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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6NfcYMCysf89xhrRhZTRWmL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220306</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Impacto da Ecocardiografia Intracard&#237;aca na Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo de Procedimento e Interna&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant`Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8232-3310</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz Saffi &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marco.saffi@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220306</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (EIC) permite visualizar estruturas card&#237;acas e reconhecer complica&#231;&#245;es durante a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (AFA). Comparado ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE), o EIC &#233; menos sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o de trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial, por&#233;m requer m&#237;nima seda&#231;&#227;o e menos operadores, tornando-o atrativo num cen&#225;rio de recursos restritos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Comparar 13 casos de AFA utilizando EIC (grupo AFA-EIC) com 36 casos de AFA utilizando ETE (grupo AFA-ETE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de corte prospectiva realizada em um &#250;nico centro. O desfecho principal foi o tempo de procedimento. Desfechos secund&#225;rios tempo de fluoroscopia, dose de radia&#231;&#227;o (mGy/cm2), complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em horas. O perfil cl&#237;nico foi comparado pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A mediana do escore de CHA2DS2-VASc score foi 1 (0-3) no grupo AFA-EIC e 1 (0-4) no grupo AFA-ETE. O tempo total de procedimento foi de 129 &#177; 27 min grupo AFA-EIC e 189 &#177; 41 no AFA-ETE (p&lt;0,001); o grupo AFA-EIC recebeu uma dose menor de radia&#231;&#227;o (mGy/cm2, 51296 &#177; 24790 vs. 75874 &#177; 24293; p=0,002), no entanto, o tempo de fluoroscopia em minutos mostrou-se semelhante (27,48 &#177; 9,79 vs. 26,4 &#177; 9,32; p=0,671). As medianas do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se mostraram diferentes, 48 (36-72) horas (AFA-EIC) e 48 (48-66) horas (AFA-ETE) (p=0,27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Nesta coorte, AFA-EIC foi relacionado a menores tempos de procedimento e menor exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, sem aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ou o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum, afetando mais de 37 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, obtida pelo isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP), &#233; recomendada pelas diretrizes das sociedades profissionais como uma terapia &#250;til para manter o ritmo sinusal e melhorar a qualidade de vida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O sucesso e a seguran&#231;a da IVP est&#227;o na depend&#234;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada dos pontos anat&#244;micos por m&#233;todos de imagem, que incluem mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, tomografia computadorizada, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e ecocardiograma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma durante a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (AFA) tem v&#225;rias vantagens como alta resolu&#231;&#227;o em tempo real das estruturas card&#237;acas e a disponibilidade. O ecocardiograma tamb&#233;m tem o potencial de aumentar a seguran&#231;a do paciente pela identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento e de reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o do paciente e da equipe ao diminuir a depend&#234;ncia da fluoroscopia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Duas formas de ecocardiografia t&#234;m sido utilizadas na cardiologia intervencionista: transesof&#225;gica (ETE) e intracard&#237;aca (EIC). O ETE oferece imagens superiores em resolu&#231;&#227;o e menor custo inicial, pois a sonda &#233; reutiliz&#225;vel. No entanto, requer anestesia geral e profissionais treinados, al&#233;m de acarretar risco de trauma ao trato gastrointestinal. Tomados em conjunto, esses fatores podem aumentar o custo total do procedimento, principalmente em cen&#225;rios de recursos humanos restritos. Existem poucas compara&#231;&#245;es diretas dos dois m&#233;todos para IVP. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o IVP usando ETE com o IVP usando EIC quanto ao tempo de procedimento, complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo de coorte prospectivo de um &#250;nico centro de pacientes recrutados consecutivamente no Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia entre dezembro de 2017 e junho de 2021. O protocolo foi elaborado de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o <italic>STROBE</italic> para relatar estudos observacionais <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (registro UP 5252/16).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos tinham indica&#231;&#227;o classe I ou IIA para AFA de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e FA persistente com menos de 1 ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com trombo intracavit&#225;rio no ETE realizado no dia da AFA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados pelo mesmo eletrofisiologista, com o paciente sob anestesia geral com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico ao n&#237;vel do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). Ap&#243;s as pun&#231;&#245;es venosas, um cateter decapolar foi posicionado no seio coron&#225;rio. Duas pun&#231;&#245;es transseptais foram realizadas guiadas pelo ecocardiograma com bainha SL-1 e agulha BRK-1 <italic>(St. Jude Medical, St Paul, EUA)</italic> seguidas de hepariniza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Um cateter duodecapolar circular <italic>(Biosense Webster, Irvine, EUA)</italic> foi usado para mapear o AE e um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o com ponta irrigada foi introduzido no AE. O mapeamento atrial foi realizado pelo sistema tridimensional <italic>EnSite (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, EUA)</italic> . A radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi aplicada circunferencialmente ao redor das veias pulmonares ipsilaterais at&#233; que o isolamento el&#233;trico fosse alcan&#231;ado. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, os esquemas de terapia anticoagulante foram iniciados 6 horas ap&#243;s a retirada das bainhas introdutoras e mantidos por, no m&#237;nimo, 60 dias. Todos os pacientes foram mantidos com pantoprazol, inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons, por 30 dias, e antiarr&#237;tmico (usado previamente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio) por 90 dias.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o m&#233;todo de imagem utilizado durante a AFA: grupo ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (AFA-EIC) ou grupo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (AFA-ETE). No grupo AFA-EIC, um cateter de imagem por ultrassom <italic>phased-array</italic> de 10 Fr (AcuNav, Acuson) foi introduzido atrav&#233;s de uma bainha de 11 Fr atrav&#233;s da veia femoral esquerda. O EIC foi usado para garantir o posicionamento do cateter, local apropriado de fornecimento de energia, monitoramento da forma&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas e detec&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es. No grupo AFA-ETE, o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado por especialista em imagem card&#237;aca. A escolha entre os m&#233;todos de imagem teve lugar com base na disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco pela fonte seguradora de sa&#250;de do paciente em quest&#227;o. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao aparelho de RX, foi utilizado um equipamento <italic>PHILIPS ALLURA XPER</italic> , sendo configurado na taxa de 3.75 quadros por segundo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram admitidos para monitoramento na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de uma noite ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. Depois disso, a alta foi de acordo com o m&#233;dico assistente. As drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas foram mantidas por pelo menos 3 meses. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram acompanhados por pelo menos tr&#234;s meses (tempo m&#233;dio: 650,95 &#177; 380,86 dias).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o tempo total do procedimento. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram: complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (tamponamento card&#237;aco, acidente vascular cerebral, perfura&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica), tempo de fluoroscopia, dose de radia&#231;&#227;o em mGy/cm <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e tempo de alta hospitalar medido em horas. O perfil cl&#237;nico foi comparado pelo escore <italic>CHA2DS2-VASc</italic> e por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 22.0 <italic>(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA)</italic> . As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal est&#227;o descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal est&#227;o descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste estat&#237;stico para avaliar a normalidade foi o <italic>Shapiro-Wilk</italic> . O teste T de <italic>Student</italic> de amostras independentes foi usado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico <italic>U de Mann-Whitney</italic> para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e foram comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste &#967;2 ou exato de Fisher. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Um total de 49 pacientes foi submetido a IVP, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (81%) com m&#233;dia de idade de 54 &#177; 12,2 anos. A comorbidade mais comum foi a hipertens&#227;o, identificada em 65,3% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Em geral, os pacientes apresentavam poucas comorbidades, refletidas por um escore <italic>CHADS2Vasc</italic> mediano de 1 em ambos os grupos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou FA parox&#237;stica (89,8%), com preval&#234;ncia semelhante entre os grupos AFA-ETE (84,6%) e AFA-EIC (91,6%). Betabloqueadores (59,1%) e amiodarona (57,1%) foram os antiarr&#237;tmicos mais prescritos. Cerca de um quarto dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos estavam recebendo uma combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos (28,5%).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais, escores cl&#237;nicos e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para as popula&#231;&#245;es agrupadas conforme o procedimento foi auxiliado por EIC ou ETE.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>AFA-EIC (n=13)</th>
                  <th>AFA-ETE (n=36)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade*</td>
                  <td align="center">52,4 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">10(77)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso*</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">90,4 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">9(69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(66,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/ AIT&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA persistente&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">2(15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">2(15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">3(23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">4(30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(30,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">5(38,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(16,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">1(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(11,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5(13,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro AE (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia <underline><italic>+</italic></underline> desvio padr&#227;o; &#8224; Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; &#8225;medianas e intervalo interquat&#237;lico (percentis 25 e 75). AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AFA: abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico; EIC: ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os f&#225;rmacos anticoagulantes e antiarr&#237;tmicos de acordo com o grupo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura central</xref> destaca os principais resultados do estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes e antiarr&#237;tmicos conforme grupo. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>AFA-EIC (n=13)</th>
                  <th>AFA-ETE (n=36)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">8(61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(44,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Varfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(2,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NOAC</td>
                  <td align="center">5(38,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heparina</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(2,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarr&#237;tmicos*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">8(61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(58,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">7(53,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(58,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propafenona</td>
                  <td align="center">3(23)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(5,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">1(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Combina&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5(38,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(22,2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Dados apresentados em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. AFA: abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; EIC: ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Impacto da Ecocardiografia Intracard&#237;aca na Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo de Procedimento e Interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220306-20306-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Dois pacientes do grupo AFA-ETE foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise dos resultados do procedimento e de acompanhamento devido &#224; indisponibilidade do operador do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico durante a totalidade da abla&#231;&#227;o, de forma a manter as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tempos de procedimento fidedignas. O tempo total do procedimento foi de 129 &#177; 27 minutos no grupo AFA-EIC e 189 &#177; 41 minutos no AFA-ETE (p&lt;0,001). O grupo AFA-EIC tamb&#233;m recebeu menor dose de radia&#231;&#227;o (mGy/cm <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , 51296 &#177; 24790 <italic>vs.</italic> 75874 &#177; 24293; p=0,002), apesar de apresentar tempo de fluoroscopia semelhante (minutos, 27,48 &#177; 9,79 <italic>vs.</italic> 26,4 &#177; 9,32; p=0,671).</p>
        <p>A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores foi baixa e semelhante entre os dois grupos. N&#227;o houve casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco, eventos cerebrais ou esof&#225;gicos. Um paciente do grupo AFA-EIC teve oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral superficial direita diagnosticada no segundo dia p&#243;s-procedimento e tratado com sucesso com embolectomia. Um paciente do AFA-ETE apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o acelerada da tireoidite de <italic>Hashimoto</italic> , provavelmente relacionada &#224; amiodarona. Tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos a um segundo procedimento de IVP durante o seguimento. Os demais dados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultado do isolamento das veias pulmonares. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>AFA-EIC (n=13)</th>
                  <th>AFA-ETE (n=34)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de procedimento, (minutos)*</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">189 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia, (minutos)*</td>
                  <td align="center">27,48 &#177; 9,79</td>
                  <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 9,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,671</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, (mGy/cm <sup>2</sup> )*</td>
                  <td align="center">51296 &#177; 24790</td>
                  <td align="center">75874 &#177; 24293</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamponamento</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perfura&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, (horas)&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (36-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (48-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de CTI, (horas)*</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,487</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia <underline><italic>+</italic></underline> desvio padr&#227;o; &#8224; Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; &#8225;medianas e intervalo interquat&#237;lico (percentis 25 e 75). AFA: abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AVC: acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico; CTI: centro de tratamento intensivo; EIC: ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; mGy/cm <sup>2</sup>: Cent&#237;metro quadrado miligray.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostra que o IVP auxiliado por EIC tem menor tempo de procedimento e exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o quando comparado &#224; assist&#234;ncia feita atrav&#233;s de ETE, mantendo a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Os grupos apresentavam perfil cl&#237;nico similar, conforme demonstrado pela mediana do escore <italic>CHADS2Vasc</italic> de 1 em ambos os grupos e FEVE e DAE semelhantes.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pontos anat&#244;micos &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para uma abla&#231;&#227;o de FA bem-sucedida. Em um estudo de Toffanin et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> avaliando a anatomia da VP com ETE e angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, apenas 42% dos pacientes apresentavam anatomia normal das veias pulmonares com duas veias direita e esquerda. A integra&#231;&#227;o de imagens com tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode melhorar a taxa de sobrevida livre de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Curiosamente, os tempos fluorosc&#243;picos geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o menores em tais estudos.</p>
      <p>Encontramos uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada no tempo total do procedimento. Atribu&#237;mos essa diferen&#231;a principalmente ao tempo maior para posicionar a sonda transesfo&#225;gica e a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens mais adequadas de forma imediata pelo operador ao utilizar o EIC. O ETE dependia de um profissional extra que precisava colocar adequada prote&#231;&#227;o contra a radia&#231;&#227;o e reposicionar a sonda com imagens que satisfizessem o operador n&#227;o apenas no momento da pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, mas tamb&#233;m na suspeita de complica&#231;&#245;es e ao final do procedimento para descartar a presen&#231;a de tamponamento. Em dois casos da s&#233;rie, o profissional respons&#225;vel pelo ETE precisou ser aguardado na sala, pois foi requisitado de urg&#234;ncia em outro procedimento. Optamos por excluir esses pacientes das compara&#231;&#245;es. Em dois casos em especial, o ETE n&#227;o conseguiu identificar adequadamente agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o nem a fossa <italic>ovalis</italic> , aumentando o tempo de procedimento. Outros fatores incluem a seguran&#231;a e independ&#234;ncia do exame ser realizado pelo mesmo operador que est&#225; realizando a abla&#231;&#227;o e a necessidade da intuba&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica no caso do ETE. O tempo total de fluoroscopia foi semelhante entre os grupos, pois os fatores que prolongaram o tempo de procedimento com uso do ETE n&#227;o podem ser compensados com maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de raio X. Na metan&#225;lise de Isath et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que reuniu 19 estudos e comparou os resultados de abla&#231;&#245;es realizadas com ou sem EIC, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o tanto do tempo de fluoroscopia quanto do tempo de procedimento, mas deve ser considerado que n&#227;o foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta com ETE e sim com fluoroscopia isolada e/ou mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico.</p>
      <p>O ETE &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para identifica&#231;&#227;o do trombo do ap&#234;ndice do AE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ETE &#233; um m&#233;todo invasivo com risco de complica&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 0,9%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O EIC pode melhorar o resultado do procedimento reduzindo o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e o risco de estenose da veia pulmonar, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> apesar de sua limita&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada de pequenos ramos das veias pulmonares. Isath et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> em uma an&#225;lise de 14 anos reunindo diversos centros estado-unidenses, demonstraram que o uso de EIC durante a AFA estava relacionado a menor mortalidade intra-hospitalar, menor risco de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Especificamente, o EIC permite a detec&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo derrame peric&#225;rdico, embolia a&#233;rea, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como causa de hipotens&#227;o e a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos nas bainhas e nos cateteres utilizados para abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de Goya et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> avaliou os resultados com o uso de EIC para abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmia. Dos 19 estudos inclu&#237;dos, 14 foram realizados em pacientes com FA. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de EIC foi associada a um tempo de fluoroscopia significativamente menor, dose de fluoroscopia e menor tempo de procedimento, sem comprometer a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica ou a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Embora os achados sejam semelhantes ao nosso estudo, deve-se notar que a metan&#225;lise de Goya et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o foi uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre EIC e ETE. O grupo comparador foi amplo e incluiu mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, fluoroscopia ou outras modalidades de imagem, por vezes utilizadas de forma conjunta ou nada al&#233;m da fluoroscopia. Ribeiro et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> comparando a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do &#225;trio esquerdo guiada por EIC com ETE, encontraram tempo de procedimento, risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e tempo de procedimento semelhantes entre os dois m&#233;todos.</p>
      <p>Existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o e o risco de malignidade futura. A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#225; ligada a les&#245;es cut&#226;neas agudas, dist&#250;rbios da tireoide, catarata, entre outras doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Uma vez que nenhuma dose de radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada segura e os operadores podem estar em maior risco devido aos m&#250;ltiplos procedimentos que realizam, recomenda-se que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o seja t&#227;o baixa quanto poss&#237;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a dose significativamente menor &#224; qual os pacientes do grupo EIC foram submetidos &#233; um ponto a favor do m&#233;todo. Acreditamos que o EIC tenha permitido utilizar imagens com menor intensidade, o que permitiu redu&#231;&#227;o da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, apesar dos tempos similares de fluoroscopia.</p>
      <p>Ao exigir um acesso vascular adicional de bainha de 11 Fr, o EIC pode aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Este n&#227;o foi o caso em nosso estudo. Na metan&#225;lise realizada por Goya et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares com EIC (RR 1,93; IC 95%, 0,81-4,60; p = 0,14).</p>
      <p>O EIC requer treinamento apropriado do operador em manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateter e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de imagem. Por ser progressivamente adotado em outras formas de abla&#231;&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> acreditamos que deve fazer parte das habilidades dos eletrofisiologistas que lidem com abla&#231;&#227;o complexas. O EIC tamb&#233;m requer um cateter n&#227;o reutiliz&#225;vel, aumentando o custo do procedimento, que &#233; pelo menos parcialmente compensado pela redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de funcion&#225;rios necess&#225;rios para o procedimento, bem como pela redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de medica&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O EIC permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o em tempo real das estruturas card&#237;acas, avalia&#231;&#227;o intraprocedimento da interface cateter-tecido e complica&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas. Nossa amostra foi insuficiente para comparar a efic&#225;cia do procedimento entre os dois m&#233;todos. Em um estudo do mundo real, a abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular usando EIC foi associada a uma menor probabilidade de reinterna&#231;&#227;o relacionada por taquicardia ventricular em 12 meses e de abla&#231;&#227;o repetida em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes em que o EIC n&#227;o foi empregado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com taxa por servi&#231;o do <italic>Medicare</italic> submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial observou que o uso de EIC estava associado a menor risco de abla&#231;&#227;o repetida (taxa de risco 0,59; IC 95% 0,37-0,92). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo sofre de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. (1) Tamanho amostral pequeno, o que pode ser respons&#225;vel por n&#227;o ter detectado algumas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, como o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. (2) Falta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EIC foi baseada na disponibilidade de seguro sa&#250;de, o que poderia influenciar sistematicamente no perfil dos pacientes de cada grupo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que esse grupo apresentou perfil muito semelhante quantos aos principais fatores de risco para recorr&#234;ncia de FA e para maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, incluindo tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo, o que mitiga essa limita&#231;&#227;o. Algumas das explica&#231;&#245;es para diferen&#231;a entre o tempo de procedimento entre os grupos, como o tempo para o operador do ETE se disponibilizar, s&#227;o devidas a fatores locais e podem n&#227;o refletir a realidade de outras institui&#231;&#245;es. (3) N&#227;o realizamos compara&#231;&#227;o direta de custos entre as duas estrat&#233;gias. Como os pacientes possu&#237;am planos de sa&#250;de diferentes, a forma de reembolso e o custo variavam, impedindo uma an&#225;lise homog&#234;nea do efeito do m&#233;todo utilizado no custo. O ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco &#233; vendido para nossa institui&#231;&#227;o por R$ 7.500,00. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ETE, o tempo de procedimento em m&#233;dia 55 minutos maior levaria a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de custo com sala de R$ 1.100,00, enquanto o profissional para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame teria um custo m&#233;dio R$ 1.000,00. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar o custo indireto dessa maior ocupa&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de, especialmente durante a pandemia, per&#237;odo em que foram realizadas 25 das 49 abla&#231;&#245;es analisadas no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, o uso de AFA com EIC foi relacionado a menores tempos de procedimento e menor exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, sem aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ou tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O aumento do custo inicial do procedimento pode ser compensado por uma menor ocupa&#231;&#227;o da sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e pela necessidade de menos funcion&#225;rios treinados para o procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant`Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8232-3310</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Adress: Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz Saffi &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marco.saffi@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) allows visualization of cardiac structures and recognition of complications during atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA). Compared to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), ICE is less sensitive to detecting thrombus in the atrial appendage but requires minimal sedation and fewer operators, making it attractive in a resource-constrained setting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To compare 13 cases of AFA using ICE (AFA-ICE group) with 36 cases of AFA using TEE (AFA-TEE group).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a single-center prospective cohort study. The main outcome was procedure time. Secondary outcomes: fluoroscopy time, radiation dose (mGy/cm2), major complications, and length of hospital stay in hours. The clinical profile was compared using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 1 (0-3) in the AFA-ICE group and 1 (0-4) in the AFA-TEE group. The total procedure time was 129 &#177; 27 min in the AFA-ICE group and 189 &#177; 41 min in the AFA-TEE group (p&lt;0.001); the AFA-ICE group received a lower dose of radiation (mGy/cm2, 51296 &#177; 24790 vs. 75874 &#177; 24293; p=0.002), despite the similar fluoroscopy time (27.48 &#177; 9. 79 vs. 26.4 &#177; 9.32; p=0.671). The median length of hospital stay did not differ; 48 (36-72) hours (AFA-ICE) and 48 (48-66) hours (AFA-TEE) (p=0.27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>In this cohort, AFA-ICE was related to shorter procedure times and less exposure to radiation without increasing the risk of complications or the length of hospital stay.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocadiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting more than 37 million people worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> AF ablation, achieved by pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), is recommended by the guidelines of professional societies as a useful therapy to maintain sinus rhythm and improve quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The success and safety of PVI depend on the proper identification of anatomical landmarks by imaging methods, which include electro-anatomical mapping, computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and echocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of echocardiography during AF ablation (AFA) has several benefits, such as the high real-time resolution of cardiac structures and availability. Echocardiography also has the potential to increase patient safety by early identification of procedure-related complications and to reduce patient and staff radiation exposure by decreasing dependency on fluoroscopy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Two forms of echocardiography have been used in interventional cardiology: transesophageal (TEE) and intracardiac (ICE). TEE offers a better image resolution and lower initial cost because the probe is reusable. However, it requires general anesthesia and additionally trained professionals and carries a risk of trauma to the gastrointestinal tract. Together, these factors can increase the total cost of the procedure, particularly in a constrained human resource setting. There are few direct comparisons of the two methods for PVI. This study aimed to compare PVI using TEE with PVI using ICE regarding procedure time, major complications, radiation exposure, and length of hospital stay.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a single-center prospective cohort study of patients consecutively recruited from the Electrophysiology Service between December 2017 and June 2021. The protocol was designed following the STROBE statement for reporting observational studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (registration UP 5252/16).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>All patients included in the study had a class I or IIA indication for AFA according to international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> We included patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF with less than 1 year of evolution. We excluded patients who presented with intracavitary thrombus on TEE performed on the day of the AFA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure and follow-up</title>
          <p>All procedures were performed by the same electrophysiologist, with the patient under general anesthesia using an esophageal thermometer at the level of the left atrium (LA). After venipunctures, a decapolar catheter was placed in the coronary sinus. Two transseptal punctures were performed, guided by echocardiography with an SL-1 sheath and a BRK-1 needle <italic>(St. Jude Medical, St Paul, USA),</italic> followed by therapeutic heparinization. A circular duodecapolar catheter <italic>(Biosense Webster, Irvine, USA)</italic> was used to map the LA, and an irrigated tip ablation catheter was placed in the LA. Atrial mapping was performed using the three-dimensional EnSite system <italic>(St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, USA)</italic> . Radiofrequency was applied circumferentially around the ipsilateral pulmonary veins until electrical isolation was achieved. Anticoagulant therapy was initiated 6 hours after removal of the sheaths and maintained for at least 60 days. All patients received pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, for 30 days and were maintained with the same antiarrhythmic drug used preoperatively for 90 days.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided into two groups according to the imaging method used during AFA: intracardiac echocardiogram (AFA-ICE) group or transesophageal echocardiogram (AFA-TEE) group. In the AFA-ICE group, a 10 Fr phased-array ultrasound imaging catheter (AcuNav, Acuson) was introduced through an 11 Fr sheath through the left femoral vein. The ICE was used to ensure catheter placement, proper energy delivery site, monitoring of microbubble formation, and detection of complications. In the AFA-TEE group, the transesophageal echocardiogram was performed by a specialist in cardiac imaging. The choice between the imaging methods was based on whether an intracardiac echocardiogram was available from the health insurance source of the patient in question. Regarding the X-ray device for fluoroscopy, <italic>PHILIPS ALLURA XPER</italic> equipment was configured at a rate of 3.75 frames per second.</p>
          <p>Patients were admitted for monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU) for at least one night after the ablation procedure. After that, discharge was at the discretion of the attending physician. Antiarrhythmic drugs were maintained for at least 3 months. All patients included in this study were followed up for at least three months (mean time: 650.95 &#177; 380.86 days).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the total procedure time. Secondary outcomes were major complications (cardiac tamponade, stroke, esophageal perforation), fluoroscopy time, radiation dose in mGy/cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , and time to hospital discharge measured in hours. The clinical profile was compared using the CHA2DS2-VASc score and echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left atrial diameter (LAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyzes were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 software <italic>(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)</italic> . Continuous variables with normal distribution are described as mean, and standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution are described as median and interquartile range. The statistical test to assess normality was the Shapiro-Wilk. We used Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples with normal distribution and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for variables without normal distribution. Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared using the &#967;2 test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference between groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical profile</title>
          <p>Forty-nine patients underwent PVI, the majority male (81%) with a mean age of 54 &#177; 12.2 years. The most common comorbidity was hypertension, identified in 65.3% of the included patients. Patients had few comorbidities, as reflected by a median CHADS2Vasc score of 1 in both groups. Most patients had paroxysmal AF (89.8%), with a similar prevalence between the AFA-TEE (84.6%) and AFA-ICE (91.6%) groups. Beta-blockers (59.1%) and amiodarone (57.1%) were the most prescribed antiarrhythmics. About a quarter of the patients included were receiving a combination of medications (28.5%).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical scores, and echocardiographic parameters for the populations grouped according to whether ICE or TEE aided the procedure.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of included patients. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>AFA-ICE (n=13)</th>
                    <th>AFA-TEE (n=36)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age*</td>
                    <td align="center">52.4 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">10(77)</td>
                    <td align="center">30(83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weigth*</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6 &#177; 17</td>
                    <td align="center">90.4 &#177; 11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">9(69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(66.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/transient ischemic attack&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent AF&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">2(15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular disease&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">2(15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">3(23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(25)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">4(30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(30.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">5(38.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(16.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">1(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(11.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">5(13.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">67 &#177; 2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">68 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter (mm)*</td>
                    <td align="center">42 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">42 &#177; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Data presented as mean + standard deviation; &#8224; Absolute and relative frequency; &#8225; Medians and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles); ICE: Intracardiac echocardiography; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; AF: atrial fibrillation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows anticoagulant and antiarrhythmic drugs according to the group. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> highlights the main results of the study.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Use of anticoagulants and antiarrhythmics according to the group. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>AFA-ICE (n=13)</th>
                    <th>AFA-TEE (n=36)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anticoagulation*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>None</td>
                    <td align="center">8(61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(44.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Warfarin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1(2.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NOAC</td>
                    <td align="center">5(38.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(50)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heparin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1(2.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiarrhythmics*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">8(61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(58.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone</td>
                    <td align="center">7(53.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(58.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Propafenone</td>
                    <td align="center">3(23)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(5.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">1(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Combination</td>
                    <td align="center">5(38.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(22.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Data presented as absolute and relative frequency. ICE: Intracardiac echocardiography; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; NOAC: Novel Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220306-20306-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation procedure and follow-up</title>
          <p>In order to maintain a reliable comparison of the procedure times between the two groups, we excluded from the analysis two cases of the AFA-TEE group in which the transesophageal echocardiogram operator was not present on site for the entirety of the procedure. The total procedure time was 129 &#177; 27 minutes in the AFA-ICE group and 189 &#177; 41 minutes in the AFA-ETE group (p&lt;0.001). The AFA-ICE group also received a lower dose of radiation (mGy/cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , 51296 &#177; 24790 vs. 75874 &#177; 24293; p=0.002), despite having a similar fluoroscopy time (minutes, 27.48 &#177; 9.79 vs. 26.4 &#177; 9.32; p=0.671).</p>
          <p>The rate of major complications was low and similar between the two groups. There were no cases of cardiac tamponade or cerebral or esophageal events. One patient in the AFA-ICE group had an occlusion of the right superficial femoral artery diagnosed on the second day after the procedure and successfully treated with embolectomy. One patient from the AFA-ETE had an accelerated evolution of Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis, probably related to amiodarone. Three patients underwent a second PVI procedure during follow-up. Additional relevant data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">table 3</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pulmonary vein isolation outcome. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>AFA-ICE (n=13)</th>
                    <th>AFA-TEE (n=34)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure time (minutes)*</td>
                    <td align="center">129 &#177; 27</td>
                    <td align="center">189 &#177; 41</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time (minutes)*</td>
                    <td align="center">27.48 &#177; 9.79</td>
                    <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 9.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.671</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radiation dose (mGy/cm<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                    <td align="center">51296 &#177; 24790</td>
                    <td align="center">75874 &#177; 24293</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complications&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tamponade</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Esophageal perforation</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vascular complications&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization time (hours)&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (36-72)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (48-66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICU time (hours)*</td>
                    <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 11.5</td>
                    <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.487</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* Data presented as mean <underline><italic>+</italic></underline> standard deviation; &#8224; Absolute and relative frequency; &#8225; Medians and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles); ICE: Intracardiac echocardiography; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; ICU: intensive care unit.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study shows that ICE-assisted PVI is associated with a shorter procedure time and lower radiation exposure when compared to TEE-assisted PVI while maintaining the procedure&#8217;s safety. The duration of both hospitalization and ICU stay were similar between groups. The two groups also had an equivalent clinical profile, as demonstrated by a median CHADS2Vasc score of 1 in both groups and similar LVEF and AED.</p>
        <p>Identification of anatomical landmarks is of paramount importance for successful AF ablation. In a study by Toffanin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> evaluating the anatomy of the PV with TEE and magnetic resonance, only 42% of the patients had normal anatomy of the pulmonary veins with two right and left veins. Integration of images with computed tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may improve AF-free survival rate after ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Interestingly, fluoroscopic times are generally not shorter in such studies.</p>
        <p>We found a marked reduction in total procedure time. We attribute this difference mainly to the longer time to position the transesophageal probe and the operator&#8217;s ability to obtain adequate images when using the EIC immediately. TEE depended on an extra professional who needed to put on adequate protection against radiation and to reposition the probe to provide adequate images for the operator, not only at the time of transseptal puncture but also when complications were suspected and at the end of the procedure to rule out the presence of tamponade. In two cases of our series, the professional responsible for the TEE had to have waited in the room as he was urgently requested for another procedure. We chose to exclude these patients from the comparisons. In two cases, TEE could not properly identify the puncture needle or the fossa ovalis, increasing the procedure time. Other differences between the methods include the safety and the autonomy provided by the ICE, considering it allows the same operator to perform imaging and ablation simultaneously and the need for esophageal intubation in the TEE group. The total fluoroscopy time was similar between the groups, as the factors that prolonged the procedure time using TEE cannot be compensated with greater use of X-rays. In the meta-analysis by Isath et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which gathered 19 studies and compared the results of ablations performed with or without EIC, there was a reduction in both fluoroscopy and procedure time. However, it must be considered that a direct comparison was not made with TEE but with isolated fluoroscopy and/or electro-anatomical mapping.</p>
        <p>TEE is the gold standard for identifying a thrombus in the LA appendix.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> TEE is an invasive method with a complication risk of approximately 0.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ICE can improve the procedure&#8217;s outcome by reducing the risk of recurrence of AF and the risk of pulmonary vein stenosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> despite its limitation in properly identifying small branches of the pulmonary veins. Isath et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in a 14-year analysis involving several North American centers, demonstrated that the use of ICE during AFA was related to lower in-hospital mortality, lower risk of procedure complications, and shorter hospital stay. Specifically, ICE allows for faster detection of complications, including pericardial effusion, air embolism, ventricular dysfunction as a cause of hypotension, and thrombus formation in sheaths and catheters used for ablation.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis by Goya et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> evaluated the results using ICE for arrhythmia ablation. Of the 19 included studies, 14 were performed in patients with AF. The use of ICE was associated with a significantly lower fluoroscopy time, fluoroscopy dose, and shorter procedure time without compromising the clinical efficacy or safety of the procedure. Although the findings are like our study, it should be noted that the meta-analysis by Goya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> was not a direct comparison between EIC and TEE. The broad comparator group included electro-anatomical mapping, fluoroscopy, or other imaging modalities, sometimes used in conjunction with or nothing in addition to fluoroscopy. Ribeiro et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> comparing percutaneous occlusion of the left atrium guided by ICE with TEE, found similar procedure time, risk of complications, and procedure time between the two methods.</p>
        <p>There is a linear relationship between radiation dose and the risk of future malignancy. Radiation exposure is also linked to acute skin injuries, thyroid disorders, and cataracts, among other illnesses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Since no dose of radiation is considered safe, and operators may be at greater risk due to the multiple procedures they perform, it is recommended that radiation exposure be as low as possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this sense, the significantly lower dose to which patients in the ICE group were submitted is a point in favor of the method. We believe that the ICE allowed the use of images with lower intensity, which reduced the radiation dose, despite the similar fluoroscopy times.</p>
        <p>By requiring an additional 11 Fr sheath vascular access, ICE may increase the risk of vascular complications. This was not the case in our study. In the meta-analysis performed by Goya et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> there was a trend towards an increase in vascular complications with ICE (RR 1.93; 95% CI, 0.81&#8211;4.60; p = 0.14).</p>
        <p>ICE requires proper operator training in catheter manipulation and image interpretation. Because it is being progressively adopted in other forms of ablation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> we believe that it should be part of the skill set of electrophysiologists who perform complex ablations. ICE also requires a non-reusable catheter, increasing the cost of the procedure, which is at least partially offset by the reduction in the number of staff needed for the procedure and the reduction in the consumption of anesthetic medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ICE allows real-time visualization of cardiac structures and intraprocedural assessment of the catheter-tissue interface. Our sample was insufficient to compare the procedure&#8217;s effectiveness between the two methods. In a real-world study, ventricular tachycardia ablation using ICE was associated with a lower likelihood of ventricular tachycardia-related readmission at 12 months and repeat ablation when compared to ablation without the aid of ICE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A retrospective study of Medicare patients undergoing AFA found that the use of ICE was associated with a lower risk of repeat ablation (hazard ratio 0.59; 95% CI 0.37-0.92).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study suffers from some limitations. (1) Small sample size may be responsible for not detecting some differences between groups, such as length of hospitalization. (2) Lack of randomization. The use of the ICE was based on the availability of health insurance, which could systematically influence the profile of patients in each group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows that both groups had a similar profile regarding the main risk factors for AF recurrence and technical difficulty during ablation, including left atrial size, which mitigates this potential bias. Some explanations for the difference in procedure time between groups, such as operator availability in the TEE group, are due to local factors and may not reflect the reality of other institutions. (3) We did not perform a direct cost comparison between the two strategies. As the patients had different health plans, the form of reimbursement and the cost varied accordingly, preventing a homogeneous analysis of the effect of the method employed on the costs. The intracardiac echocardiogram is sold to our institution for R$ 7500.00. Regarding the TEE, the procedure time, on average 55 minutes longer, would increase room costs by R$ 1100.00, while the professional to perform the exam would have an average cost of R$ 1000.00. It is not possible to estimate the indirect cost of this greater occupation of health resources, especially during the pandemic, when 25 of the 49 ablations analyzed in the study were performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In our cohort, the use of AFA with ICE was related to shorter procedure times and less exposure to radiation without increasing the risk of complications or length of hospital stay. The increase in the initial cost of the procedure can be compensated by a lower occupancy of the operating room and the need for fewer employees trained in the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
