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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kYfFtTq6csWFvkDky5QhD5L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220484</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da Gordura do Bra&#231;o sobre Medida Indireta da Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea: Uma Abordagem Estat&#237;stica e de <italic>Machine Learning</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7867-8688</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Pa&#244;la de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Parente de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8535-8292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Janu&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ibirit&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Ibirit&#233;, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnol&#243;gico de Aeron&#225;utica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnol&#243;gico de Aeron&#225;utica, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pa&#244;la de Oliveira Souza</bold> &#8226; Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; R. Mato Grosso, 02. CEP 32407-190, Vista Alegre, Ibirit&#233;, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>paola.osouza@ifmg.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220484</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A mensura&#231;&#227;o indireta da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (PS) &#233; sabidamente influenciada por diversos fatores como t&#233;cnica, observador e equipamento, mas a influ&#234;ncia da composi&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o ainda n&#227;o foi investigada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Identificar a influ&#234;ncia da gordura do bra&#231;o sobre a medida indireta da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, utilizando modelos de infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica e <italic>machine learning</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal, com 489 adultos jovens saud&#225;veis de 18 a 29 anos de idade. Foram medidos comprimento (COB), circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (CB) e &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o (IGB). A PS foi mensurada em ambos os bra&#231;os, simultaneamente. Os dados foram processados utilizando-se Python 3.0 e pacotes espec&#237;ficos para an&#225;lise descritiva, regress&#227;o e clusteriza&#231;&#227;o. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotado para todos os c&#225;lculos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A PS e as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram diferentes entre os hemicorpos. A press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica (PAS), COB, e IGB foram maiores no bra&#231;o direito (BD), enquanto CB foi similar em compara&#231;&#227;o ao bra&#231;o esquerdo. COB e CB apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a PAS. Conforme o modelo de regress&#227;o, para determinado valor de CB e COB, a leitura da PAS poder&#225; ter uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 1,80 mmHg no BD, e 1,62 mmHg no bra&#231;o esquerdo, a cada 10% de aumento na IGB. A clusteriza&#231;&#227;o corroborou os resultados da regress&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Foi encontrada uma influ&#234;ncia significativa do IGB sobre a leitura da PS. A PAS teve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com COB e CB, e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com IGB, o que sugere a necessidade de mais investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o da PS com as fra&#231;&#245;es de gordura e m&#250;sculo do bra&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise por Conglomerados</kwd>
        <kwd>Bra&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="8"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o precisa da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (PS) &#233; fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). Como os portadores de HAS habitualmente n&#227;o apresentam sintomas, o diagn&#243;stico &#233; realizado nas consultas de rotina em consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos e/ou nos servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de. Apesar do grande avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico para tratamento das les&#245;es nos &#243;rg&#227;os alvo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da HAS, bem como o limiar e a meta para o tratamento, ainda se baseiam na medida indireta da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (MIPS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A padroniza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de MIPS, recomendada pelos diversos <italic>guidelines</italic>, destaca a sele&#231;&#227;o de manguitos, proporcionais &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (CB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, em um mesmo valor de CB, h&#225; diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de gordura e m&#250;sculo. Essas estruturas corporais apresentam diferentes densidades e espessuras, podendo exigir maior ou menor press&#227;o sobre o membro para a compress&#227;o da art&#233;ria, e se constituir um importante fator de imprecis&#227;o na MIPS. Erros e inexatid&#245;es deste procedimento podem levar indiv&#237;duos a uma terapia de drogas desnecess&#225;ria ou &#224; falta de tratamento imprescind&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A poss&#237;vel imprecis&#227;o da MIPS em fun&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes percentuais de gordura e m&#250;sculo do bra&#231;o em indiv&#237;duos com a mesma CB n&#227;o foi encontrada na literatura espec&#237;fica consultada. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel poder&#225; resultar na estima&#231;&#227;o mais fidedigna dos valores da PS por m&#233;todos indiretos.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a an&#225;lise de dados na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de combinando a estat&#237;stica tradicional com t&#233;cnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic> (ML) cresce constantemente. O uso de ML apresenta vantagens importantes no desempenho preditivo, na descoberta de propriedades de um conjunto de dados e poss&#237;veis correla&#231;&#245;es de diferentes atributos desse conjunto e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de subpopula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o descobertas e progn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a influ&#234;ncia da gordura do bra&#231;o sobre a MIPS, em adultos jovens saud&#225;veis, utilizando modelos de infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica e ML em uma abordagem de clusteriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A medida da PS &#233; um procedimento amplamente difundido e realizado por diversos profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e tamb&#233;m por pessoas leigas. Por isso, a pr&#225;tica pode ser caracterizada como uma pr&#225;tica &#8220;banal&#8221; e ser executada com desleixo e/ou com maus h&#225;bitos aprendidos no in&#237;cio do treinamento profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entretanto, a acur&#225;cia do procedimento demanda compet&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas e aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s min&#250;cias, o que n&#227;o ocorre com frequ&#234;ncia, mesmo quando realizado por profissionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da PS habitualmente &#233; realizada por um m&#233;todo indireto. A t&#233;cnica orientada, pelos principais <italic>guidelines</italic> internacionais e diretrizes nacionais, requer cuidados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pessoa cuja PS est&#225; sendo medida, ao profissional, ao ambiente e aos equipamentos a serem utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, as dimens&#245;es do manguito adequado devem corresponder em comprimento a 100% (m&#237;nimo de 80%), e em altura, a 40% da CB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>O uso de um manguito maior que o ideal resultar&#225; em valores de PS menores que o real, assim como o uso de manguito menor que o ideal resultar&#225; em valores da PS maiores que o real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio com man&#244;metros aner&#243;ides ainda &#233; muito utilizado no Brasil, embora se observe o crescente uso de equipamentos oscilom&#233;tricos automatizados. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos autom&#225;ticos contribui com a redu&#231;&#227;o de erros relacionados &#224; observa&#231;&#227;o do profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Entretanto, independentemente dos equipamentos utilizados, a medida da PS &#233; um procedimento determinante para o diagn&#243;stico da HAS, com grande margem de imprecis&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, anal&#237;tico, de corte transversal, cujos os dados foram coletados na Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del Rei em Divin&#243;polis, Brasil. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da de estudantes da gradua&#231;&#227;o de 18 a 29 anos de idade. Trata-se de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia justificada pela restri&#231;&#227;o de recursos financeiros e pela diversifica&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas geoecon&#244;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos jovens saud&#225;veis da universidade em quest&#227;o. Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2017 a janeiro de 2018, por meio de question&#225;rios e medidas de dobras cut&#226;neas de tr&#237;ceps (DCT), CB, comprimento do bra&#231;o (COB) e PS.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        <p>As DCT foram aferidas em mil&#237;metros, a CB e COB em cent&#237;metros em ambos os bra&#231;os. Todas as aferi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com equipamentos certificados, validados e devidamente calibrados e conforme t&#233;cnicas orientadas pela NHANES.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foram coletadas tr&#234;s medidas de cada vari&#225;vel e para a an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizada a m&#233;dia simples das tr&#234;s.</p>
        <p>A partir das medidas antropom&#233;tricas foi calculado o &#205;ndice de Gordura do Bra&#231;o (IGB), conforme Frisancho,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> pela equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtext> IGB </mml:mtext>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mfrac>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>G</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfrac>
            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Onde AGB &#233; &#225;rea de gordura do bra&#231;o (cm<sup>2</sup>) e ATB &#233; &#225;rea total do bra&#231;o (cm<sup>2</sup>) cujas f&#243;rmulas s&#227;o, respectivamente:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtable>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>G</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>&#960;</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mi>&#960;</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
            </mml:mtable>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</title>
        <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da PS atendeu, rigorosamente, aos <italic>guidelines</italic> nacionais e internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As medidas ocorreram em ambiente tranquilo, descontra&#237;do, claro e com privacidade. Os pesquisadores buscaram estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o interpessoal efetiva por meio de atitudes e posturas acolhedoras, conforme recomendado por Kohlmann e Kohlmann.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Foi certificado que o participante n&#227;o havia fumado, praticado exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, ingerido bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233; ou alimentos nos &#250;ltimos 60 minutos e solicitado que esvaziasse a bexiga antes das medidas. O tempo de repouso antes da medida foi de, no m&#237;nimo, 10 minutos. O participante permaneceu sentado em poltrona confort&#225;vel, com ajuste de altura e apoio dos bra&#231;os e p&#233;s, com as pernas descruzadas, o dorso recostado e relaxado e instru&#237;do a n&#227;o conversar. Os bra&#231;os foram posicionados na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima. Foram utilizados manguitos c&#244;nicos, adequados &#224; CB e posicionados de 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa cubital e a parte compressiva da bra&#231;adeira centralizada sobre a art&#233;ria braquial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas nos dois bra&#231;os simultaneamente, com intervalo de um minuto, com aparelho eletr&#244;nico oscilom&#233;trico certificado, validado e devidamente calibrado da marca Omron. A simultaneidade foi garantida pela filmagem dos <italic>displays.</italic> Para an&#225;lise, foi utilizada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas, conforme Leung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram importados e administrados no ambiente JupyterLab (vers&#227;o 2.2.6) e analisados utilizando-se a linguagem Python 3.0 e os pacotes Pandas, Numpy, MatplotLib, Statsmodels, Seaborn, Plotnine, Sci-Py and Sklearn. O conjunto de dados usados e os notebooks com os procedimentos e c&#243;digos (an&#225;lise descritiva, regress&#227;o e clusteriza&#231;&#227;o) est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para outros pesquisadores para fins de confer&#234;ncia e reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em um reposit&#243;rio no GitHub (https://github.com/paolaosouza/blood_preassure_analysis).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram organizados em uma tabela da qual foram selecionadas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativas com a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou com a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD): COB, CB, DCT e IGB. Uma coluna de intervalos de circunfer&#234;ncia foi criada a partir da Regra de Doane. Os dados tamb&#233;m foram divididos em duas outras tabelas, uma com as medidas de bra&#231;o direito e outra com as medidas de bra&#231;o esquerdo.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido como 5% (p-valor &lt; 0,05) para todos os testes da an&#225;lise descritiva. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi escolhido para verificar se as distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas se aproximam da normalidade. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizou-se da m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o; para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal utilizou-se da mediana e intervalos interquartis. As m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas por hemicorpos utilizando-se teste T pareado e as medianas pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, dado que os grupos s&#227;o dependentes. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi computada por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (r).</p>
        <p>Um modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi ajustado para cada hemicorpo para se fazer infer&#234;ncia sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as covari&#225;veis e a PAS. N&#227;o foi ajustado um modelo de regress&#227;o para a PAD, pois n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com as covari&#225;veis. As vari&#225;veis altamente correlacionadas foram descartadas para manter o modelo parcimonioso e evitar multicolinearidade, dando-se prioridade para vari&#225;veis compat&#237;veis com o objetivo do estudo. Em seguida, um modelo foi ajustado para cada hemicorpo e outro para os dados de ambos os bra&#231;os considerando a vari&#225;vel bra&#231;o como efeito aleat&#243;rio. A qualidade do ajuste foi avaliada via Crit&#233;rio de Informa&#231;&#227;o Akaike (AIC) e os modelos foram validados pela an&#225;lise dos res&#237;duos. O pressuposto de normalidade foi validado com um gr&#225;fico de quantil e com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk; a independ&#234;ncia entre os res&#237;duos com um gr&#225;fico de ACF e estat&#237;stica de Durbin-Watson; e a homocedasticidade atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnicas gr&#225;ficas, visualizando-se os res&#237;duos versus covari&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise por <italic>machine learning</italic></title>
        <p>Modelos de ML foram utilizados para acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es importantes &#224;s an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas realizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foi escolhida uma abordagem n&#227;o supervisionada de clusteriza&#231;&#227;o para explorar os dados de forma livre de hip&#243;teses e tentar descobrir padr&#245;es subjacentes relacionados &#224; press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e medidas antropom&#233;tricas. O algoritmo de clusteriza&#231;&#227;o K-means foi escolhido porque &#233; relativamente simples, computacionalmente r&#225;pido de implementar e apresenta resultados razo&#225;veis para a maioria dos problemas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O algoritmo K-means foi executado para o grupo de dados de bra&#231;o esquerdo e bra&#231;o direito separadamente. Inicialmente os valores de todos os atributos foram normalizados para que ficassem no mesmo intervalo; caso contr&#225;rio o algoritmo de agrupamento poderia acabar priorizando somente alguns atributos.</p>
        <p>Considerando que o algoritmo K-means requer que o n&#250;mero de clusters seja especificado, um c&#243;digo foi criado para identificar o n&#250;mero &#243;timo de clusters com base em tr&#234;s m&#233;tricas (Silhouette, Davies bouldin e Calinski). Em seguida, foi feita uma valida&#231;&#227;o relativa: uma tabela de mesma dimens&#227;o das tabelas de hemicorpos foi gerada com dados aleat&#243;rios, e as mesmas m&#233;tricas foram calculadas e comparadas. Por fim, os atributos de cada cluster foram interpretadas por an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e visualiza&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram convidados todos os estudantes (n=1022) do Campus, desses, 529 se apresentaram para o estudo. Dos 529, foram exclu&#237;dos os dados de 40 participantes mediante an&#225;lise das informa&#231;&#245;es de comorbidades (cinco hipertensos e/ou diab&#233;ticos, e/ou cardiopatas), uso de medicamentos que pudessem alterar a PS (n=18), e da idade (17 menor que 18 ou maior que 29 anos). A popula&#231;&#227;o final do estudo foi 489 participantes: 341 do sexo feminino (69,73%) e 148 do sexo masculino (30,27%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise descritiva</title>
        <p>Os testes espec&#237;ficos mostraram evid&#234;ncias de que a PAS apresentou comportamento bastante semelhante a uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Aplicando-se uma transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, opera&#231;&#227;o muito comum em vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e sempre positivas, passamos a n&#227;o rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula de normalidade para a vari&#225;vel PAS. A PAD mostrou distribui&#231;&#227;o aproximadamente normal para bra&#231;os direito (BD): p-valor = 0,323 e bra&#231;o esquerdo (BE): p-valor = 0,051. Por outro lado, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as vari&#225;veis CB, COB, DCT, IGB e PAS, apresentem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p valor &lt; 0,050) na sua escala original, para ambos os bra&#231;os, conforme assimetria e <italic>outliers</italic> na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bloxpot das vari&#225;veis utilizadas para an&#225;lise. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; DCT: dobras cut&#226;neas de tr&#237;ceps; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220484-20484-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia dos valores da PAS e as medianas de COB, DCT e IGB foram maiores no bra&#231;o direito, e da PAD, no bra&#231;o esquerdo (p-valor = 0,000). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas medianas de CB (p-valor = 0,078) &#8211; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e mediana da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e medidas antropom&#233;tricas por hemicorpo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Direito</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Esquerdo</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">109,91</td>
                  <td align="center">10,11</td>
                  <td align="center">108,60</td>
                  <td align="center">98,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">64,01</td>
                  <td align="center">7,26</td>
                  <td align="center">6,96</td>
                  <td align="center">65,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IIQ</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IIQ</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COB</td>
                  <td align="center">33,40</td>
                  <td align="center">3,60</td>
                  <td align="center">33,33</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CB</td>
                  <td align="center">26,60</td>
                  <td align="center">5,10</td>
                  <td align="center">26,70</td>
                  <td align="center">5,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCT</td>
                  <td align="center">17,00</td>
                  <td align="center">11,50</td>
                  <td align="center">15,10</td>
                  <td align="center">11,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGB</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; DCT: dobras cut&#226;neas de tr&#237;ceps; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis COB e CB apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a PAS em ambos os bra&#231;os. Ao contr&#225;rio, o IGB apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o negativa em ambos os bra&#231;os. Nos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram encontrados indicativos de correla&#231;&#227;o entre PAD e as covari&#225;veis. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores de correla&#231;&#227;o da PAS com as principais vari&#225;veis por hemicorpos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis correlacionadas com a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica por hemicorpo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>PAS bra&#231;o direito</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>PAS bra&#231;o esquerdo</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>COB</td>
                  <td align="center">0,440</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CB</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,421</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGB</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,300</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,291</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Considerando que a m&#233;dia e as medianas de PAS, COB e IGB, mas n&#227;o a CB, foram diferentes entre os bra&#231;os, utilizamos o total de bra&#231;os (n = 978) para identifica&#231;&#227;o das correla&#231;&#245;es por intervalos de CB. A aplica&#231;&#227;o da regra de Doane resultou em 15 intervalos de circunfer&#234;ncia com espa&#231;amento de 1,59 cm entre eles. Os cinco intervalos com maior n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncias (n) foram escolhidos para testes de associa&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta as correla&#231;&#245;es de PAS com COB e IGB por intervalos de CB.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) das vari&#225;veis correlacionadas com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica por intervalo da circunfer&#234;ncia braquial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Intervalo</th>
                  <th>CB</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>COB</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>IGB</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(22,87; 24,46]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">175</td>
                  <td align="center">0,379</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,434</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(24,46; 26,05]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">193</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,374</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(26,05; 27,63]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">142</td>
                  <td align="center">0,541</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,421</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(27,63; 29,22]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">125</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,485</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>5</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(29,22; 30,81]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,459</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da PAS com COB e negativa com IGB em todos os intervalos de CB. Todos os valores de correla&#231;&#227;o de IGB da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> foram maiores do que os apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A partir desse resultado investigamos modelos de infer&#234;ncia sob a perspectiva de valores fixos de CB.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Regress&#227;o linear</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis COB, CB e IGB foram escolhidas para composi&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de infer&#234;ncia sobre a PAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). O modelo para BD apresentou estat&#237;stica F=69,68 e R<sup>2</sup>=0,301. J&#225; o modelo para BE apresentou estat&#237;stica F=90,57 e R<sup>2</sup>=0,359. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o modelo &#233; significativo, mas que n&#227;o consegue explicar toda a variabilidade, considerando o baixo valor do coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o. As express&#245;es para os modelos de BD (1) e BE (2) s&#227;o:</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coeficientes de regress&#227;o para bra&#231;o direito e esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Coeficiente</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">t</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0,025</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0,975</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                  <th>BD</th>
                  <th>BE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intercepto</td>
                  <td align="center">59,972</td>
                  <td align="center">53,149</td>
                  <td align="center">6,026</td>
                  <td align="center">5,704</td>
                  <td align="center">9,952</td>
                  <td align="center">9,317</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">48,131</td>
                  <td align="center">41,941</td>
                  <td align="center">71,812</td>
                  <td align="center">64,358</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CB</td>
                  <td align="center">0,823</td>
                  <td align="center">1,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                  <td align="center">7,517</td>
                  <td align="center">9,864</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,608</td>
                  <td align="center">0,805</td>
                  <td align="center">1,038</td>
                  <td align="center">1,206</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COB</td>
                  <td align="center">1,017</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,171</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                  <td align="center">5,952</td>
                  <td align="center">6,129</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,681</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684</td>
                  <td align="center">1,352</td>
                  <td align="center">1,329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IGB</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,017</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,224</td>
                  <td align="center">3,411</td>
                  <td align="center">3,182</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,282</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,098</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-24,719</td>
                  <td align="center">-22,477</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,314</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,971</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>BD: bra&#231;o direito; BE: bra&#231;o esquerdo; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <disp-formula id="e3">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtext> PAS </mml:mtext>
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            <mml:mn>01</mml:mn>
            <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>18</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>01</mml:mn>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mi>G</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
          </mml:math>
          <label>(1)</label>
        </disp-formula>
        <disp-formula id="e4">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtext> PAS </mml:mtext>
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          <label>(2)</label>
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      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clustering</title>
        <p>A explora&#231;&#227;o dos dados pela clusteriza&#231;&#227;o apontou a divis&#227;o dos dados em dois clusters como melhor solu&#231;&#227;o, a partir das m&#233;tricas pr&#233;-estabelecidas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta os valores da m&#233;dia para cada <italic>feature</italic> para ambos os bra&#231;os. Os grupos identificados pela clusteriza&#231;&#227;o mostram que em ambos os bra&#231;os, os maiores valores de PAS (cluster 0) foram encontrados nos bra&#231;os com maiores COB e menores CB, DCT e IGB.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia das vari&#225;veis clusterizadas por bra&#231;o direito e esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Bra&#231;o</th>
                  <th>Cluster</th>
                  <th>COB</th>
                  <th>CB</th>
                  <th>DCT</th>
                  <th>IGB</th>
                  <th>PAS</th>
                  <th>PAD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Direto</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">34,30</td>
                  <td align="center">26,23</td>
                  <td align="center">13,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">111,83</td>
                  <td align="center">64,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">32,66</td>
                  <td align="center">28,87</td>
                  <td align="center">27,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">106,71</td>
                  <td align="center">63,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">34,18</td>
                  <td align="center">26,18</td>
                  <td align="center">11,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">110,08</td>
                  <td align="center">65,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">32,58</td>
                  <td align="center">28,74</td>
                  <td align="center">25,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">106,29</td>
                  <td align="center">65,81</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores. COB: comprimento do bra&#231;o; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; DCT: dobras cut&#226;neas de tr&#237;ceps; IGB: &#237;ndice de gordura do bra&#231;o; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;das nas an&#225;lises apenas as vari&#225;veis que tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativas com PAS e/ou PAD: DCT, IGB, COB e CB. Outras vari&#225;veis como IMC, ra&#231;a e idade n&#227;o tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativas.</p>
      <p>Embora compara&#231;&#245;es das medidas e estimativas antropom&#233;tricas entre os hemicorpos t&#234;m sido objeto de pesquisas recentes, de modo geral, as investiga&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o incluem medidas de PS nas an&#225;lises, e seus objetivos est&#227;o relacionados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de treinamento, for&#231;a e movimento muscular. Todavia, estudos t&#234;m mostrado assimetrias entre os bra&#231;os como maior massa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e maior dimens&#227;o, peso e espessura do &#250;mero<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> do bra&#231;o dominante (direito) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao esquerdo. Por outro lado, Macedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> compararam DCT entre os lados dominante e n&#227;o dominante em grupos com comprometimento unilateral e controle. Os autores encontraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas inclusive no grupo controle e argumentam que as medidas foram padronizadas h&#225; muitos anos e tomadas na metade direita do corpo. Outras perspectivas discutem a rela&#231;&#227;o da gordura central com as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>O resultado dos grupos identificados pela clusteriza&#231;&#227;o corroboraram as correla&#231;&#245;es identificadas entre ambos os bra&#231;os. Conforme o modelo para bra&#231;o direito (equa&#231;&#227;o 1), fixando um valor qualquer para CB e COB, a mensura&#231;&#227;o indireta da PAS resultar&#225; na redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 1,80mmHg a cada acr&#233;scimo de 10% no IGB (Figura Central). No bra&#231;o esquerdo, a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia ser&#225; de 1,62mmHg. Dessa forma, em nossa amostra, uma varia&#231;&#227;o no IGB de 8% a 70% no bra&#231;o direito levar&#225; em uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS de 11,17mmHg em m&#233;dia. Por exemplo, para uma pessoa com CB = 27,22cm, COB = 33,68cm, IGB = 37%, e PAS = 109,64mmHg, (valores relativos &#224;s m&#233;dias da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo) se IGB for 50%, a PAS ser&#225; 107,30 mmHg, em m&#233;dia. Se o valor de IGB aumentar para 70%, a PAS m&#233;dia ser&#225; 103,70 mmHg. No exemplo, a varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS em fun&#231;&#227;o do IGB foi maior que 5mmHg. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o pode ser determinante no diagn&#243;stico e/ou estadiamento da HAS e expor um indiv&#237;duo a consequ&#234;ncias j&#225; discutidas.</p>
      <p>O IGB estima a reserva de gordura do bra&#231;o contida na &#225;rea de mensura&#231;&#227;o indireta da PS. A correla&#231;&#227;o negativa da PAS com o IGB pode ser interpretada em fun&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a das densidades dos tecidos humanos, mais especificamente do m&#250;sculo e da gordura. A densidade do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico de mam&#237;fero &#233; estimada em 1,06 Kg/L e do tecido adiposo em 0,92 Kg/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A menor densidade na &#225;rea de medida da PS exige menos for&#231;a para a compress&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial e, dessa forma, subestimam-se os valores press&#243;ricos. Ou seja, a MIPS no bra&#231;o com maior percentual de gordura implicar&#225; na leitura mais baixa que no bra&#231;o com menos gordura, porque a gordura &#233; menos densa e oferece menos resist&#234;ncia para compress&#227;o. No mesmo sentido, a leitura da PS poder&#225; ser mais alta no bra&#231;o com menos gordura.</p>
      <p>Conforme j&#225; mencionado, n&#227;o encontramos publica&#231;&#245;es em revistas espec&#237;ficas da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de que investigassem poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es entre composi&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o e a MIPS. Entretanto, a MIPS tem sido objeto de discuss&#227;o na engenharia, especialmente a biom&#233;dica. An&#225;lises matem&#225;ticas performadas com modelos de elementos finitos (EF) t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos na busca de solu&#231;&#245;es para a redu&#231;&#227;o da imprecis&#227;o do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> desenvolveu um interessante modelo 3D para investiga&#231;&#227;o do efeito das propriedades mec&#226;nicas do tecido sobre a medida da PS. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a PS &#233; superestimada em cerca de 5% nos idosos, em fun&#231;&#227;o da compressibilidade de tecidos moles de 0,4, e subestimada nas crian&#231;as em cerca de 5% em fun&#231;&#227;o da maior compressibilidade (0,49), e que a varia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez da art&#233;ria braquial n&#227;o afeta a precis&#227;o da medida oscilom&#233;trica da PA. Esta conclus&#227;o, no entanto, n&#227;o foi corroborada por Liang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, salienta-se que indiv&#237;duos obesos frequentemente apresentam maior rigidez nas art&#233;rias.</p>
      <p>O Deng e Liang<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> propuseram um modelo para simular a distribui&#231;&#227;o de estresse nos tecidos do bra&#231;o sob um manguito. Os autores mencionam ajustes no modelo proposto por Lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e conclu&#237;ram que a magnitude da press&#227;o do manguito tem pouca influ&#234;ncia na efici&#234;ncia da transmiss&#227;o da press&#227;o nos tecidos do bra&#231;o, confirmando parcialmente a confiabilidade da medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial, baseada tanto em indiv&#237;duos normotensos quanto em hipertensos. Os autores tamb&#233;m mencionaram que o espessamento da camada de gordura subcut&#226;nea em pacientes obesos amorteceu significativamente a transmiss&#227;o da press&#227;o do manguito nos tecidos do bra&#231;o, o que explicaria a superestimativa da press&#227;o arterial nestes indiv&#237;duos. Entretanto, na nossa perspectiva, o aumento do tecido adiposo encontra limite nos demais tecidos como os m&#250;sculos, o osso e na capacidade el&#225;stica da pele. Dessa forma, uma maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura no espa&#231;o limitado aumenta a densidade, consequentemente aumenta o valor da PS na MIPS.</p>
      <p>Todavia, modelar um bra&#231;o real parece uma tarefa complexa, o que imp&#245;e maiores limita&#231;&#245;es aos estudos na investiga&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia da composi&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o sobre a MIPS. A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso trabalho foi o uso de medidas antropom&#233;tricas para estimativa da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal do bra&#231;o. Entretanto, todas as medidas foram realizadas por um &#250;nico pesquisador, o que contribui com a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventuais imprecis&#245;es relacionadas &#224; t&#233;cnica. Al&#233;m disso, medidas antropom&#233;tricas de obesidade abdominal n&#227;o foram coletadas no protocolo e as associa&#231;&#245;es estudadas n&#227;o foram ajustadas para essas vari&#225;veis. Por outro lado, esta pesquisa apresenta uma inc&#243;gnita ainda n&#227;o investigada na mensura&#231;&#227;o da PS em estudo com humanos.</p>
      <p>Investiga&#231;&#245;es que relacionam vari&#225;veis distintas e doen&#231;as, por exemplo a diferen&#231;a da PS entre os bra&#231;os e as DCV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> s&#227;o frequentes. Entretanto, n&#227;o encontramos estudos recentes que discutam diferen&#231;as da PS entre os bra&#231;os em indiv&#237;duos jovens saud&#225;veis. Assim, sugerimos para pesquisas futuras as seguintes quest&#245;es: pessoas com maior &#225;rea gordurosa do bra&#231;o, como as mulheres, t&#234;m a mensura&#231;&#227;o da PS subestimada? Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio um algoritmo para corre&#231;&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos em fun&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a das fra&#231;&#245;es de gordura e m&#250;sculo?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na MIPS, os bra&#231;os com maior IGB t&#234;m valores subestimados para PAS. A m&#233;dia dos valores press&#243;ricos e das medidas antropom&#233;tricas dos adultos jovens saud&#225;veis foi diferente entre os hemicorpos. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos semelhantes para compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao Instituto Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais - IFMG, ao Instituto Tecnol&#243;gico de Aeron&#225;utica - ITA e &#224; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del Rei - UFSJ, como institui&#231;&#245;es apoiadoras do projeto.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del &#8211; Rei &#8211; CEPCO sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.724.323. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Arm Fat on the Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure: A Statistical and Machine Learning Approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7867-8688</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Pa&#244;la de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript. Analysis and interpretation of the data. Statistical analysis. Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Parente de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript. Analysis and interpretation of the data. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8535-8292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Janu&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript. Acquisition of data. Statistical analysis. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Ibirit&#233;, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnol&#243;gico de Aeron&#225;utica, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Pa&#244;la de Oliveira Souza</bold> &#8226; Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; R. Mato Grosso, 02. Postal Code 32407-190, Vista Alegre, Ibirit&#233;, MG - Brazil </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The indirect measurement of blood pressure (BP) is known to be influenced by many factors such as the technique, observer, and equipment; however, the influence of arm composition has not been investigated yet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To identify the influence of arm fat on the indirect measurement of blood pressure using statistical inference and machine learning models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional study, with 489 healthy young adults aged from 18 to 29 years old. Measurements of arm length (AL), arm circumference (AC) and arm fat index (AFI) were taken. BP was measured in both arms simultaneously. Data were processed using Python 3.0 and its specific packages for descriptive analysis, regression and cluster analysis. Significance levels: 5% for all calculations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> BP and anthropometric measurements were different between the hemi-bodies. In the right arm, systolic blood pressure (SBP), AL and AFI were higher, while AC was similar compared with the left arm. AL and AC showed positive correlation with SBP. According to the regression model, for a fixed value of AC and AL, SBP readings could be reduced by a mean of 1.80 mmHg in the right arm, and 1.62 mmHg in the left arm for every 10% increase in AFI. Clustering analysis corroborated the regression results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> There was a significant influence of AFI on BP readings. SBP had a positive correlation with AL and AC, and a negative correlation with AFI, suggesting the need for further investigations on the relationship between BP and percentages of arm muscle and fat.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Regression Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cluster Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Arm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>An accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) is essential for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Since most SAH patients are asymptomatic, the diagnosis is usually made in routine consultations at the medical office or at the primary care. Despite technological advances in the treatment of target organ lesions, the identification and classification of SAH, as well as treatment thresholds and goals, are still based on the indirect measurement of blood pressure (IMBP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Standardization of IMBP techniques, recommended in several guidelines, highlights the selection of cuffs, that must be proportional to the arm circumference (AC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, for the same AC, there may be different proportions of arm fat and muscle. These structures have different densities and thicknesses, which may require higher or lower pressure on the limb for artery compression and constitute an important cause of inaccuracy in IMBP. Errors and inaccuracies in this procedure could cause either unnecessary prescription or a failure to provide urgent treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The possible inaccuracy of IMBP as a function of different percentages of arm fat and muscle in individuals with the same AC was not found in the specialized literature consulted. The identification of this variable could result in a more accurate estimation of BP values measured by indirect methods.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, the combination of traditional statistics with machine learning (ML) in medical studies is continuously rising. The use of ML has important advantages in prediction performance, in the determination of properties and possible correlations of attributes in a data set, and the identification of undiscovered subpopulations and specific prognostics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to identify the influence of arm fat on IMBP in healthy young adults, using models of statistical inference and ML in a clusterization approach.</p>
        <p>BP measurement is a widely spread procedure, performed by many health professionals, and also by laypeople. For this reason, it may be characterized as a &#8220;trivial&#8221; practice and performed carelessly and/or by bad habits acquired in the beginning of professional training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, the accuracy of the procedure requires specific competencies and attention to small details, something frequently seen, even when conducted by professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Measurement of BP is usually made indirectly. According to the main international and national guidelines, the technique requires care of the individual having the BP measured, the professional, the environment, and the equipment used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among recommendations, an appropriate cuff size &#8211; length of 80-100% and 40% of AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>The use of a cuff with dimensions larger or smaller than the ideal leads to underestimation and overestimation of BP values respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the auscultation method with an aneroid manometer is still widely used in Brazil, there has been an increasing use of automated oscillometric devices, which has reduced the errors related to professional observation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Nonetheless, regardless of the equipment used, BP measurement is determinant in SAH diagnosis, with a large margin of variation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive study, with data collected at the Federal University of S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei in Divin&#243;polis, Brazil. The study population was composed of undergraduate students aged between 18 and 29 years. This was a convenience sample due to limited financial resources and geo-economic diversity in the population of healthy young adults at the university in question. Data were collected from August 2017 to January 2018, by means of questionnaires, and measurements of triceps skinfold (TS) thickness, AC, arm length (AL), and BP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric measurements</title>
          <p>TS thickness was measured in millimeters, and AC and AL in centimeters in both arms. All measurements were made with certified, validated, and properly calibrated equipment according to the techniques described by the NHANES.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Three measurements of each variable were made, and the mean was used for analysis. The anthropometric measurements were used for calculation of the arm fat index (AFI) according to Frisancho,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> using the equation:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
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              </mml:mfrac>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Where AFA is the arm fat area (cm<sup>2</sup>) and TAA is the total arm area (cm<sup>2</sup>) whose formulas are, respectively:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
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        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure</title>
          <p>Measurements of BP strictly followed national and international guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>and were taken in a private, calm, laid-back environment, under good lighting. Researchers tried to establish an effective interpersonal relationship with the subjects, with welcoming posture and attitudes, as recommended by Kohlmann and Kohlmann.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>It was confirmed that participants had not smoked, exercised or consumed alcoholic beverages, coffee, or food in the 60 minutes before, and they were asked to empty their bladders before measurements. There was a rest period of at least 10 minutes before the reading was taken. Participants sat relaxed and leaning back in a height-adjustable, comfortable armchair with arm and leg rest, with legs uncrossed, and were instructed not to talk during the measurements. The arms were positioned at the height of the heart, with the palm of the hand turned up. Conical cuffs were used, adjusted to the circumference of the arm, and positioned from 2 to 3 cm above the antecubital fossa, with the midline of the bladder placed over the brachial artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Three measurements were taken in both arms simultaneously, with one-minute intervals between them, using a validated, calibrated oscillometric device by Omron. Simultaneity of the measurements was assured by the filming of displays. For the analysis, an average of the last two measurements was used, in accordance with Leung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>Data were imported and managed in the JupyterLab environment (version 2.2.6) and analyzed using the Python 3.0 language and the Pandas, NumPy, MatplotLib, Statsmodels, Seaborn, Plotnine, Sci-Py and Sklearn packages. The dataset used and the notebooks with procedures and codes (descriptive analysis, regression, and clustering) are available in a GitHub repository (https://github.com/paolaosouza/ blood_preassure_analysis) for consultation and reproduction purposes by other researchers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were arranged in a table, and those variables that showed statistically significant correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were selected: AL, AC, TS, and AFI. A column of circumference intervals was created using the Doane&#8217;s rule. Data were also divided into two other tables, one with measurements of the right arm, and another one with measurements of the left arm.</p>
          <p>The significance level was set as 5% (p-value &lt; 0.05) for all tests in the descriptive analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the assumption of normality of continuous variables. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation, while those without normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range. The means of continuous variables with normal distribution were compared by body side, using the paired T-test and for the medians were compared by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, since the groups are dependents. The association between continuous variables was assessed by Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient (r).</p>
          <p>A multiple linear regression model was adjusted for each hemi-body to make inferences on the relationship between SBP and the covariables. No regression model was adjusted for DBP, as there was no evidence of its association with covariables. Highly correlated variables were discarded to maintain a lean model and avoid multicollinearity, prioritizing variables compatible with the study&#8217;s aim. Then, one model was adjusted for each hemi-body and another one for data from both arms considering the variable &#8220;arm&#8221; as a random effect. The quality of adjustment was evaluated by the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and models were validated by residue analysis. The normality assumption was checked with the Q-Q plot and the Shapiro-Wilk test; independence of residues was checked by ACF plot and the Durbin-Watson statistic; and homoscedasticity by plotting techniques, by analysis of residuals <italic>versus</italic> covariables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Machine learning (ML) analysis</title>
          <p>ML models were used to add important information to the statistical analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>An unsupervised clustering approach was used to explore the data in a way &#8220;free from hypotheses&#8221; to try to identify underlying patterns of BP and anthropometric measures. The K-means clusterization algorithm was chosen because it is relatively simple, computationally fast to implement, and provides reasonable results to most problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The K-means algorithm was applied to the group of data of left and right arms separately. Initially, results of all attributes were normalized to the same interval to avoid prioritizing some attributes only.</p>
          <p>Considering that the K-means algorithm requires a specified cluster number, a code was created to determine the optimal number of clusters based on three metrics (Silhouette, Davies bouldin e Calinski). Subsequently, a relative validation was performed: a table of random data, with the same dimensions as the one of hemi-body data was generated, and the same metrics were calculated and compared. Finally, the attributes of each cluster were interpreted by statistical analysis and graphical visualization.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>All students at the campus were invited (n=1022), and 529 of them presented themselves for the study. Data of 40 participants were excluded after analysis of data concerning health (five had high blood pressure and/or diabetes and/or cardiopathy), use of medicine that could affect BP (n=18), and age (17 aged lower than 18 or higher than 29 years). The final group of participants was 489: 341 women (69.73%) and 148 men (30.27%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Descriptive analysis</title>
          <p>The specific tests showed evidence that the SBP showed a behavior that was similar to that of a normal distribution. After applying the logarithmic transformation, which is very common in continuous and always positive variables, we started to accept the null hypothesis of normality for the SBP variable. The DBP showed an approximately normal distribution for the right arm (RA): p-value = 0.323 and left arm (LA): p-value = 0.051. On the other hand, there was no evidence of normal distribution of the variables AC, AL, TS, AFI and SBP (p value &lt; 0.050) in their original scale, for both arms, according to asymmetry and outliers in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Bloxpot of variables used for analysis. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AL: arm length; AC: arm circumference; TS: triceps skinfold; AFI: arm fat index.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220484-20484-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Mean SBP values and median values of AL, TS, and AFI were higher on the right arm, and DBP was higher in the left arm (p-value = 0.000). There was no difference in median AC values (p-value = 0.078; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean and median blood pressure and anthropometric measurements by hemi-body (right/left)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Right</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Left</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Average</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Average</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">109.91</td>
                    <td align="center">10.11</td>
                    <td align="center">108.60</td>
                    <td align="center">98.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">64.01</td>
                    <td align="center">7.26</td>
                    <td align="center">6.96</td>
                    <td align="center">65.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Median</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>IR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Median</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>IQR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AL</td>
                    <td align="center">33,40</td>
                    <td align="center">3,60</td>
                    <td align="center">33,33</td>
                    <td align="center">3,40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC</td>
                    <td align="center">26,60</td>
                    <td align="center">5,10</td>
                    <td align="center">26,70</td>
                    <td align="center">5,30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.078</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TS</td>
                    <td align="center">17,00</td>
                    <td align="center">11,50</td>
                    <td align="center">15,10</td>
                    <td align="center">11,00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AFI</td>
                    <td align="center">0,37</td>
                    <td align="center">0,19</td>
                    <td align="center">0,35</td>
                    <td align="center">0,18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AL: arm length; AC: arm circumference; TS: triceps skinfold; AFI: arm fat index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Both AL and AC showed a positive correlation with SBP in both arms. On the contrary, AFI showed a negative correlation in both arms. In the correlation tests, there was no indication of correlation between DBP and covariables. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents values of correlation of SBP with the main variables by body side.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variables correlated with systolic blood pressure by hemi-body</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Right arm SBP</th>
                    <th>P-value</th>
                    <th>Left arm SBP</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AL</td>
                    <td align="center">0.440</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.464</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC</td>
                    <td align="center">0.340</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.421</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AFI</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.300</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.291</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>Source: made by the authors. SBP: systolic blood pressure; AL: arm length; AC: arm circumference; AFI: arm fat index.</italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Considering that mean and median SBP, AL, and AFI values, but not AC, were different between arms, we used the total number of arms (n = 978) to identify correlations by AC intervals. Application of Doane&#8217;s rule resulted in 15 intervals of AC with a spacing of 1.59 cm between them. The five intervals with the highest number of occurrences (n) were chosen for association tests. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> presents correlations of SBP with AL and AFI by intervals of AC.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation coefficients(r) of the variables correlated with systolic blood pressure by arm circumference intervals</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Interval</th>
                    <th>AC</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>AL</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>AFI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>(22.87, 24.46]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">175</td>
                    <td align="center">0.379</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.434</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>(24.46, 26.05]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">193</td>
                    <td align="center">0.616</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.374</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>(26.05, 27.63]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">142</td>
                    <td align="center">0.541</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.421</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>4</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>(27.63, 29.22]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">125</td>
                    <td align="center">0.551</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.485</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>5</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>(29.22, 30.81]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.581</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.459</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AL: arm length; AC: arm circumference; AFI: arm fat index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>There was a positive correlation of SBP with AL, and a negative correlation with IGB in all intervals of AC. All AFI correlation values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> were higher than the ones in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. From these results, we investigated inference models from fixed AC values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Linear regression</title>
          <p>The variables AL, AC, and AFI were chosen for the inference models of SBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). The model for RA had an F-statistic of 90.57 and R<sup>2</sup>=0.359. There is evidence that the model is significant, but it does not explain all variability, considering the low coefficient of determination. The equations proposed for the models of the RA and the LA are, respectively:</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Regression coefficients for the right and left arms</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="8%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Coefficient</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Standard error</th>
                    <th colspan="2">t</th>
                    <th colspan="2">p-value</th>
                    <th colspan="2">0.025</th>
                    <th colspan="2">0.975</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                    <th>RA</th>
                    <th>LA</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intercept</td>
                    <td align="center">59.972</td>
                    <td align="center">53.149</td>
                    <td align="center">6.026</td>
                    <td align="center">5.704</td>
                    <td align="center">9.952</td>
                    <td align="center">9.317</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">48.131</td>
                    <td align="center">41.941</td>
                    <td align="center">71.812</td>
                    <td align="center">64.358</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC</td>
                    <td align="center">0.823</td>
                    <td align="center">1.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.109</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                    <td align="center">7.517</td>
                    <td align="center">9.864</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.608</td>
                    <td align="center">0.805</td>
                    <td align="center">1.038</td>
                    <td align="center">1.206</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.017</td>
                    <td align="center">1.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.171</td>
                    <td align="center">0.164</td>
                    <td align="center">5.952</td>
                    <td align="center">6.129</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.681</td>
                    <td align="center">0.684</td>
                    <td align="center">1.352</td>
                    <td align="center">1.329</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AFI</td>
                    <td align="center">-18.017</td>
                    <td align="center">-16.224</td>
                    <td align="center">3.411</td>
                    <td align="center">3.182</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.282</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.098</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-24.719</td>
                    <td align="center">-22.477</td>
                    <td align="center">-11.314</td>
                    <td align="center">-9.971</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RA: right arm; LA: left arm; AC: arm circumference; AL: arm length; AFI: arm fat index.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
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              <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>16.22</mml:mn>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
            <label>(2)</label>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clustering</title>
          <p>The analysis of data by the clustering method indicated the division of data into two clusters as the best solution, based on the pre-established metrics. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> presents mean values of each feature for both arms. The groups identified by clustering showed that in both arms, higher values of SBP (cluster 0) were found in arms with higher AL and lower AC, TS, and AFI.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean of cluster variables by arm (right/left)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Arm</th>
                    <th>Cluster</th>
                    <th>AL</th>
                    <th>AC</th>
                    <th>TS</th>
                    <th>AFI</th>
                    <th>SBP</th>
                    <th>DBP</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Right</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">34.30</td>
                    <td align="center">26.23</td>
                    <td align="center">13.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">111.83</td>
                    <td align="center">64.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">32.66</td>
                    <td align="center">28.87</td>
                    <td align="center">27.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">106.71</td>
                    <td align="center">63.88</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">Left</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">34.18</td>
                    <td align="center">26.18</td>
                    <td align="center">11.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">110.08</td>
                    <td align="center">65.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">32.58</td>
                    <td align="center">28.74</td>
                    <td align="center">25.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">106.29</td>
                    <td align="center">65.81</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AL: arm length; AC: arm circumference; TS: triceps skinfold; AFI: arm fat index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The variables that showed statistically significant correlation with SBP and/or DBP &#8211; TS, AFI, AL and AC &#8211; were included in the analysis. Other variables, such as body mass index, ethnicity, and age had no statistically significant correlation with SBP or DBP.</p>
        <p>Although comparisons of anthropometric estimations and measurements between hemi-bodies have been the object of recent research, most investigations do not include BP measurements in the analysis, and their objectives are related to the evaluation of training, and muscle strength and movement. However, studies have shown an asymmetry between the arms, such as greater mass,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and bigger, heavier, and thicker humerus in the dominant (right) arm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> compared with the left arm than the left one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> On the other hand, Macedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>compared TS thickness between dominant and non-dominant sides in individuals with cerebral palsy and spastic hemiplegia and control subjects. The authors found statistically significant differences that were even in the control group and argued that measurements were standardized years ago and taken from the right side of the body. Other reports have discussed the relationship between central fat and noncommunicable chronic diseases.</p>
        <p>Results of the groups identified by clustering corroborate the correlations found between both arms. In accordance with the model for the right arm (equation 1), for a fixed value of AC or AL, the indirect measurement of SBP will result in a mean reduction of 1.80mmHg to each 10% increase in AFI (Figure 2). In the left arm, the mean reduction will be of 1.62mmHg. Thus, in our sample, for a variation in AFI from 8% to 70%, there will be a reduction of 11.17mmHf in SBP. For example, for a person with AC of 27.22cm, AL of 33.68 cm, AFI of 37%, and SBP of 109.64mmHg (values relative to the means of the study population) if AFI is 50%, mean SBP will be of 107.30 mmHg. If the value of AFI increases to 70%, mean SBP will be 103.70 mmHg. In the example, the variation of SBP in function of AFI was higher than 5mmHg. This variation can be determinant in the diagnostic and/or staging of SAH and exposing an individual to consequences already discussed.</p>
        <p>The AFI estimates the amount of fat stored in the arm in the indirect measurement area of BP. The negative correlation of SBP with AFI may be explained by differences in human tissues, more specifically muscle and fat. The density of mammalian skeletal muscle is estimated in 1.06 Kg/L and of the adipose tissue in 0.92 Kg/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The lower density in the BP measurement area demands lower compression force of the brachial artery, resulting to underestimation of pressure values. Therefore, the IMBP on the arm with a higher fat percentage will imply a lower reading than in the arm with less fat, because fat is less dense and offers less resistance for compression. In the same sense, BP reading may be higher in individuals with less body fat.</p>
        <p>As previously mentioned, we found no publications in health journals that investigated possible relationships between arm composition and IMBP. However, IMBP has been subject to discussion in engineering, especially in the field of biomedicine. Mathematic analysis performed with finite element (FE) models have been developed in the attempt to reduce the inaccuracy of the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> developed an interesting 3D model to investigate the effect of mechanical properties of the tissue on BP measurement. The authors concluded that BP is overestimated in about 5% of the elderly, due to the compressibility of soft tissues of 0.4, and overestimated in children in nearly 5% due to the higher compressibility (0.49). Also, they concluded that the variation in brachial artery rigidity did not affect the precision of oscillometric measurements of BP. This conclusion was not corroborated by Liang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In this sense, obese individuals frequently have higher arterial rigidity.</p>
        <p>Deng and Liang<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> proposed a model to simulate the distribution of stress in arm tissues under a cuff. The authors mentioned adjusts on the model proposed by Lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and concluded that the magnitude of the cuff pressure has a low influence on the efficiency of pressure transmission in arm tissues, partially confirming the reliability of non-invasive BP measurement, based on both hypertensive and normal BP individuals. The authors also mentioned that thickening of the subcutaneous fat layer in obese patients significantly minimized the transmission of the cuff pressure throughout the arm tissues, which would explain the overestimation of arterial pressure in these individuals. However, in our perspective, the increase of fat tissue is limited by other tissues, such as muscle, bone, and skin elasticity. Therefore, a higher concentration of fat in a limited space increases the density, increasing BP values in IMBP.</p>
        <p>However, modeling a real arm seems like a complex task, imposing higher limitations to studies in the investigation of the influence of the arm composition on IMBP. The limitation of this work was the use of anthropometric measurements for the estimation of arm composition. However, all measurements were made by the same investigator, contributing to the reduction of eventual imprecisions related to the technique. Besides, anthropometric measurements of abdominal obesity were not collected in the protocol and the studied associations were not adjusted for these variables. On the other hand, this study points out an aspect of BP measurement that is still poorly explored in studies with humans.</p>
        <p>Although investigations of the association of different variables with diseases, for example, of interarm differences of BP with CVD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> are common, we found no recent studies discussing differences of BP between arms in healthy young individuals. Thus, we suggest that future research should address the following questions: are BP measurements underestimated in people with a greater arm fat area, such as women? Would an algorithm for correction of BP values as a function of differences in the fat-to-muscle ratios be necessary?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In IMBP, SBP measurements are underestimated in arms with higher AFI. Measurements of BP and anthropometric measurements were different between the sides of the body in healthy young adults. No similar studies were found to compare the results.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Minas Gerais - IFMG, the University of Essex, the Aeronautics Institute of Technology and the Federal University of S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del Rei &#8211; UFSJ for the support of this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del &#8211; Rei &#8211; CEPCO under the protocol number 1.724.323. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
