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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JJVvFC8LtTrNMHdCGLLsKYG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220523</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Significado Progn&#243;stico de Marcadores Associados &#224; Nutri&#231;&#227;o na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meng</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Tong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1392-7927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Dekui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Geral</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Segundo Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lanzhou</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lanzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Gansu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Geral, Segundo Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ortopedia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Primer Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lanzhou</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lanzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Gansu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ortopedia, Primer Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Gastroenterologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Segundo Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lanzhou</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lanzhou</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Gansu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Segundo Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dekui Zhang &#8226; Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730030 &#8211; China Email: <email>zhangdk8616@126.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220523</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O significado progn&#243;stico dos indicadores nutricionais em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) n&#227;o &#233; claro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise teve como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da albumina s&#233;rica (AS), o &#237;ndice de risco nutricional geri&#225;trico (IRNG) e o &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Os bancos de dados PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library e Web of Science foram sistematicamente pesquisados para todos os estudos publicados at&#233; janeiro de 2022. O significado progn&#243;stico de IRNG, GNRI e INP para ICFEP foi explorado. A taxa de risco agrupada (HR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram estimados usando o software STATA 15.0. A Ferramenta de Estudos de Qualidade de Progn&#243;stico foi usada para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Nove estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e 5.603 adultos com ICFEP foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. As an&#225;lises mostraram que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de AS ou IRNG estava significativamente relacionada &#224; alta mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,98; 95% IC: 1,282&#8211;3,057; p = 0,002; e HR: 1,812;95% IC: 1,064&#8211;3,086; p = 0,029, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, uma AS mais baixa indica um resultado composto ruim de mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC (HR: 1,768; IC 95%: 1,483&#8211;2,108; p = 0,000), e um IRNG mais baixo foi significativamente associado a alta mortalidade cardiovascular (HR: 1,922; 95% IC: 1,504&#8211;2,457; p = 0,000). No entanto, um INP mais baixo n&#227;o se correlacionou com mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,176; IC 95%: 0,858&#8211;1,612, p=0,314).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nossa metan&#225;lise indica que AS e IRNG podem ser indicadores &#250;teis para prever o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020QN-11</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Gansu</funding-source>
          <award-id>21JR7RA397</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (N&#250;mero 2020QN-11) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu (21JR7RA397).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="57"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) tornou-se uma forma cada vez mais comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos mostraram que a propor&#231;&#227;o de ICFEP na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC aumentou de 41% em 1985-1994 para 56,17% em 2005-2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Enquanto isso, estudos observacionais sugerem que a ICFEP est&#225; associada a alta morbidade e alta taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o tornou-se um fardo grave para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, mas, infelizmente, n&#227;o existem estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas eficazes.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com ICFEP geralmente s&#227;o idosos com muitas complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, desnutri&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e problemas nutricionais relacionados a uma piora da IC. A desnutri&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica por meio de citocinas ativadas que podem estimular o sistema nervoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tudo isso est&#225; muito associado &#224; progress&#227;o da IC. Uma variedade de indicadores pode ser usada para avaliar o risco nutricional. A albumina s&#233;rica (AS) &#233; um indicador comum de avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, mas &#233; suscet&#237;vel a varia&#231;&#245;es em doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. O &#237;ndice de risco nutricional geri&#225;trico (IRNG) &#233; usado para avaliar o estado nutricional com base no peso, altura e n&#237;vel de AS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e o &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) &#233; usado para avaliar o estado nutricional com base no n&#237;vel de AS e na contagem de linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esses &#237;ndices multidimensionais s&#227;o considerados mais precisos e abrangentes. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado o valor preditivo destes indicadores para v&#225;rios resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A pesquisa sobre IC mostrou que esses &#237;ndices tamb&#233;m podem prever resultados em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, o significado progn&#243;stico dos indicadores nutricionais em pacientes com ICFEP n&#227;o foi determinado, e os estudos que investigam o valor cl&#237;nico da AS na predi&#231;&#227;o do resultado da ICFEP t&#234;m resultados conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices nutritivos e o progn&#243;stico da ICFEP. Portanto, nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foram projetadas para avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico de AS, IRNG e INP em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes de Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foi registrada no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas sob o ID de registro: CRD42021238546.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pesquisa de estudo</title>
        <p>Os bancos de dados PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library e Web of Science foram sistematicamente pesquisados para todos os estudos sobre o significado progn&#243;stico dos par&#226;metros nutricionais entre pacientes com ICFEP publicados at&#233; janeiro de 2022. Os seguintes termos de pesquisa foram usados (&#8220;albumina&#8221; OU &#8220;ALB&#8221; OU &#8220;hipoalbuminemia&#8221; OU &#8220;&#237;ndice de risco nutricional geri&#225;trico&#8221; OU &#8220;GNRI&#8221; OU &#8220;&#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico&#8221; OU &#8220;PNI&#8221;) E (&#8220;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada&#8221; OU &#8220; HFpEF &#8220; OU &#8220; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica&#8221; OU &#8220;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal&#8221;). Al&#233;m disso, examinamos as listas de refer&#234;ncias de estudos selecionados e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas relacionadas para identificar estudos relevantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dois autores (MY e ZT) realizaram o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos de forma independente, e qualquer discord&#226;ncia foi discutida. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: 1. Pacientes adultos (&gt;18 anos de idade) com ICFEP (a FE ventricular esquerda [FEVE] dos indiv&#237;duos com ICFEP inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foi &#8805; 40%); e 2. Estudos com informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas em um dos indicadores de avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional (AS, IRNG ou INP). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1. Pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca grave; 2. Pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas; 3. Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; 4. Pacientes com cor pulmonale; 5. Mulheres gr&#225;vidas; 6. Dados incompletos mesmo ap&#243;s contato com os autores; e 7. Relat&#243;rios de caso e resumos de confer&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Dois autores (MY e ZT) extra&#237;ram independentemente os seguintes dados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos: o ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, primeiro autor, tamanho da amostra, desenho do estudo, dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento, idade m&#233;dia/mediana da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia, indicadores nutricionais, dados de desfecho, taxa de risco (HR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (ICs) correspondentes.</p>
        <p>A Ferramenta de Estudos de Qualidade de Progn&#243;stico foi usada para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> usando 6 par&#226;metros (participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, abandono do estudo, medi&#231;&#227;o do fator progn&#243;stico, medi&#231;&#227;o do resultado, confundidor do estudo e an&#225;lise e relat&#243;rio estat&#237;stico), e os estudos foram classificados como alto, moderado ou baixo risco de vi&#233;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa STATA vers&#227;o 15.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, EUA). HR e IC 95% foram considerados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do efeito de cada estudo. Quando o HR n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel, reconstru&#237;mos a estimativa do HR e sua varia&#231;&#227;o a partir das curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier pelo Engauge Digitizer. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica foi avaliada usando o teste qui-quadrado Q e a estat&#237;stica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> I<sup>2</sup>, onde I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% e p&lt;0,05 indicaram heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Um modelo de efeitos fixos foi aplicado se n&#227;o houvesse heterogeneidade significativa; caso contr&#225;rio, um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi usado. O teste de Egger avaliou o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Valores de p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pesquisa e caracter&#237;sticas do estudo</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> fornece uma sele&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa detalhada de estudos para esta metan&#225;lise. Identificamos 1.536 publica&#231;&#245;es por meio de uma pesquisa em banco de dados online; 661 foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; duplica&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, foram exclu&#237;dos 848 registros. O texto completo dos 27 estudos restantes foi revisado e avaliado em detalhes. Finalmente, inclu&#237;mos 9 artigos nesta metan&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de literatura.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Dos nove estudos, cinco eram prospectivos e quatro eram retrospectivos. Todos os estudos foram publicados entre 2012 e 2020, seis foram conduzidos na &#193;sia e tr&#234;s na Am&#233;rica do Norte. A an&#225;lise incluiu 5.603 adultos que foram acompanhados por um ano a 5,8 anos em m&#233;dia. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes variou de 32 a 98 anos. Esses estudos usaram v&#225;rios pontos de corte de FEVE na popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEP variando de 40% a 50%. Dois estudos usaram um limite de 40%, um usou 45% e seis usaram 50%. Tr&#234;s &#237;ndices nutritivos foram usados nesses estudos selecionados; cinco estudos mediram a AS, quatro estudos mediram o IRNG e dois estudos mediram o INP para avaliar a desnutri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Liu</th>
                  <th>Vasiliki</th>
                  <th>Toshiyuki</th>
                  <th>Stuart</th>
                  <th>Yoshiharu</th>
                  <th>Isao</th>
                  <th>Masatoshi</th>
                  <th>Shih-Chieh</th>
                  <th>Yu-Lun</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ano</td>
                  <td align="center">2012</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pa&#237;s</td>
                  <td align="center">China</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">China</td>
                  <td align="center">China</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Design de estudo</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Prospectivo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2009</td>
                  <td align="center">Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Novembro de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Janeiro de 2004 a abril de 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">Junho de 2012 a mar&#231;o de 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Agosto de 2006 a janeiro de 2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Mar&#231;o de 2021 a dezembro de 2014</td>
                  <td align="center">Outubro de 2003 a dezembro de 2012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acompanhamento</td>
                  <td align="center">12m</td>
                  <td align="center">2 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">731d</td>
                  <td align="center">57,6 m</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">503.5d</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1255d</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5m</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero</td>
                  <td align="center">576</td>
                  <td align="center">445</td>
                  <td align="center">535</td>
                  <td align="center">118</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                  <td align="center">1677</td>
                  <td align="center">1120</td>
                  <td align="center">870</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres, %</td>
                  <td align="center">64%</td>
                  <td align="center">57,80%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">92%</td>
                  <td align="center">46,10%</td>
                  <td align="center">46,40%</td>
                  <td align="center">50,80%</td>
                  <td align="center">60,60%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade m&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">77&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#65288;63,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (73-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,42 &#177;9,49</td>
                  <td align="center">77&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">78,5&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">72,12&#177;2,49</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe NYHA II-III, %</td>
                  <td align="center">83%</td>
                  <td align="center">24%</td>
                  <td align="center">74%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">83,40%</td>
                  <td align="center">90,90%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">86,20%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;45%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice nutricional</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">AS</td>
                  <td align="center">IRNG</td>
                  <td align="center">IRNG</td>
                  <td align="center">IRNG</td>
                  <td align="center">AS, IRNG, INP</td>
                  <td align="center">INP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corte</td>
                  <td align="center">34g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">34g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">35g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">AS:35g/L; IRNG:92; INP:38</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desfecho, HR (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM,3.18 (2.27&#8211;4.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM,1.67 (1.28&#8211;2.18) CEP,1.69(1.13-2.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">CEP,2.27(1.59-3.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">CEP,1.61 (1.29-2.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM,2.667(1.527-4.651); CM, 2.469(1.248-4.902)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM,3.202 (1.295&#8211;7.918)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM:1,79 (1,33&#8211;2,42); CM:2,06(1,40&#8211;3,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM: AS:1,49 (1,18&#8211;2,22), IRNG:1,02 (1,01&#8211;1,03), INP:1,03 (1,01&#8211;1,05); CM: IRNG:1,69 (1,19&#8211;2,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM,1,43(1,08-1,90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vari&#225;veis de ajuste</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, sexo masculino, n&#237;veis de CR, SBP, hist&#243;ria de DCV, hist&#243;ria de DM, n&#237;veis de BUN, n&#237;veis de Hb, uso de ACEIs/ARBs</td>
                  <td align="center">idade e sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">idade e sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">Classe funcional NYHA, hipertens&#227;o, DM, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC, MI, acidente vascular cerebral, AF, qualquer c&#226;ncer, uso de ACEIs/ARBs, betabloqueadores, n&#237;veis de Hb, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio, n&#237;veis de bilirrubina, eGFR</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, sexo, IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, IC pr&#233;via, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, diabetes e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>ACM: mortalidade por todas as causas; CM: mortalidade cardiovascular; CEP: Desfecho composto (mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC); y:ano; m: m&#234;s; d: dia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultado da metan&#225;lise</title>
        <sec>
          <title>AS</title>
          <p>Tr&#234;s estudos analisaram a mortalidade por todas as causas com AS. Depois de combinar HR, menor AS previu maior mortalidade por todas as causas no modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios (HR = 1,98; 95% IC = 1,282&#8211;3,057, p = 0,002; I<sup>2</sup> = 83,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref> ), e o teste Egger (p = 0,584) n&#227;o identificou vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s estudos analisaram o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC com AS, um modelo de efeitos fixos (HR = 1,768; 95% IC = 1,483&#8211;2,108, p = 0,000; I2 = 22,3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref> ) foi estatisticamente significativo, e o teste de Egger (p = 0,661) n&#227;o mostrou vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Gr&#225;fico de Forrest da raz&#227;o de risco (HR) para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre albumina s&#233;rica (AS) e mortalidade por todas as causas; B) Gr&#225;fico de Forrest da taxa de risco para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AS e o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC; C) Gr&#225;fico de Forrest da taxa de risco para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice de risco nutricional geri&#225;trico (IRNG) e mortalidade por todas as causas; D) Gr&#225;fico de Forrest da raz&#227;o de risco para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IRNG e mortalidade cardiovascular; E) Gr&#225;fico de Forrest da taxa de risco para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) e mortalidade por todas as causas. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi determinada usando estat&#237;sticas I2 em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: taxa de risco.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IRNG</title>
          <p>Quatro estudos analisaram a mortalidade por todas as causas com IRNG. Ap&#243;s a combina&#231;&#227;o de HR, o IRNG mais baixo e a pior mortalidade por todas as causas foram previstos. Uma vez que foi observada uma heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos individuais (I<sup>2</sup> = 90,4%, p &lt; 0,01), um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi usado para obter o efeito de estimativa agrupada. A metan&#225;lise revelou um aumento significativo da mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,812; IC 95%: 1,064&#8211;3,086, p = 0,029; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref> ) para pacientes com ICFEP com baixo IRGN. No entanto, pode haver vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o conforme suportado pelo teste de Egger (p = 0,014). Isso foi testado posteriormente pela an&#225;lise Trim and Fill, e o resultado do HR agrupado n&#227;o mudou. O vi&#233;s n&#227;o teve efeito no resultado da avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A mortalidade cardiovascular foi analisada em tr&#234;s estudos com IRNG. Dados abrangentes mostraram que IRGNs mais baixos estavam relacionados a maior mortalidade cardiovascular, e o modelo de efeitos fixos (HR = 1,922; 95% IC = 1,504&#8211;2,457, p = 0,000; I<sup>2</sup> = 0,00%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref> ) foi estatisticamente significativo, e o teste de Egger (p = 0,41) n&#227;o mostrou vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>INP</title>
          <p>O INP foi estimado usando um modelo aleat&#243;rio em dois estudos, e o HR agrupado n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na mortalidade por todas as causas entre os pacientes com alto e baixo n&#237;vel de INP (HR: 1,176; 95% IC: 0,858&#8211;1,612, p= 0,314, I2 = 80,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2E</xref> ), o teste de Eggert (p &lt; 0,05) mostrou certo vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, como visto em alguns estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade do estudo</title>
          <p>A qualidade desses estudos foi avaliada de acordo com a Ferramenta de Estudos de Qualidade de Progn&#243;stico; sete estudos classificaram qualidade moderada e dois estudos classificaram alta qualidade. Quatro estudos n&#227;o registraram ou controlaram fatores de confus&#227;o relacionados aos resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o e tr&#234;s n&#227;o forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre perdas de seguimento. Os detalhes s&#227;o fornecidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Ferramenta de Qualidade dos Estudos de Progn&#243;stico para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos selecionados</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                    <th>Participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo</th>
                    <th>Abandono do estudo</th>
                    <th>Medi&#231;&#227;o do fator progn&#243;stico</th>
                    <th>Medi&#231;&#227;o do resultado</th>
                    <th>Confundimento do estudo</th>
                    <th>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e relat&#243;rios</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MingLiu, 2012</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yoshiharu, 2013</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yu-lu, 2017</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vasiliki, 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Toshiyuki, 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Isao, 2019</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ShihChieh, 2019</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Masatoshi, 2019</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stuart, 2020</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">H</td>
                    <td align="center">L</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>L: baixa qualidade; M: qualidade m&#233;dia; H: alta qualidade.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A desnutri&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em defici&#234;ncia energ&#233;tica, hipofun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e danos nos tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes bem nutridos, os pacientes desnutridos t&#234;m interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares mais longas, maiores taxas de readmiss&#227;o e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Os desequil&#237;brios de anabolismo e catabolismo no desenvolvimento da IC podem tamb&#233;m levar &#224; desnutri&#231;&#227;o. Pesquisas sugerem que 50% dos pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica desenvolveram algum grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O desequil&#237;brio entre o suprimento de nutrientes e as necessidades de energia resulta em metabolismo de energia celular prejudicado e afeta os sistemas metab&#243;licos de todo o corpo. O consumo significativo de energia corporal pode causar caquexia card&#237;aca; foi relatado que 15% dos pacientes com IC manifestavam caquexia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Ao mesmo tempo, a caquexia card&#237;aca &#233; considerada fator de risco para mortalidade em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como a import&#226;ncia da desnutri&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICFEP ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente avaliada, avaliamos o papel de diferentes indicadores nutricionais (AS, IRNG e INP)na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a em pacientes com ICFEP. Descobrimos que pontua&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de AS e IRNG foram significativamente associadas a maior mortalidade por todas as causas, e AS mais baixa tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a resultados compostos aumentados de mortalidade por todas as causas e taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. No entanto, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre menor INP e mortalidade por todas as causas. Os achados sugerem que AS e IRNG podem ser indicadores &#250;teis para avaliar o progn&#243;stico em um paciente com ICFEP.</p>
      <p>A AS &#233; um indicador simples e objetivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, podendo refletir melhor a massa muscular e o armazenamento proteico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; considerado um marcador inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A AS desempenha um papel importante em muitos processos fisiol&#243;gicos, incluindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma press&#227;o coloidosm&#243;tica est&#225;vel e da integridade microvascular, entregando subst&#226;ncia no corpo como uma prote&#237;na transportadora, e eliminando radicais livres e atividades anticoagulantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Segundo levantamento de Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> a defici&#234;ncia de AS foi observada em 30% dos pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A hipoproteinemia pode promover o desenvolvimento de IC por causar edema pulmonar e mioc&#225;rdico, reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, resist&#234;ncia diur&#233;tica, estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico incluindo adultos sem IC mostrou o importante papel da AS no desenvolvimento de IC, em que a hipoalbuminemia basal est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de desenvolver IC durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos produziram resultados conflitantes sobre a capacidade do AS de prever o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com ICFEP. Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> sugerem que a hipoalbuminemia foi significativamente relacionada ao aumento do risco de morte para pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, Shanmugam et al. mostram que a hipoalbuminemia n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o &#243;bvia com a mortalidade em 1 ano em pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Nossa metan&#225;lise revela que a hipoalbuminemia foi significativamente associada a uma alta taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC em pacientes com ICFEP, que sustentam que AS &#233; um forte preditor de resultado adverso em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      <p>O GNRI foi proposto por Bouillanne et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> seus par&#226;metros b&#225;sicos s&#227;o AS e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e foi inicialmente usado para avaliar o risco nutricional em idosos, mas tamb&#233;m foi &#250;til para prever desfechos cl&#237;nicos em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas. No entanto, tamb&#233;m foi encontrado para prever resultados cl&#237;nicos em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Seoudy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> sugerem que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o n&#237;vel de biomarcadores cardiovasculares aumentou acentuadamente e a preval&#234;ncia de IC cr&#244;nica foi maior em pacientes com baixo IRNG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a pesquisa mostrou que o IRNG foi associado &#224; sobrecarga de volume,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> maior morte cardiovascular e taxas mais altas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> em pacientes com IC. Nossa metan&#225;lise tamb&#233;m indica que o baixo IRNG se correlaciona com uma alta taxa de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com ICFEP. Alguns pesquisadores acreditam que o IRNG representa o estado de fragilidade dos pacientes causado por v&#225;rios estressores sob dist&#250;rbios de m&#250;ltiplos sistemas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes com ICFEP apresentam maior taxa de mortalidade quando apresentam baixo IMC e baixa reserva proteica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> e este mau estado nutricional pode representar a progress&#227;o da ICFEP.</p>
      <p>O INP &#233; um &#237;ndice de avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional que pode representar a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas e a fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica do corpo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> O estado nutricional pode afetar o metabolismo e a fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas imunes, e a desnutri&#231;&#227;o pode levar &#224; imunossupress&#227;o e afetar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> O INP foi originalmente usado para avaliar o risco perioperat&#243;rio de pacientes de cirurgia gastrointestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> No entanto, pesquisas recentes mostram que o INP &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico eficaz em pacientes com v&#225;rios tumores malignos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> IC aguda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e embolia pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Na nossa an&#225;lise, apenas dois estudos puderam ser usados para a an&#225;lise combinada do impacto do baixo INP na mortalidade por todas as causas da ICFEP, e os resultados falharam em mostrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre INP e ICFEP. Essa falta de correla&#231;&#227;o pode ser devida &#224; heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica, pois os pontos de corte para INP n&#227;o s&#227;o uniformes. No entanto, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos e &#224; indisponibilidade de mais an&#225;lises de subgrupos, estudos de alta qualidade s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o valor preditivo do INP no progn&#243;stico da ICFEP.</p>
      <p>Como a ICFEP &#233; uma doen&#231;a com alta heterogeneidade e processos patol&#243;gicos complicados causados por m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades que podem afetar o desenvolvimento da ICFEP, um &#250;nico &#237;ndice nutricional pode n&#227;o prever com precis&#227;o o resultado em todos os pacientes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de v&#225;rios indicadores nutricionais pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas mais completas e aumentaria a capacidade de prever e estratificar o risco de ICFEP. Ao mesmo tempo, essa identifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode levar a uma melhor tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica para retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, e a formula&#231;&#227;o de planos de interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional tamb&#233;m pode ajudar a melhorar o resultado cl&#237;nico desses pacientes. Foi demonstrado que os suplementos nutricionais s&#227;o bons para pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> por&#233;m mais estudos cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar se est&#227;o diretamente relacionados ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Existem relativamente poucos estudos relacionados; portanto, n&#227;o poder&#237;amos incluir tantos estudos avali&#225;veis quanto poss&#237;vel. Em nossa metan&#225;lise, definimos ICFEP como uma FEVE&#8805;40%, o que pode causar alguma diferen&#231;a nos resultados. Em alguns estudos, o HR e os ICs de 95% foram estimados por curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, o que pode levar a um erro potencial. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos apresentam certa heterogeneidade, que pode estar associada &#224; inconsist&#234;ncia do valor de corte e fatores de confus&#227;o ajustados no c&#225;lculo da FC nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, como as doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas podem afetar o estado nutricional, isso tamb&#233;m aumentar&#225; a heterogeneidade do estudo. Devido ao n&#250;mero e qualidade limitados dos estudos, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o papel dos indicadores nutricionais na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico da ICFEP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Como &#233; resumido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> , esta metan&#225;lise fornece evid&#234;ncias da correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices nutricionais, AS e IRNG, e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com ICFEP, mostrando que pacientes com ICFEP com baixo AS t&#234;m maior risco de morte por todas as causas e um risco maior de eventos de desfecho composto de morte por todas as causas e reinterna&#231;&#227;o, e pacientes com ICFEP com baixo IRNG t&#234;m maior risco de morte por todas as causas e morte cardiovascular. Esses resultados indicam o valor preditivo de AS e IRNG no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com ICFEP e podem ser indicadores de refer&#234;ncia &#250;teis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de ICFEP.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Significado Progn&#243;stico de Marcadores Associados &#224; Nutri&#231;&#227;o na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>57. Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, Dolliner P, Filipiak KJ, Pella D, et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2014; 2(6): 641-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mortensen</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dolliner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filipiak</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pella</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>641</fpage>
          <lpage>649</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (N&#250;mero 2020QN-11) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu (21JR7RA397).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Significance of Nutrition-Associated Markers in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meng</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Tong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1392-7927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Dekui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Geral, Segundo Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ortopedia, Primer Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou,Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Segundo Hospital da Universidade de Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Dekui Zhang &#8226; Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730030 &#8211; China Email: zhangdk8616@126.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The prognostic significance of nutrition indicators in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic value of serum albumin (SA), the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Databases of PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched for all studies published up to January 2022. The prognostic significance of SA, GNRI, and PNI for HFpEF was explored. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the STATA 15.0 software. The Quality of Prognosis Studies tool was used to assess the quality of studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, and 5603 adults with HFpEF were included in the meta-analysis. The analyses showed that a decreased SA or GNRI was significantly related to high all-cause mortality (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.282&#8211;3.057; p = 0.002; and HR: 1.812;95% CI: 1.064&#8211;3.086; p = 0.029, respectively). Furthermore, a lower SA indicates a bad composite outcome of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization (HR: 1.768; 95% CI: 1.483&#8211;2.108; p = 0.000), and a lower GNRI was significantly associated with high cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.922; 95% CI: 1.504&#8211;2.457;p = 0.000). However, a lower PNI did not correlate with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.176; 95% CI: 0.858&#8211;1.612, p=0.314).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our meta-analysis indicates that SA and GNRI may be useful indicators to predict the prognosis of patients with HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Malnutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>Strpke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Reviews</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has become an increasingly common form of heart failure (HF). Epidemiological studies have shown that the proportion of HFpEF in the HF population has increased from 41% in 1985-1994 to 56.17% in 2005-2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Meanwhile, observational studies suggest that HFpEF is associated with high morbidity and rate of hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This condition has become a severe public health burden, but unfortunately, no effective therapeutic strategies exist.</p>
        <p>Patients with HFpEF are usually elderly with many complications, including hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and nutritional problems related to a worse HF. Malnutrition leads to systemic inflammation via activated cytokines that can stimulate the nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> All these are greatly associated with the progression of HF. A variety of indicators can be used to assess nutritional risk. Serum albumin (SA) is a common indicator of nutritional assessment but is susceptible to variations in systemic diseases. Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is used to assess the nutritional status based on the weight, height, and level of SA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is used to assess the nutritional status based on SA level and the lymphocyte count.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These multidimensional indices are considered more accurate and comprehensive. Several studies have shown the predictive value of these indicators for various clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Research on HF has shown that these indices can also predict outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the prognostic significance of nutritional indicators in patients with HFpEF has not been determined, and studies investigating the clinical value of SA in predicting the outcome of HFpEF have conflicting results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> There are no systematic reviews showing the relationship between nutritive indexes and the prognosis of HFpEF. Therefore, our systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to evaluate the prognostic value of SA, GNRI, and PNI in patients with HFpEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> It was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews under the registration ID: CRD42021238546.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study search</title>
          <p>PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for all studies about the prognostic significance of nutritional parameters among patients with HFpEF published till January 2022. The following search terms were used (&#8220;albumin&#8221; OR &#8220;ALB&#8221; OR &#8220;hypoalbuminemia&#8221; OR &#8220;geriatric nutritional risk index&#8221; OR &#8220;GNRI&#8221; OR &#8220;prognostic nutritional index&#8221; OR &#8220;PNI&#8221;) AND (&#8220;heart failure with preserved ejection fraction&#8221; OR &#8220;HFpEF&#8221; OR &#8220;diastolic heart failure&#8221; OR &#8220;heart failure with normal ejection fraction&#8221;). We additionally screened the reference lists of selected studies and related systematic reviews to identify relevant studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection criteria</title>
          <p>Two authors (MY and ZT) independently performed the study selection process, and any disagreement was discussed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Adult patients (&gt;18 years old) with HFpEF (the left ventricular EF [LVEF] of HFpEF subjects included in this study was &#8805; 40%); and 2. Studies with prognostic information on one of the nutritional assessment indicators (SA, GNRI, or PNI). The exclusion criteria were: 1. Patients with severe heart valve disease; 2. Patients with congenital heart diseases; 3. Patients with acute myocardial infarction; 4. Patients with cor pulmonale; 5. Pregnant women; 6. Incomplete data even after contacting the authors; and 7. Case reports and conference abstracts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality assessment</title>
          <p>Two authors (MY and ZT) independently extracted the following data from the included studies: the year of publication, first author, sample size, study design, follow-up duration, mean/median age of the study population, mean ejection fraction, nutritional indicators, endpoint data, hazard ratio (HR), and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p>
          <p>The Quality of Prognosis Studies Tool was used to assess the risk of bias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> using 6 parameters (study participation, study attrition, prognostic factor measurement, outcome measurement, study confounding, and statistical analysis and reporting), and the studies were rated as high, moderate, or low risk of bias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>We performed the statistical analysis using STATA version 15.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). HR and 95% CI were considered concerning the effect size of each study. When the HR was unavailable, we reconstructed the HR estimate and its variance from the Kaplan-Meier survival curves by Engauge Digitizer. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the chi-squared Q test and I<sup>2</sup>statistic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> where I<sup>2</sup>&gt; 50% and p&lt;0.05 indicated heterogeneity between studies. A fixed-effects model was applied if there was no significant heterogeneity; otherwise, a random-effects model was used. Egger&#8217;s test evaluated publication bias. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study search and characteristics</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> provides a detailed search selection of studies for this meta-analysis. We identified 1536 publications through an online database search; 661 were excluded due to duplication. After screening the titles and abstracts, we excluded 848 records. The full text of the remaining 27 studies was reviewed and evaluated in detail. Finally, we included 9 articles in this meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow chart of literature selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The characteristics of the studies included are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Of the nine studies, five were prospective, and four were retrospective. All studies were published between 2012 and 2020, six were conducted in Asia, and three were in North America. The analysis included 5603 adults who were followed up for one year to 5.8 years on average. The subjects&#8217; average ages ranged from 32 to 98 years. These studies used various LVEF cut-offs in the HFpEF population ranging from 40% to 50%. Two studies used a threshold of 40%, one used 45%, and six used 50%. Three nutritive indexes were used in these selected studies; five studies measured the SA, four studies measured the GNRI, and two studies measured the PNI to assess malnutrition.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Liu</th>
                    <th>Vasiliki</th>
                    <th>Toshiyuki</th>
                    <th>Stuart</th>
                    <th>Yoshiharu</th>
                    <th>Isao</th>
                    <th>Masatoshi</th>
                    <th>Shih-Chieh</th>
                    <th>Yu-Lun</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Year</td>
                    <td align="center">2012</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">2020</td>
                    <td align="center">2013</td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Country</td>
                    <td align="center">China</td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Japan</td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Japan</td>
                    <td align="center">Japan</td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">China</td>
                    <td align="center">China</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Study design</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inclusion period</td>
                    <td align="center">June 2006-December 2009</td>
                    <td align="center">January 2012-April 2012</td>
                    <td align="center">November 2012-March 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">January 2004-April 2011</td>
                    <td align="center">June 2012-March 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">August 2006-January 2012</td>
                    <td align="center">March 2021-December 2014</td>
                    <td align="center">October 2003-December 2012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follow up</td>
                    <td align="center">12m</td>
                    <td align="center">2y</td>
                    <td align="center">731d</td>
                    <td align="center">57.6m</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1y</td>
                    <td align="center">503.5d</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9y</td>
                    <td align="center">1255d</td>
                    <td align="center">31.5m</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number</td>
                    <td align="center">576</td>
                    <td align="center">445</td>
                    <td align="center">535</td>
                    <td align="center">118</td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">110</td>
                    <td align="center">1677</td>
                    <td align="center">1120</td>
                    <td align="center">870</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Women, %</td>
                    <td align="center">64%</td>
                    <td align="center">57.80%</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                    <td align="center">92%</td>
                    <td align="center">46.10%</td>
                    <td align="center">46.40%</td>
                    <td align="center">50.80%</td>
                    <td align="center">60.60%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean age</td>
                    <td align="center">77&#177;10</td>
                    <td align="center">73(63,83)</td>
                    <td align="center">80(73-84)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.42 &#177;9.49</td>
                    <td align="center">77&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">78.5&#177;7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">72.12&#177;2.49</td>
                    <td align="center">77.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA class II-III, %</td>
                    <td align="center">83%</td>
                    <td align="center">24%</td>
                    <td align="center">74%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">83.40%</td>
                    <td align="center">90.90%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">86.20%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LEVF</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;45%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805;50%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nutritional index</td>
                    <td align="center">SA</td>
                    <td align="center">SA</td>
                    <td align="center">SA</td>
                    <td align="center">SA</td>
                    <td align="center">GNRI</td>
                    <td align="center">GNRI</td>
                    <td align="center">GNRI</td>
                    <td align="center">SA, GNRI, PNI</td>
                    <td align="center">PNI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cut off</td>
                    <td align="center">34g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">34g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">35g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">SA:35g/L; GNRI:92; PNI:38</td>
                    <td align="center">39.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Outcome, HR(95% CI)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM,3.18 (2.27&#8211;4.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM,1.67 (1.28&#8211;2.18) CEP,1.69(1.13-2.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">CEP,2.27(1.59-3.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">CEP,1.61 (1.29-2.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM,2.667(1.527-4.651); CM, 2.469(1.248-4.902)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM,3.202 (1.295&#8211;7.918)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM:1.79 (1.33&#8211;2.42); CM:2.06(1.40&#8211;3.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM: SA:1.49 (1.18&#8211;2.22), GNRI:1.02 (1.01&#8211;1.03), PNI:1.03 (1.01&#8211; 1.05); CM: GNRI:1.69 (1.19&#8211;2.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">ACM,1.43(1.08-1.90)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adjustment variables</td>
                    <td align="center">Age, male, CR levels, SBP, history of CVD, history of DM, BUN levels, HB levels, use of ACEIs/ARBs</td>
                    <td align="center">Age and sex</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Age and sex</td>
                    <td align="center">Nyha functional class, hypertension, DM, HF hospitalization, MI, stroke, AF, any cancer, use of ACEIs/ARBs, beta-blockers, HB levels, serum sodium levels, bilirubin levels, EGFR</td>
                    <td align="center">Age, sex, HMI, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, prior HF, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ACM: all-cause mortality; CM: cardiovascular mortality; CEP: composite endpoint (all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization); y: year; m: month; d: day.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-analysis result</title>
          <sec>
            <title>SA</title>
            <p>Three studies analyzed all-cause mortality with SA. After combining HR, lower SA predicted higher all-cause mortality in the random effects model (HR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.282&#8211;3.057, p = 0.002; I<sup>2</sup>= 83.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref> ), and the Egger&#8217;s test (p = 0.584) did not identify publication bias. Three studies analyzed the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization with SA, a fixed effects model (HR = 1.768; 95% CI = 1.483&#8211;2.108, p = 0.000; I<sup>2</sup>= 22.3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Fig 2B</xref> ) was statistically significant, and Egger&#8217;s test (p = 0.661) showed no publication bias.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; A) Forrest plot of hazard ratio (HR) for the association between serum albumin (SA) and all-cause mortality; B) Forrest plot of the hazard ratio for the association between SA and the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization; C) Forrest plot of the hazard ratio for the association between geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and all-cause mortality; D) Forrest plot of the hazard ratio for the association between GNRI and cardiovascular mortality; E) Forrest plot of the hazard ratio for the association between prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and all-cause mortality. Heterogeneity among studies was determined using I2 statistics at a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>GNRI</title>
            <p>Four studies analyzed all-cause mortality with GNRI. After combining HR, the lower GNRI and the worse all-cause mortality were predicted. Since a significant heterogeneity was observed between individual studies (I<sup>2</sup>= 90.4%, p &lt; 0.01), a random effects model was used to obtain the pooled estimate effect. The meta-analysis revealed a significantly increased all-cause mortality (HR: 1.812; 95% CI: 1.064&#8211;3.086, p = 0.029; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref> ) for HFpEF patients with lower GNRI. However, there may be publication bias, as supported by Egger&#8217;s test (p = 0.014). This was tested further by Trim and Fill analysis, and the result of pooled HR did not change. The bias did not affect the evaluation result.</p>
            <p>Cardiovascular mortality was analyzed in three studies with GNRI. Comprehensive data showed that lower GNRIs were related to higher cardiovascular mortality, and the fixed effects model (HR = 1.922; 95% CI = 1.504&#8211;2.457, p = 0.000; I<sup>2</sup>= 0.00%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref> ) was statistically significant, and Egger&#8217;s test (p = 0.41) showed there was no publication bias.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>PNI</title>
            <p>PNI was estimated using a random model in two studies, and the pooled HR revealed no statistical difference in all-cause mortality between the patients with a high and low level of PNI (HR: 1.176; 95% CI: 0.858&#8211;1.612, p = 0.314, I<sup>2</sup>=80.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2E</xref> ), and Egger&#8217;s test (p &lt; 0.05) showed certain publication bias, as seen in some studies.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Study quality</title>
            <p>The quality of these studies was assessed according to the Quality of Prognosis Studies Tool; seven studies ranked moderate quality, and two studies were ranked high quality. Four studies did not record or control confounding factors related to the evaluation results, and three did not provide information on losses to follow-up. Details are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t2001">
                <label>Table 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; The Quality of Prognosis Studies Tool for assessing the quality of selected studies</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                      <th>Study participation</th>
                      <th>Study attrition</th>
                      <th>Prognostic factor measurement</th>
                      <th>Outcome measurement</th>
                      <th>Study confounding</th>
                      <th>Statistical analysis and reporting</th>
                      <th>Total</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>MingLiu, 2012</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Yoshiharu, 2013</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Yu-Lu, 2017</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Vasiliki, 2018</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Toshiyuki, 2018</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Isao, 2019</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Shih Chieh, 2019</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Masatoshi, 2019</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Stuart, 2020</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">H</td>
                      <td align="center">L</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                      <td align="center">M</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN2001">
                    <p>L: low quality; M: middle quality; H: high quality.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Malnutrition may result in energy deficiency, immunologic hypofunction, and tissue and organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Compared with well-nourished patients, malnourished patients have longer hospital stays, higher readmission rates, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The imbalances of anabolism and catabolism in the development of HF can also lead to malnutrition. Research suggests that 50% of patients with chronic HF developed some degree of malnutrition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The imbalance between nutrient supply and energy needs results in impaired cellular energy metabolism and impacts the whole body&#8217;s metabolic systems. Significant body energy consumption can cause cardiac cachexia; it has been reported that 15% of patients with HF manifested cachexia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> At the same time, cardiac cachexia is considered a risk factor for mortality in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As the significance of malnutrition in patients with HFpEF has not yet been fully assessed, we evaluated the role of different nutritional indicators (SA, GNRI, and PNI) in predicting the disease prognosis in patients with HFpEF. We found that lower SA and GNRI scores were significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality, and lower SA is also associated with increased composite outcomes of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization rates. However, there was no correlation between lower PNI and all-cause mortality. The findings suggest that SA and GNRI may be helpful indicators for prognosis assessment in a patient with HFpEF.</p>
        <p>SA is a simple and objective indicator of nutritional evaluation, and it can better reflect muscle mass and protein storage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> It is also considered an inflammatory marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> SA plays an important role in many physiological processes, including maintaining a stable colloid osmotic pressure and microvascular integrity, delivering substance in the body as a carrier protein, and scavenging free radicals and anticoagulant activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> According to a survey by Liu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> SA deficiency was observed in 30% of patients with chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Hypoproteinemia can promote the development of HF by causing pulmonary and myocardial edema, fluid retention, diuretic resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A multicenter study including adults without HF has shown the important role of SA in the development of HF, in which baseline hypoalbuminemia is associated with an increased risk of developing HF during the 10-year follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> However, studies have yielded conflicting results on the ability of SA to predict the prognosis of patients with HFpEF. Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> suggest that hypoalbuminemia was significantly related to the increased risk of death for patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, Shanmugam et al. show that hypoalbuminemia had no obvious relationship to 1-year mortality in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Our meta-analysis reveals that hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with a high all-cause mortality rate and HF hospitalizations in patients with HFpEF, which support that SA is a strong predictor of adverse outcome in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        <p>GNRI was proposed by Bouillanne et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> and its basic parameters are SA and body mass index (BMI). It was initially used to assess nutritional risk in the elderly. However, it was also found to predict clinical outcomes under different pathological conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Seoudy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> suggest that compared to healthy individuals, the level of cardiovascular biomarkers increased markedly, and the prevalence of chronic HF was higher in patients with low GNRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> In addition, research showed that GNRI was associated with volume overload,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> higher cardiovascular death, and higher rates of rehospitalization<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> in patients with HF. Our meta-analysis also indicates that low GNRI correlates with a high cardiovascular mortality rate in patients with HFpEF. Some researchers believe GNRI represents the patients&#8217; frail state caused by various stressors under multiple systems disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Studies have shown that HFpEF patients have a higher mortality rate when they have low BMI and poor protein reserve,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> and this poor nutritional status may represent the progression of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>PNI is a synthetically nutritional evaluation index representing protein synthesis and the body&#8217;s immune function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Nutritional state may affect the metabolism and function of immune cells, and malnutrition can lead to immunosuppression and affects prognosis in patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> PNI was originally used to assess the perioperative risk of gastrointestinal surgery patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> However, recent research shows that PNI is an effective prognostic marker in patients with various malignant tumors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> acute HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> In our analysis, only two studies could be used for the combined analysis of the impact of low PNI on all-cause mortality of HFpEF, and the results failed to show a correlation between PNI and HFpEF. This lack of correlation may be due to clinical heterogeneity, as the cut-off points for PNI are not uniform. However, due to the small number of included studies and the unavailability of further subgroup analysis, high-quality studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of PNI on the prognosis of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>As HFpEF is a disease with high heterogeneity and complicated pathological processes caused by multiple comorbidities that can affect the development of HFpEF, a single nutritional index may not accurately predict the outcome in all patients. Comprehensive assessment of various nutrition indicators can provide complete prognostic information, and it would increase the ability to predict and risk stratification of HFpEF. At the same time, such risk identification may lead to improved clinical decision-making to delay disease progression, and formulating nutritional intervention plans may also help improve the clinical outcome of such patients. It has been shown that nutritional supplements are good for patients with chronic HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> but further clinical studies are needed to verify whether it is directly related to the prognosis of patients with HFpEF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There are some limitations in our study. There are relatively few related studies; therefore, we could not include as many assessable studies as possible. In our meta-analysis, we defined HFpEF as an LVEF&#8805;40%, which can cause a difference to some extent in the results. In some studies, the HR and 95% CIs were estimated by Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves, which may lead to potential error. Moreover, studies have a certain heterogeneity, which may be associated with the inconsistency of cut-off value and adjusted confounding factors when calculating HR in the included studies. In addition, as systemic diseases can affect nutritional status, this will also increase the heterogeneity of the study. Because of the limited number and quality of the studies, further studies are needed to evaluate the role of nutritional indicators in predicting the prognosis of HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>As summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> , this meta-analysis provides evidence of the correlation between the nutritional indices, SA and GNRI, and the prognosis of HFpEF patients, showing that HFpEF patients with low SA have a higher risk of all-cause death and a higher risk of composite endpoint events of all-cause death and rehospitalization, and HFpEF patients with low GNRI have a higher risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular death. These results indicate the predictive value of SA and GNRI in the prognosis of HFpEF patients, and they may be useful reference indicators for the prognosis evaluation of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Prognostic Significance of Nutrition-Associated Markers in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220523-20523-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (No.2020QN-11) and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu (21JR7RA397).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
