both groups, taVNS, and sham. taVNS: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation; Sham: simulation.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Study flowchart. taVNS: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation; Sham group: simulation; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval; rMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals over a time interval (milliseconds).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>Inclusion criteria:</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Outpatients with compensated or recovered HF NYHA classes I-IV, receiving optimal pharmacological therapy in the last 3 months.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Age over 18 years old.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LVEF (left ventricle ejection fraction) less than 50% documented by echocardiography.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>
          <bold>Exclusion criteria:</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients hospitalized for HF or using intravenous therapy for HF in the last 30 days.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients with severe mitral regurgitation or severe aortic stenosis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Heart surgery or angioplasty, or stroke within the last 3 months.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacemaker users.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients with an LVEF &#8805; 50%.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Based on previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> the present study was designed to detect a 30% improvement in quality of life scores, 6-min walk test, and HR variability in the taVNS group versus the <italic>sham</italic> group. A sample size of 40 patients (20 in each group) would provide at least 80% test power to detect this difference at an alpha significance level of 0.05.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) according to data normality, and categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. All continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilks test.</p>
          <p>Comparisons in the characteristics of continuous variables between groups were performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test (or Mann-Whitney) and paired Student&#8217;s t-test for intragroup comparisons. The chi-square (or Fisher&#8217;s exact) test was used to compare categorical variables.</p>
          <p>P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant, and all tests were two-tailed. All statistical analyzes were performed using the software <italic>R Statistic</italic> 3.5.1 ( <italic>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</italic> , Vienna, Austria).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resources</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Humans: the main investigator performed the collection of clinical data and the performance of cardiological examinations.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Financial: there were no resources from third parties besides our own resources.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical issues</title>
          <p>The researcher was unaware of the clinical conduct promoted by the patients participating in the study and coming from the cardiology outpatient clinic, thus guaranteeing the optimal treatment for HF in the 2 groups. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee under opinion 4,486,173 on 12/29/2020 following resolution 466/2012 and registered at ReBEC (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials), UTN: U111112552081, and at Plataforma Brasil: 38606820.6.0000.5243.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Baseline clinical characteristics were similar in most parameters in the 2 groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). However, in the pre-intervention phase, Group 1 (taVNS) were older (p= 0.037) and showed higher rMSSD (p= 0.018).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics &#8211; categorical variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Patients (n=43)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>taVNS (n=22)</th>
                  <th><italic>Sham</italic> (n=21)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, %</td>
                  <td align="center">79.1</td>
                  <td align="center">72.7</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.457</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (42.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (39.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (25.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (19.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (86.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (81.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (44.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FH of CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (53.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (59.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (47.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (39.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7))</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (95.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (95.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.345</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism/drugs, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (47.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.721</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF etiology, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (34.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (32.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (32.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus rhythm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (88.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (85.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.664</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous hospitalization, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (51.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (57.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.547</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; FH of CAD: familial history of coronary artery disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; HR: heart failure. Statistical tests performed: chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Group 2 ( <italic>sham</italic> ) in the pre-intervention phase had a better quality of life (p= 0.013) and a tendency to better performance in the 6MWT (292 vs. 365, p= 0.09), as displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics &#8211; numerical variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Patients (n=43)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>taVNS (n=22)</th>
                  <th><italic>Sham</italic> (n=21)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 17.5</td>
                  <td align="center">84.5 &#177; 18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">80.2 &#177; 17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.436</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF diagnostic time (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.206*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.193</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6MWT (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">328.9 &#177; 137.1</td>
                  <td align="center">292.2 &#177; 143.2</td>
                  <td align="center">365.6 &#177; 123.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLHFQ</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 17.6</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">50.4 &#177; 17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (74.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (53.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (87.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Continuous variables represented by mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range); HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LA: left atrium; 6MWT: six-minute walking test; MLHQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval; rMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals over a time interval (milliseconds). Statistical tests used: unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test for symmetrical variables (displayed as mean &#177; SD) and Mann-Whitney test for asymmetrical variables [displayed as median (interquartile range)]. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the post-intervention phase, it was observed that Group 1 maintained a better rMSSD (31 vs. 21; p = 0.046) and achieved a better SDNN (110 vs. 84, p = 0.033) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). There were no differences between the groups for the other parameters.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Differences between groups after 4 weeks</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Patients (n=43)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>taVNS (n=22)</th>
                  <th><italic>Sham</italic> (n=21)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class median</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF-Simpson (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">53.1 &#177; 8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">49.4 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.5 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.6 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6MWT (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">378.9 &#177; 138.8</td>
                  <td align="center">353 &#177; 119.7</td>
                  <td align="center">405.9 &#177; 154.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MLHFQ</td>
                  <td align="center">48.9 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.913</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (77.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Continuous variables are represented by mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LA: left atrium; 6MWT: six-minute walking test; MLHQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval; rMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals over a time interval (milliseconds). Statistical tests used: unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test for symmetrical variables (displayed as mean &#177; SD) and Mann-Whitney test for asymmetrical variables [displayed as median (interquartile range)]. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It was noted that SDNN in both groups before taVNS had similar levels, but analyzing <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> , we can observe that, after the intervention, Group 1 reached better SDNN, and the same benefit was not observed in Group 2.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Standard Deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN) before and after treatment. Statistical test performed: unpaired Student&#8217;s t. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing the parameters before and after the intervention in intra-group analysis, we found that many improved significantly in Group 1, and there was no difference in Group 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> ). There was a benefit in Group 1 after taVNS regarding the quality of life, while there was not the same benefit in the <italic>sham</italic> group after 30 days of stimulation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> A). Likewise, superiority was observed for Group 1 in 6MWT when comparing before and after the intervention, something that did not occur in Group 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> B)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Analysis of quality of life by Minnesota live with heart failure questionnaire &#8211; MLWHF &#8211; (A) and the 6-minute walk test (B) in groups 1 (taVNS) and 2 (sham) before treatment and after 30 days. In both cases, an improvement in these parameters was observed in the taVNS group (p&lt;0.05) and no improvement in the sham group. Statistical tests performed: Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney for quality of life and paired Student&#8217;s t-test for the 6-minute walk test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We did not observe any complications or abandonment of treatment due to adverse events in our study. The summary of the design and findings of the study can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Auricular Vagal Neuromodulation and its Application in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Data analysis, and results. taVNS: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (intervention); EF: ejection fraction; sham: simulation (control); HR: heart rate; 6 min: 6 minutes.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220581-20581-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study showed that, in patients with HFrEF, when comparing stimulation with taVNS vs. <italic>sham</italic> , there was an improvement in the heart rate variability index in the intervention group, with no benefits in the other parameters. On the other hand, when intragroup variables were compared, there was an improvement in the 6MWT and MLHFQ after taVNS, while they did not change in the control group.</p>
        <p>We have known since 1998, with the study by Nolan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> that the reduction in heart rate variability is an independent predictor of the increase in sudden death in HF and even in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> We can suggest that taVNS, increasing HR variability, may be associated with a reduction of sudden death<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> by indirectly interfering in the reduction of the inflammatory cascade of HF, with less arrhythmic burden, through a better neurohumoral balance.</p>
        <p>According to the HOPE4 HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and BEAT HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> using baroreflex activation therapy was safe and conferred benefits on HF. The present study demonstrated the same safety, ease of execution, and fewer side effects, in addition to showing benefits in HR variability and suggesting improvements in the 6MWT and quality of life. With the improvement in functional capacity, it was noticeable in all patients the desire to persist in treatment even during a pandemic and risks.</p>
        <p>Frangos et al. in 2015<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> showed the benefit and ease of performing taVNS in humans in a non-invasive way, and it was possible to confirm in this study the same ease of execution.</p>
        <p>Zannad and his group, in the NECTAR HF study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> failed to demonstrate the improvement of echocardiographic measurements after invasive VNS but demonstrated an improvement in quality of life. This finding could be replicated in our study without invasive intervention.</p>
        <p>Improving the quality of life led to better adherence to treatment, lifestyle, perceptible patient satisfaction, greater engagement when noticing tangible results, and a new focus on their position regarding HF and their expectations.</p>
        <p>Gold et al., in the INOVATE HF trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> involving 85 centers, did not demonstrate a reduction in mortality when using invasive VNS, but a benefit in the 6-minute walk test, which is in line with our findings, with the advantage that we used non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation through the ear.</p>
        <p>NYHA functional class and quality of life improved after VNS in several studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> These positive effects demonstrated that most patients became less symptomatic and could better carry out day-to-day activities after treatment with VNS. The six-minute walk test was performed in five relatively recent studies, significantly increasing the distance walked in patients treated with VNS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> These findings align with the improvement in the 6MWT, and the quality of life observed in this study in the taVNS group, indicating that these patients became physically fitter after vagal stimulation. On the other hand, the present study could not demonstrate improvement in the NYHA functional class, probably because most patients were already in classes I or II from the beginning.</p>
        <p>In the ANTHEM HF study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Premchand et al. demonstrated that VNS on the left or right side of the neck had no difference in outcomes and was safe. In this study, it was decided to keep the stimulus in the right external ear by a simple convention.</p>
        <p>In 2015 and again in 2020, in the TREAT AF study, Stavrakis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> demonstrated that taVNS suppressed and reduced the burden of atrial fibrillation in patients without HF, in addition to reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recently, the same group demonstrated, in a pilot study, that taVNS reduced the levels of alpha tumor necrosis factor and improved the quality of life in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Our study hypothesizes that taVNS may also benefit patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, as an improvement in heart rate variability was observed in the taVNS group.</p>
        <p>Kaniusas and coworkers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> systematically demonstrated the beneficial and anti-inflammatory effects of taVNS, not only through the classic mechanisms exposed in their studies but also through others still poorly understood. This study generates a hypothesis by demonstrating that we obtained promising results in heart failure by modulating excess sympathetic activity and stimulating parasympathetic activity.</p>
        <p>In a recent publication, Sant&#8217;Anna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> performed a meta-analysis on randomized clinical studies comparing invasive VNS plus drug treatment vs. drug treatment in HF and observed that in patients with HFrEF, the use of VNS was associated with improvement in NYHA functional class, quality of life, 6MWT and reduction in NT-proBNP levels. This study showed improvement in heart rate variability, quality of life, and 6MWT, with fewer adverse effects than invasive studies that used implantable devices.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study had some limitations:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Group 1 had, in the pre-intervention phase, higher age, worse quality of life, and higher rMSSD than Group 2, which may impair the analysis after the intervention. We attributed this finding to the small sample size, but the results showed that such discrepancies did not influence the final findings.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The COVID-19 pandemic was an obstacle to carrying out this study. The concern of patients for having heart disease and the risk of contagion is highlighted. Such obstacles were overcome by changing the environment and informing that protective measures would be provided, although this did not affect the data analysis.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Another limitation brought about by the pandemic was the economic crisis, making it difficult to mobilize to carry out treatment and serial examinations. We provide tickets, food allowance, and fundamental clarification on the importance of treatment.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>We did not measure biomarkers in this study as, until the time of recruitment, we did not have a laboratory with such resources available in our region. However, the original idea was to generate a hypothesis for outpatient treatment, which was done.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>An important limitation stems from the short term of the study. Most studies of vagal stimulation have shown a more noticeable result after a longer stimulation period, whereas the treatment period in this study was only 1 month. As the results were still promising, new studies are expected to clarify the minimum and ideal time soon to obtain a reasonable effect of vagal modulation in HF.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Another limiting factor was the NYHA functional class of the patients, most were class I (27.9%) or II (39.5%), and therefore the objective of evaluating the improvement in functional class in these patients lost its meaning. New studies involving the use of taVNS in the treatment of HF should exclude NYHA class I since the desired clinical benefit has already been achieved in these patients.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>taVNS is a safe, easy-to-perform intervention and can benefit HF by improving heart rate variability parameters (SDNN), which indicates better autonomic balance. In intragroup comparisons before and after treatment, improved quality of life and the 6-minute walk test in the taVNS group were also shown.</p>
        <p>Based on these results, one can suggest expanding the indication of auricular vagal neuromodulation in patients with HF, although new studies with a larger number of patients are needed to answer the questions raised by the present study.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Sergio Livio Menezes Couceiro, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
