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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pQ9GFLMSvXMTzby7w84dMgC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000500309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220298</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antagonistas do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina e Betabloqueadores na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Cardiotoxicidade por Antraciclinas: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Suellen Rodrigues Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waldeck</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takx</surname>
            <given-names>Richard</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Radiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Medical Center Utrecht</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Utrecht</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Radiologia &#8211; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht &#8211; Holanda</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas e Epidemiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas e Epidemiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Monica Samuel Avila &#8226; Rua Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220298</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As evid&#234;ncias que embasam o uso de inibidores do sistema-renina-angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA) e betabloqueadores para preven&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatia induzida por antraciclinas s&#227;o controversas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizamos uma metan&#225;lise para avaliar a efic&#225;cia desses medicamentos na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A metan&#225;lise incluiu estudos prospectivos e randomizados com adultos submetidos &#224; quimioterapia com antraciclina e comparou o uso de terapias SRAA ou betabloqueadores versus placebo com seguimento de 6 a 18 meses. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) durante a quimioterapia. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram: a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mortalidade por todas as causas e altera&#231;&#245;es na medida do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade foi realizada por estratifica&#231;&#227;o e meta-regress&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A busca resultou em 17 estudos, totalizando 1.530 pacientes. A varia&#231;&#227;o (delta) da FEVE foi avaliada em 14 estudos. A terapia neuro-hormonal foi associada a um menor delta na FEVE pr&#233;-terapia versus p&#243;s-terapia (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada 4,42 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 2,3 a 6,6]) e maior FEVE final (p &lt; 0,001). O tratamento resultou em menor incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (risk ratio 0,45 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,3 a 0,7]). N&#227;o houve efeito na mortalidade (p = 0,3). Para a an&#225;lise da FEVE, foi documentada heterogeneidade substancial, n&#227;o explicada pelas vari&#225;veis exploradas no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O uso de inibidores do SRAA e betabloqueadores para preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas foi associado a redu&#231;&#227;o menos pronunciada da FEVE, maior FEVE final e menor incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na mortalidade. (CRD PROSPERO 42019133615)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
        <kwd>Antraciclinas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O c&#226;ncer &#233; uma das principais causas de morte no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de sobrevida em pacientes com c&#226;ncer melhorou nos &#250;ltimos anos, principalmente devido ao sucesso do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes permanece limitado devido &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es do tratamento, como a cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas, resultando em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas t&#234;m sido propostas. A preven&#231;&#227;o envolve abordagens que minimizam a exposi&#231;&#227;o da droga, resultando em menor risco de cardiotoxicidade potencial e na decis&#227;o de iniciar drogas cardioprotetoras. O uso de drogas cardiovasculares, como inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina (BRA), antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide (ARM) e betabloqueadores &#233; baseado em poucos ensaios cl&#237;nicos com resultados controversos. O uso de tratamento preventivo com IECA, BRA, ARM ou terapia com betabloqueadores em pacientes em quimioterapia com antraciclinas com baixo risco cardiovascular basal permanece incerto, e nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o pode ser feita atualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem poucas metan&#225;lises publicadas avaliando terapias com antagonistas neuro-hormonais na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade. Alguns estudos inclu&#237;ram popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e outras interven&#231;&#245;es como estatinas, dexrazoxano ou N-acetilciste&#237;na,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> enquanto outros estudos inclu&#237;ram apenas betabloqueadores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ou apenas antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Recentemente, Vaduganathan et al. publicaram uma metan&#225;lise avaliando IECA, BRA, ARM e betabloqueadores na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224; quimioterapia, incluindo antraciclina e trastuzumabe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Conforme estabelecido, os mecanismos cardiot&#243;xicos das antraciclinas e terapias anti-HER2 s&#227;o distintos, o que poderia ser um fator de confus&#227;o para o real impacto da preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade por antagonistas neuro-hormonais.</p>
      <p>Diante de evid&#234;ncias controversas que apoiam o uso de inibidores do sistema da angiotensina e betabloqueadores apenas para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas, realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise para avaliar a efic&#225;cia desses agentes como drogas profil&#225;ticas para in&#237;cio precoce de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Busca da literatura</title>
        <p>Seguimos a declara&#231;&#227;o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), e a lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o PRISMA &#233; apresentada no Material Suplementar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nosso protocolo de estudo pr&#233;-especificado foi registrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD 42019133615). Pesquisamos sistematicamente PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.Gov e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials para ensaios controlados randomizados de drogas cardioprotetoras, como betabloqueadores, IECA, BRA e ARM, em pacientes sob quimioterapia com antraciclina para avaliar a efic&#225;cia desses medicamentos na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade. A lista de termos utilizados na busca &#233; apresentada no Material Suplementar. Limitamos a busca a artigos em ingl&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, pesquisamos as refer&#234;ncias de todos os artigos identificados. Inclu&#237;mos todos os ensaios controlados randomizados usando medicamentos cardioprotetores no bra&#231;o ativo (IECA, betabloqueador, BRA ou ARM) comparados com placebo ou tratamento usual, com seguimento de 6 a 18 meses, que relataram a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca avaliada por ecocardiograma ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, di&#226;metros card&#237;acos e/ou desfechos cl&#237;nicos (morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Exclu&#237;mos resumos, estudos com per&#237;odos de seguimento mais curtos, popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, estudos sem bra&#231;o controle e estudos n&#227;o randomizados. Nenhum paciente foi inclu&#237;do, e todos os dados do estudo s&#227;o an&#244;nimos; portanto, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica ou conselho de revis&#227;o institucional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e desfechos</title>
        <p>Dois investigadores (M.S.A. e S.R.R.S.) extra&#237;ram dados de forma independente usando um formul&#225;rio padronizado, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas do estudo (desenho, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o), caracter&#237;sticas da interven&#231;&#227;o (medicamento cardioprotetor), caracter&#237;sticas do paciente (idade, sexo, fatores de risco card&#237;aco, malignidade) e desfechos. Para os desfechos, definimos a priori o desfecho prim&#225;rio de altera&#231;&#227;o (delta) na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) desde a linha de base at&#233; o final do estudo. Desfechos secund&#225;rios definidos a priori inclu&#237;ram mortes por todas as causas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e altera&#231;&#245;es (delta) na medi&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final por ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese de dados</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma s&#237;ntese narrativa dos achados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, que compreendia descri&#231;&#227;o do tipo de tratamento, caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, desfechos e conte&#250;do da interven&#231;&#227;o. Fornecemos resumos dos efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o para cada estudo, calculando as <italic>odds ratios</italic> para resultados dicot&#244;micos e diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias ponderadas para os desfechos cont&#237;nuos. Para estudos que n&#227;o relataram as diferen&#231;as longitudinais nas mudan&#231;as dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao longo do tempo, usamos as diferen&#231;as relatadas com desvios-padr&#227;o, erros-padr&#227;o ou intervalos de confian&#231;a. Para os estudos que n&#227;o relataram nenhuma das medidas de dispers&#227;o para a altera&#231;&#227;o (delta), os erros-padr&#227;o foram derivados do desvio-padr&#227;o das pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-medidas, inserindo os valores das correla&#231;&#245;es entre o pr&#233;-teste e o p&#243;s-teste, com base na correla&#231;&#227;o derivada de outros estudos nos quais tivemos acesso a dados individuais do n&#237;vel do paciente para derivar os coeficientes. A descri&#231;&#227;o dos resultados dos ensaios e os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o est&#227;o detalhados no Material Suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Imaginamos que um grande n&#250;mero de estudos com diferentes desfechos e interven&#231;&#245;es pudesse resultar em uma alta heterogeneidade, assim, realizamos todas as an&#225;lises usando modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. Al&#233;m disso, quando a heterogeneidade medida pelo teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> e o I<sup>2</sup> era superior a 50%, indicando heterogeneidade substancial, realiz&#225;vamos an&#225;lises adicionais de acordo com a qualidade do estudo, data do estudo, tipo de medicamento usado para tratamento, dose de antraciclina e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Esta an&#225;lise foi realizada usando metan&#225;lises estratificadas para preditores categ&#243;ricos e meta-regress&#227;o para preditores cont&#237;nuos. Tamb&#233;m avaliamos evid&#234;ncias de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o usando gr&#225;ficos de funil. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no Stata 17.0 (StataCorp, Estados Unidos), e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Dois investigadores (M.S.A. e S.R.R.S.) avaliaram independentemente a qualidade dos estudos usando a ferramenta da Cochrane Collaboration para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s em ensaios randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> As discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade dos ensaios</title>
        <p>Dois investigadores (M.S.A. e S.R.R.S.) avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos usando a Ferramenta de Risco de Vi&#233;s Cochrane. Em particular, a avalia&#231;&#227;o considerou: gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o, oculta&#231;&#227;o de participantes e da equipe, oculta&#231;&#227;o de desfecho e avalia&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o de dados e outros vieses. A qualidade do estudo &#233; detalhada no Material Suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A busca sistem&#225;tica resultou em 355 artigos potencialmente relevantes. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios que n&#227;o atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, com per&#237;odo de seguimento inferior a 6 meses, ensaios n&#227;o randomizados, sem controle com placebo e popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, foram inclu&#237;dos 17 ensaios na an&#225;lise. O diagrama para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos de 2006 a 2018 com 1.530 pacientes tiveram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o semelhantes, exceto pelo tipo de c&#226;ncer, embora o c&#226;ncer de mama tenha sido a doen&#231;a mais frequente. As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e os dados demogr&#225;ficos basais dos pacientes est&#227;o presentes na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Sete estudos eram duplo-cegos, enquanto 3 eram simples-cegos e 7 n&#227;o eram cegos. O seguimento foi de 6 meses em 13 ensaios cl&#237;nicos e de 12 meses em 3 ensaios. Dez dos estudos testaram a influ&#234;ncia de betabloqueadores (carvedilol, metoprolol ou nebivolol); dois testaram IECA (enalapril); um testou BRA (telmisartan ou candesartan); um avaliou o antagonismo da aldosterona (espironolactona); dois analisaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de IECA e betabloqueador, e um testou a associa&#231;&#227;o de BRA e betabloqueador.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos randomizados. Estudos que utilizaram mais de um medicamento cardioprotetor foram desmembrados para melhor an&#225;lise. Todos os estudos adotaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Ano</th>
                <th>MCPT</th>
                <th>FEM, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>FEM, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>Idade, CTL (anos)+</th>
                <th>Idade, MED (anos)+</th>
                <th>Pts, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>Pts, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup></th>
                <th>Malignidade</th>
                <th>ANT</th>
                <th>HPTN clt n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>HPTN, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>DM clt n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>DM, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>HLP, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>HLP, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>Fumante, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>Fumante, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>Radia&#231;&#227;o, CTL n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>Radia&#231;&#227;o, MED n<sup><bold>o</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                <th>Seguimento (meses)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">46,8</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">LIN, CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">LA, CM, SE, LH, MLM, LNH</td>
                <td align="center">EPI, IDA, DAU</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">MTPL</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">LH, LNH</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Georgakopoulos</td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,4</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">LH, LNH</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Salehi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL*</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">LIN, CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dess&#236;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">TMST</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">LNH, CM, outras</td>
                <td align="center">EPI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">NBVL</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">5 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bosch/OVERCOME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">ENLP, CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">50,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">LA, LH, LNH</td>
                <td align="center">IDA, DAU</td>
                <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elitok<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2014</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
                <td align="center">54,3</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Akpek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2014</td>
                <td align="center">ESPL</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">50,6</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gulati/PRADA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">CDST, MTPL</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">EPI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gulati/PRADA</td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">CDST</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
                <td align="center">51,7</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">EPI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gulati/PRADA</td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">MTPL</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">EPI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jhorawat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">38,7</td>
                <td align="center">43,89</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">LNH, LH, LA</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beheshti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">39,9</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nabati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2017</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">47,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Janbabai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2017</td>
                <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">47,7</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">CM, LH, outras</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abuosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL**</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">40,4</td>
                <td align="center">46,1</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">CM, LIN outras</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cochera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">NBVL</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avila/CECCY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
                <td align="center">50,8</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">CM</td>
                <td align="center">DOX</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ANT: antraciclina; CDST: candesartan; CM: c&#226;ncer de mama; CTL: grupo controle; CVDL: carvedilol; DAU: daunorrubicina; DM: diabetes mellitus; DOX: doxorrubicina; ENLP: enalapril; EPI: epirrubicina; ESPL: espironolactona; FEM: pacientes do sexo feminino; HLP: hiperlipidemia; HPTN: hipertens&#227;o; IDA: idarrubicina; LA: leucemia aguda; LH: linfoma de Hodgkin; LIN: linfoma; LNH: linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin; MCPT: medicamento cardioprotetor; MED: grupo que recebeu o tratamento medicamentoso; MLM: mieloma; MTPL: metoprolol; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; No: n&#250;mero de pacientes; NBVL: nebivolol; Outras: endom&#233;trio; gl&#226;ndula salivar; ov&#225;rio; c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o; tumor de Wilms; Pts: pacientes; SE: sarcoma de Ewing; TMST: telmisartana. + A idade foi expressa em mediana. * O estudo testou as doses de 12,5 mg e 25 mg.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os 17 estudos avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e 10 estudos analisaram o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) para a detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade por ecocardiografia. A doxorrubicina foi a quimioterapia com antraciclina mais frequentemente inclu&#237;da nos ensaios, e a dose cumulativa mediana (faixa interquartil) foi de 241 (240 a 369) mg/m<sup>2</sup> no grupo placebo e 286 (254,2 a 383) no grupo dos medicamentos cardioprotetores.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#227;o absoluta na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
        <p>Catorze estudos analisaram o delta da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Os valores de FEVE e DDVE desde a linha de base at&#233; o final dos estudos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Os resultados agrupados mostraram que os pacientes que receberam betabloqueadores e bloqueadores do SRAA apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es menos acentuados na FEVE do que o grupo controle (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada do delta da FEVE: 4,42; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 2,27 a 6,57; p = 0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). No entanto, foi observada heterogeneidade significativa, mesmo ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o por medicamento usado no tratamento (I<sup>2</sup> = 92,7%), embora os tamanhos de efeito fossem compar&#225;veis para todos os medicamentos. Metarregress&#245;es adicionais usando idade, dose cumulativa de antraciclinas ou ano do estudo n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar qualquer fator associado &#224; heterogeneidade.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es da FEVE e DDFVE. Estudos que utilizaram mais de um medicamento cardioprotetor foram desmembrados para melhor an&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th>DCANT, CTL (mg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</th>
                  <th>DCANT, MED (mg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</th>
                  <th>FEVE basal, CTL (%)</th>
                  <th>FEVE basal, MED (%)</th>
                  <th>FEVE final do estudo, CTL (%)</th>
                  <th>FEVE final do estudo, MED (%)</th>
                  <th>DDFVE basal, CTL (mm)</th>
                  <th>DDFVE basal, MED (mm)</th>
                  <th>DDFVE final do estudo, CTL (mm)</th>
                  <th>DDFVE final do estudo, MED (mm)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">513,6</td>
                  <td align="center">525,3</td>
                  <td align="center">69,7 <underline>+</underline> 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6 <underline>+</underline> 8</td>
                  <td align="center">52,3 <underline>+</underline> 14</td>
                  <td align="center">69,7 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6 <underline>+</underline> 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">50,9 <underline>+</underline> 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">47,4 <underline>+</underline> 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">338 <underline>+</underline> 167</td>
                  <td align="center">332 <underline>+</underline> 191</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 <underline>+</underline> 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9 <underline>+</underline> 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">51,9 <underline>+</underline> 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">61,3 <underline>+</underline> 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">386,4 <underline>+</underline> 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">387,5 <underline>+</underline> 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6 <underline>+</underline> 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 <underline>+</underline> 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3 <underline>+</underline> 7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                  <td align="center">47 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Georgakopoulos</td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">386,4 <underline>+</underline> 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">373,1 <underline>+</underline> 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6 <underline>+</underline> 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 <underline>+</underline> 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 <underline>+</underline> 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 <underline>+</underline> 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                  <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">50 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Salehi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>Carvedilol 12.5 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">540,2 <underline>+</underline> 31,1</td>
                  <td align="center">531,5 <underline>+</underline> 29,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,56 <underline>+</underline> 3,62</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5 <underline>+</underline> 5,07</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9 <underline>+</underline> 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,1 <underline>+</underline> 7,76</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 <underline>+</underline> 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7 <underline>+</underline> 0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6 <underline>+</underline> 0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">45 <underline>+</underline> 0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Salehi Carvedilol 25 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">540,2 <underline>+</underline> 31,1</td>
                  <td align="center">521,14&#177; 38,97</td>
                  <td align="center">58,56 <underline>+</underline> 3,62</td>
                  <td align="center">61 <underline>+</underline> 7,06</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9 <underline>+</underline> 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">56,8 <underline>+</underline> 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 <underline>+</underline> 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3 <underline>+</underline> 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6 <underline>+</underline> 0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 <underline>+</underline> 0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dess&#236;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 7</td>
                  <td align="center">65<underline>+</underline> 7</td>
                  <td align="center">68 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">235 <underline>+</underline> 48</td>
                  <td align="center">527 <underline>+</underline> 29</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">65,6 <underline>+</underline> 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">57,5 <underline>+</underline> 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 <underline>+</underline> 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">47,2 <underline>+</underline> 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">47 <underline>+</underline> 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">52 <underline>+</underline> 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bosch Overcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">241 <underline>+</underline> 162</td>
                  <td align="center">290 <underline>+</underline> 189</td>
                  <td align="center">62,59 <underline>+</underline> 5,38</td>
                  <td align="center">61,67 <underline>+</underline> 5,11</td>
                  <td align="center">59 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                  <td align="center">62 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elitok<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2014</td>
                  <td align="center">523,3</td>
                  <td align="center">535,6</td>
                  <td align="center">65 <underline>+</underline> 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3 <underline>+</underline> 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">64,1 <underline>+</underline> 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3 <underline>+</underline> 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">45 <underline>+ </underline>14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">44,1 <underline>+</underline> 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 <underline>+</underline> 3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Akpek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2014</td>
                  <td align="center">394,2</td>
                  <td align="center">430,2</td>
                  <td align="center">67,7 <underline>+</underline> 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">67 <underline>+</underline> 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">53,6 <underline>+</underline> 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 <underline>+</underline> 7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">46 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  <td align="center">46 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  <td align="center">52 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati PRADA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>candesartam +metoprolol</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">301,3 <underline>+</underline> 75,57</td>
                  <td align="center">297,3 <underline>+</underline> 72,5</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6 <underline>+</underline> 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">62,2 <underline>+</underline> 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati PRADA canndesartan</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">301,3 <underline>+</underline> 71,57</td>
                  <td align="center">297,5 <underline>+</underline> 71,8</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6 <underline>+</underline> 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3 <underline>+</underline> 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center">61,63</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati PRADA metoprolol</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">301,3 <underline>+</underline> 75,57</td>
                  <td align="center">301,3 <underline>+</underline> 72,5</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6 <underline>+</underline> 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 <underline>+</underline> 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center">60,8</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jhorawat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">252,6 <underline>+</underline> 77,82</td>
                  <td align="center">267,3 <underline>+</underline> 76,1</td>
                  <td align="center">67,56<underline>+</underline> 5,98</td>
                  <td align="center">63,19<underline>+</underline> 7,22</td>
                  <td align="center">60,82<underline>+</underline> 11,28</td>
                  <td align="center">63,88<underline>+</underline> 8,56</td>
                  <td align="center">47,24<underline>+</underline> 5,13</td>
                  <td align="center">46,35<underline>+</underline> 7,71</td>
                  <td align="center">48,5 <underline>+</underline> 5,75</td>
                  <td align="center">47,95 <underline>+ </underline>5,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beheshti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">59,41<underline>+</underline> 4,20</td>
                  <td align="center">61,31<underline>+</underline> 3,21</td>
                  <td align="center">59,30 <underline>+</underline> 4,29</td>
                  <td align="center">61,06 <underline>+</underline> 3,39</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nabati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">359,9 <underline>+</underline> 27,1</td>
                  <td align="center">348,5 <underline>+</underline> 34,8</td>
                  <td align="center">61,13 <underline>+</underline> 4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">58,72 <underline>+</underline> 4,69</td>
                  <td align="center">51,67 <underline>+</underline> 6,01</td>
                  <td align="center">57,44 <underline>+</underline> 7,52</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Janbabai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">266,6 <underline>+</underline> 21,7</td>
                  <td align="center">363,3 <underline>+</underline> 34,8</td>
                  <td align="center">59,61 <underline>+</underline> 5,70</td>
                  <td align="center">59,39 <underline>+</underline> 6,95</td>
                  <td align="center">46,31 <underline>+</underline> 7,04</td>
                  <td align="center">59,93 <underline>+</underline> 7,83</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abuosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Carvedilol 6.25 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">265,6 <underline>+</underline> 98,5</td>
                  <td align="center">252 <underline>+</underline> 65</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 <underline>+</underline> 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4 <underline>+</underline> 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 <underline>+</underline> 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4 <underline>+</underline> 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 <underline>+</underline> 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 <underline>+</underline> 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 <underline>+</underline> 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">46,8 <underline>+</underline> 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abuosa Carvedilol 12.5 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">265,6 <underline>+</underline> 98,5</td>
                  <td align="center">282 <underline>+</underline> 78</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 <underline>+</underline> 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 <underline>+</underline> 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 <underline>+</underline> 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 <underline>+</underline> 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 <underline>+</underline> 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 <underline>+</underline> 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 <underline>+</underline> 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 <underline>+</underline> 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abuosa Carvedilol 25 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">265,6 <underline>+</underline> 98,5</td>
                  <td align="center">261 <underline>+</underline> 101</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 <underline>+</underline> 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5 <underline>+</underline> 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 <underline>+</underline> 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">60,4 <underline>+</underline> 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 <underline>+</underline> 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 <underline>+</underline> 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 <underline>+</underline> 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">45,5 <underline>+</underline> 5,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cochera<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">519 <underline>+</underline> 9</td>
                  <td align="center">521 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                  <td align="center">61<underline>+</underline> 2</td>
                  <td align="center">62<underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  <td align="center">60 <underline>+</underline> 3</td>
                  <td align="center">61 <underline>+</underline> 3</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 <underline>+</underline> 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">45,1<underline>+</underline> 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1 <underline>+</underline> 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2 <underline>+</underline> 2,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Avila CECCY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 <underline>+</underline> 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8 <underline>+</underline> 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 <underline>+</underline> 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 <underline>+</underline> 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">44,9 <underline>+</underline> 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">44,1 <underline>+</underline> 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">46,4 <underline>+</underline> 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">45,2 <underline>+</underline> 3,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CTL: grupo controle; DCANT: dose cumulativa de antraciclinas; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MED: grupo que recebeu o tratamento medicamentoso; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; No: n&#250;mero de pacientes. + A avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE foi realizada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. ** O estudo testou as doses de 6,25 mg, 12,5 mg e 25 mg.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Antagonistas do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina e Betabloqueadores na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Cardiotoxicidade por Antraciclinas: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Impacto dos medicamentos cardioprotetores na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: risk ratio; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade</title>
        <p>Doze estudos relataram a influ&#234;ncia de drogas neuro-hormonais e betabloqueadores na incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e onze na morte. No entanto, ap&#243;s agrupar os resultados dos doze estudos, a presen&#231;a de medicamentos cardioprotetores foi associada a menos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante e ap&#243;s o uso de antraciclina (<italic>risk ratio</italic> 0,45; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,28 a 0,72; p = 0,32; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A heterogeneidade entre os estudos n&#227;o foi significativa (I<sup>2</sup> = 11,18%), e nenhum vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o potencial foi identificado. Os n&#250;meros absolutos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#227;o relatados no Material Suplementar.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Impacto dos medicamentos cardioprotetores na ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. DMP: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RAAS: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presente metan&#225;lise analisou os efeitos protetores dos inibidores do SRAA e dos betabloqueadores contra a cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas. Selecionamos 17 ensaios randomizados e encontramos um benef&#237;cio dos agentes cardioprotetores nas altera&#231;&#245;es da FEVE e nos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A terapia neuro-hormonal foi associada a um menor delta na FEVE e menos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e n&#227;o houve efeito na mortalidade. Apesar do impacto positivo das drogas neuro-hormonais, encontramos alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos; portanto, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses achados precisa ser contextualizada, e um potencial vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerado.</p>
      <p>O campo da cardio-oncologia tem sido amplamente estudado nos &#250;ltimos 15 anos. Kalay et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mostraram, em 2006, que o uso de carvedilol pode prevenir a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o aumento dos di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes em uso de antraciclinas, sem alterar significativamente a mortalidade. Em outro estudo importante, Cardinale et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> mostraram que o uso de IECA poderia reduzir a eleva&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e prevenir a cardiotoxicidade em pacientes que apresentaram maiores altera&#231;&#245;es de troponina ap&#243;s o ciclo quimioter&#225;pico.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, o ensaio PRADA, um estudo randomizado e controlado por placebo, avaliou o uso de candesartana, metoprolol e o uso combinado de ambas as drogas na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da cardiotoxicidade da antraciclina. O estudo observou benef&#237;cio apenas com a candesartana, demonstrando menor volume extracelular avaliado pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e redu&#231;&#227;o atenuada da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O ensaio randomizado mais recentemente publicado, o CECCY Trial, foi um estudo randomizado de centro &#250;nico que testou o carvedilol como protetor card&#237;aco em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama submetidas a quimioterapia com antraciclinas. N&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mas mostrou um benef&#237;cio no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e troponina no grupo carvedilol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do desfecho de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca realizada individualmente em cada estudo n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Por&#233;m, quando analisamos a popula&#231;&#227;o total de todos os estudos, observamos melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o no grupo em uso de betabloqueadores e inibidores do SRAA, com resultados significativos.</p>
      <p>A heterogeneidade difere entre os desfechos analisados. Observamos heterogeneidade significativa na avalia&#231;&#227;o do delta da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o que potencialmente reflete a varia&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos devido a diferen&#231;as na terapia cardioprotetora, malignidade e doses de antraciclinas. Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho cl&#237;nico, observamos baixa heterogeneidade.</p>
      <p>Algumas metan&#225;lises avaliaram o impacto da terapia neuro-hormonal na cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas. Kheiri et al. avaliaram o impacto do carvedilol na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida por ANT e demonstraram um poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio atenuando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. No entanto, este estudo n&#227;o incluiu inibidores de RAAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recentemente Caspani et al. publicaram uma metan&#225;lise que avaliou as terapias neuro-hormonais nesse cen&#225;rio, incluindo um n&#250;mero menor de ensaios e tamanho amostral. Encontraram benef&#237;cio na preven&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE no bra&#231;o que recebeu o medicamento, mas n&#227;o encontraram impacto do medicamento cardioprotetor na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Vaduganathan et al. publicaram uma metan&#225;lise avaliando IECA, BRA, ARM e betabloqueadores na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224; quimioterapia, incluindo antraciclina e trastuzumabe. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que as terapias neuro-hormonais tiveram um impacto positivo na redu&#231;&#227;o do decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com alta heterogeneidade, o que &#233; consistente com nossa an&#225;lise. Apesar disso, a inclus&#227;o de um estudo com trastuzumabe pode ser um fator de confus&#227;o, j&#225; que o mecanismo de cardiotoxicidade &#233; diferente das antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados revelam a necessidade de estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores, com maior potencial para mostrar o real benef&#237;cio dos medicamentos cardioprotetores na cardiotoxicidade.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nossa metan&#225;lise tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. A maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos avaliou a FEVE usando ecocardiografia padr&#227;o, e poucos inclu&#237;ram a estrutura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Altera&#231;&#245;es na FEVE s&#227;o uma medida muito heterog&#234;nea, e n&#227;o foi relatada a variabilidade interobservador em todos os estudos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, h&#225; dados ausentes em alguns artigos, o que pode comprometer os resultados para esse desfecho. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose de antraciclina, alguns artigos relataram a dose total de antraciclina e n&#227;o relataram a dose em mg/m<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, como os estudos inclu&#237;ram diferentes antraciclinas, as doses foram diferentes entre os ensaios. Os tamanhos de amostra limitados em alguns estudos e dados ausentes sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular podem impedir an&#225;lises de subgrupos por risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conclu&#237;mos que antagonistas do SRAA e betabloqueadores para preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas foram associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o menos pronunciada da FEVE, maior FEVE final e menor incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es na mortalidade. Foi observada heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos na avalia&#231;&#227;o do delta da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o que potencialmente reflete a varia&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar mais estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores, com resultados consistentes e significativos que demonstrem o benef&#237;cio dos medicamentos cardioprotetores na cardiotoxicidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12005/2022-0298_AO_Supplement Material meta-analysis.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departmento de Radiologia &#8211; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas e Epidemiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Monica Samuel Avila &#8226; Rua Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: mo_avila@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The evidence supporting the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and beta-blockers for the prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy is controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of these drugs in preventing cardiotoxicity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The meta-analysis included prospective, randomized studies in adults receiving anthracycline chemotherapy and compared the use of RAAS inhibitors or beta-blockers versus placebo with a follow-up of 6 to 18 months. The primary outcome was change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during chemotherapy. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of heart failure, all-cause mortality, and changes in end-diastolic measurement. Heterogeneity was assessed by stratification and meta-regression. A significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The search resulted in 17 studies, totaling 1,530 patients. The variation (delta) in LVEF was evaluated in 14 studies. Neurohormonal therapy was associated with a lower delta in pre- versus post-therapy LVEF (weighted mean difference 4.42 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 6.6]) and higher final LVEF (p &lt; 0.001). Treatment resulted in a lower incidence of heart failure (risk ratio 0.45 [95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.7]). There was no effect on mortality (p = 0.3). For analysis of LVEF, substantial heterogeneity was documented, which was not explained by the variables explored in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The use of RAAS inhibitors and beta-blockers to prevent anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity was associated with less pronounced reduction in LVEF, higher final LVEF, and lower incidence of heart failure. No changes in mortality were observed. (CRD PROSPERO 42019133615)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Mineralocorticoid</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptor Antagonists Anthracyclines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cancer is one of the most important cause of death in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The incidence of survival in patients with cancer has improved over the last years, particularly due to the success of chemotherapy treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, these patients&#8217; prognosis remains limited due to treatment complications, such as cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines, resulting in heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several strategies for primary prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity have been proposed. Prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity involves approaches that minimize the exposure of the drug, resulting in lower risk of potential cardiotoxicity and the decision to initiate cardioprotective drugs. Use of cardiovascular drugs, such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), and beta-blockers are based on few clinical trials with controversial results. Use of preventive treatment with ACEI, ARB, MRA, or beta-blocker therapy in patients under anthracyclines chemotherapy with low cardiovascular baseline risk remains uncertain, and no recommendation can be made at this time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are few meta-analyses published evaluating neurohormonal antagonist therapies in preventing cardiotoxicity. Some studies included pediatric populations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and other interventions such as statins, dexrazoxane, or N-acetylcysteine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> whereas other studies include only beta-blockers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> or only renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Recently, Vaduganathan et al. published a meta-analysis evaluating ACEI, ARB, MRA, and beta-blockers in preventing chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity, including anthracycline and trastuzumab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As established, the cardiotoxicity mechanisms of anthracyclines and anti-HER2 therapies are distinct, which could be a confounding factor for the real impact of neurohormonal antagonist prevention of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>In face of controversial evidence supporting the use of angiotensin system inhibitors and beta-blockers for primary prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity alone, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of these agents as prophylactic drugs for early onset of cardiotoxicity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature search</title>
          <p>We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, and the PRISMA checklist is presented in the Supplementary Material.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our prespecified study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD 42019133615). We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.Gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials of cardioprotective drugs, such as beta-blockers, ACEI, ARB, and MRA, in patients under anthracycline chemotherapy to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in preventing cardiotoxicity. The list of terms used in the search is shown in the Supplementary Material. We limited the search to articles in English. We additionally searched the references of all articles retrieved. We included all randomized controlled trials using cardioprotective drugs on the active arm (ACEI, beta-blocker, ARB, or MRA) compared with placebo or usual care, with follow-up from 6 to 18 months, that reported cardiac function evaluated by echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiac diameters and/or clinical outcomes (death, heart failure). We excluded abstracts, studies with shorter follow-up, pediatric population, studies without control arm, and non-randomized studies. No patients were included, and all study data are anonymous; therefore, no ethics committee or institutional review board approval was needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and outcomes</title>
          <p>Two investigators (M.S.A. and S.R.R.S.) independently abstracted data using a standardized form, including study characteristics (design, inclusion and exclusion criteria), characteristics of the intervention (cardioprotective drug), patient characteristics (age, sex, cardiac risk factors, malignancy), and outcomes. For the outcomes, we defined a priori the primary outcome of change (delta) in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from baseline to the end of study. Secondary outcomes defined a priori included all-cause deaths, heart failure, and changes (delta) in measurement of end diastolic diameter by echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data synthesis</title>
          <p>We performed a narrative synthesis of the findings from the included studies, including description of the type of treatment, population characteristics, outcomes, and intervention content. We provided summaries of intervention effects for each study by calculating odds ratios for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes. For studies that did not report the longitudinal differences in the changes in echocardiographic parameters over time, we used the reported differences with standard deviations, standard errors, or confidence intervals. For the studies that did not report any of the measures of dispersion for the change (delta), the standard errors were derived from the standard deviation of the pre- and post-measurements, inputting the values of correlations between the pretest and posttest, based on the correlation derived from other studies in which we had access to individual patient level data to derive the coefficients. The description of outcomes of the trials and inclusion/exclusion criteria are detailed in the Supplementary Material.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stratification and sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>We expected that a large number of studies with different outcomes and interventions could result in a high heterogeneity. Thus, we performed all analysis using random effects models. Moreover, when the heterogeneity measured by &#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> test and the I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> were greater than 50%, indicating substantial heterogeneity, we performed additional analyses according to study quality, study date, type of drug used for treatment, anthracycline dose, and characteristics of patients included in the study. This analysis was performed using stratified meta-analyses for categorical predictors and meta-regression for continuous predictors. We also assessed evidence of publication bias using funnel plots. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 (StataCorp, United States), and the level of significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>Two investigators (M.S.A. and S.R.R.S.) independently assessed study quality using the Cochrane Collaboration&#8217;s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Disagreements were resolved by consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of trials</title>
          <p>Two investigators (M.S.A. and S.R.R.S.) assessed study quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. In particular, the assessment considered: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome and assessment, data evaluation, and other bias. Study quality is detailed in the Supplementary Material.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The systematic search resulted in 355 potentially relevant articles. After removal of trials that did not meet the inclusion criteria, with fewer than 6 months of follow up, non-randomized trials, lack of placebo control, and pediatric study, 17 trials were included in analysis. The diagram for the study selection is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. The included trials from 2006 to 2018 with 1530 patients had similar inclusion criteria except for the type of cancer, although breast cancer was the most frequent disease. The characteristics of the included studies and baseline patient demographics are present in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Seven trials were double blinded, whereas 3 were single blinded, and 7 were not blinded. The follow-up was 6 months in 13 clinical trials and 12 months in 3 trials. Ten of the studies tested the influence of beta-blockers (carvedilol, metoprolol, or nebivolol); two of them tested ACEI (enalapril); one tested ARB (telmisartan or candesartan); one evaluated aldosterone antagonism (spironolactone); two analyzed the association of ACEI and beta-blocker, and one tested the association of ARB and beta-blocker.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Trial selection process for the systematic review.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of randomized trials. Studies that used more than one cardioprotective drug were dismembered for better analysis. All the studies adopted 5% statistical significance</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="5%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Year</th>
                  <th>CPT Drug</th>
                  <th>Fem ctl no.</th>
                  <th>Fem drug no.</th>
                  <th>Age ctl (years)+</th>
                  <th>Age drug (years)+</th>
                  <th>No. pts ctl</th>
                  <th>No. pts drug</th>
                  <th>Malignancy</th>
                  <th>ANT</th>
                  <th>HPTN clt no. (%)</th>
                  <th>HPTN drug no. (%)</th>
                  <th>DM clt no. (%)</th>
                  <th>DM drug no. (%)</th>
                  <th>HLP ctl no. (%)</th>
                  <th>HLP drug no. (%)</th>
                  <th>Smoker ctl no. (%)</th>
                  <th>Smoker drug no. (%)</th>
                  <th>Radiation ctl no. (%)</th>
                  <th>Radiation drug no. (%)</th>
                  <th>FU months</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">46.8</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">LMP, BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">AL, BC, ES, HLMP, MLM, NHLMP</td>
                  <td align="center">EPI, IDA, DAU</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(4)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">MTPL</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">HLMP, NHLMP</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Georgakopoulos</td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1</td>
                  <td align="center">47.4</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">HLMP, NHLMP</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Salehi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL *</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">LMP, BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dess&#236;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">TMST</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">NHLMP, BC, others</td>
                  <td align="center">EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">NBVL</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bosch/OVERCOME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">ENLP, CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">50.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">AL, HLMP, NHLMP</td>
                  <td align="center">IDA, DAU</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(16)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(29)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(27)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elitok<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2014</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9</td>
                  <td align="center">54.3</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Akpek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2014</td>
                  <td align="center">ESPL</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">50.6</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX, EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati/PRADA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">CDST, MTPL</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati/PRADA</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">CDST</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8</td>
                  <td align="center">51.7</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gulati/PRADA</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">MTPL</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jhorawat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">38.7</td>
                  <td align="center">43.89</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">NHLMP, HLMP, AL</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beheshti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">39.9</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nabati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">47.1</td>
                  <td align="center">47.5</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Janbabai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">ENLP</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">47.7</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">BC, HLMP, others</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abuosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL**</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">40.4</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">BC, LMP, others</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cochera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">NBVL</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Avila/CECCY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">CVDL</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">BC</td>
                  <td align="center">DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>HLP: hyperlipidemia; DM: diabetes melitus; HPTN: hypertention; Ctl: control; ANT: anthracycline; DOX: doxorubicin; EPI:epirubicin; DAU: daunorubicin; IDA: idarubicin; CPT: cardioprotective; LMP: linphoma; BC- breast cancer; AL: acute leukemia; ES: Ewing&#8217;s sarcoma; HLMP: Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma; MLM: myeloma; NHLMP: non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma; Pts: patients; Others: endometrium; salivary gland; ovary; lung cancer; Wilms tumor; Fem: female; FU: follow-up ; CVDL: carvedilol ; MTPL: metoprolol; NBVL: nebivolol; CDST: candesartan; ENLP: enalapril ; ESPL: espironolactone; TMST: telmisartan; No.: number of patients; NA: not applicable. + Age was expressed as median. * The study tested the doses of 12.5 mg and 25 mg.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>All the 17 studies assessed left ventricular function, and 10 studies analyzed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) for the detection of cardiotoxicity via echocardiography. Doxorubicin was the most common anthracycline chemotherapy included in the trials and the median cumulative dose (interquartile range) was 241 (240 to 369) mg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in placebo group and 286 (254.2 to 383) in cardioprotective drug group.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Absolute change in left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
          <p>Fourteen studies analyzed the delta of ejection fraction. Values of LVEF and LVEDD from baseline to the end of the studies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Pooled results showed that patients receiving beta-blockers and RAAS blockers had less prominent changes in LVEF than the control group (weighted mean difference of the delta in LVEF: 4.42, 95% confidence interval 2.27 to 6.57, p = 0.0001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). However, significant heterogeneity was observed, even after stratification by drug used in the treatment (I-squared = 92.7%), though effect sizes were comparable for all drugs. Additional meta-regressions using age, cumulative dose of anthracyclines, or year of the study were unable to identify any factor associated with the heterogeneity.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Changes in LVEF and LVEDD. Studies that used more than one cardioprotective drug were dismembered for better analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="8%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Year</th>
                    <th>Cum. ANT dose ctl (mg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</th>
                    <th>Cum. ANT Dose Drug (mg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</th>
                    <th>LVEF baseline ctl (%)</th>
                    <th>LVEF baseline drug (%)</th>
                    <th>LVEF end of study ctl (%)</th>
                    <th>LVEF end of study drug (%)</th>
                    <th>LVEDD baseline ctl (mm)</th>
                    <th>LVEDD baseline drug (mm)</th>
                    <th>LVEDD final ctl (mm)</th>
                    <th>LVEDD final Drug (mm)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kalay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2006</td>
                    <td align="center">513.6</td>
                    <td align="center">525.3</td>
                    <td align="center">69.7 <underline>+</underline> 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">70.6 <underline>+</underline> 8</td>
                    <td align="center">52.3 <underline>+</underline> 14</td>
                    <td align="center">69.7 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">47.6 <underline>+</underline> 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">50.9 <underline>+</underline> 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">47.4 <underline>+</underline> 3.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardinale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2006</td>
                    <td align="center">338 <underline>+</underline> 167</td>
                    <td align="center">332 <underline>+</underline> 191</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8 <underline>+</underline> 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9 <underline>+</underline> 2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">51.9 <underline>+</underline> 7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">61.3 <underline>+</underline> 3.9</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Georgakopoulos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2010</td>
                    <td align="center">386.4 <underline>+</underline> 5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">387.5 <underline>+</underline> 6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">67.6 <underline>+</underline> 7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 <underline>+</underline> 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">63.3 <underline>+</underline> 7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                    <td align="center">47 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Georgakopoulos</td>
                    <td align="center">2010</td>
                    <td align="center">386.4 <underline>+</underline> 5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">373.1 <underline>+</underline> 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">67.6 <underline>+</underline> 7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.2 <underline>+</underline> 7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 <underline>+</underline> 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">63.9 <underline>+</underline> 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                    <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                    <td align="center">48 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">50 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Salehi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>Carvedilol 12.5 mg</td>
                    <td align="center">2011</td>
                    <td align="center">540.2 <underline>+</underline> 31.1</td>
                    <td align="center">531.5 <underline>+</underline> 29.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.56 <underline>+</underline> 3.62</td>
                    <td align="center">60.5 <underline>+</underline> 5.07</td>
                    <td align="center">53.9 <underline>+</underline> 3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">53.1 <underline>+</underline> 7.76</td>
                    <td align="center">41.3 <underline>+</underline> 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">41.7 <underline>+</underline> 0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6 <underline>+</underline> 0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">45 <underline>+</underline> 0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Salehi Carvedilol 25 mg</td>
                    <td align="center">2011</td>
                    <td align="center">540.2 <underline>+</underline> 31.1</td>
                    <td align="center">521.14&#177; 38.97</td>
                    <td align="center">58.56 <underline>+</underline> 3.62</td>
                    <td align="center">61 <underline>+</underline> 7.06</td>
                    <td align="center">53.9 <underline>+</underline> 3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">56.8 <underline>+</underline> 6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">41.3 <underline>+</underline> 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">39.3 <underline>+</underline> 0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6 <underline>+</underline> 0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9 <underline>+</underline> 0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dess&#236;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2011</td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 7</td>
                    <td align="center">65<underline>+</underline> 7</td>
                    <td align="center">68 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kaya<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2013</td>
                    <td align="center">235 <underline>+</underline> 48</td>
                    <td align="center">527 <underline>+</underline> 29</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">65.6 <underline>+</underline> 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">57.5 <underline>+</underline> 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 <underline>+</underline> 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">47.2 <underline>+</underline> 3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">47 <underline>+</underline> 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">52 <underline>+</underline> 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bosch Overcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2013</td>
                    <td align="center">241 <underline>+</underline> 162</td>
                    <td align="center">290 <underline>+</underline> 189</td>
                    <td align="center">62.59 <underline>+</underline> 5.38</td>
                    <td align="center">61.67 <underline>+</underline> 5.11</td>
                    <td align="center">59 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                    <td align="center">62 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elitok<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2014</td>
                    <td align="center">523.3</td>
                    <td align="center">535.6</td>
                    <td align="center">65 <underline>+</underline> 4.5</td>
                    <td align="center">66 <underline>+</underline> 6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">63.3 <underline>+</underline> 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">64.1 <underline>+</underline> 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3 <underline>+</underline> 3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">45 <underline>+ </underline>14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">44.1 <underline>+</underline> 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">44.6 <underline>+</underline> 3.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akpek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2014</td>
                    <td align="center">394.2</td>
                    <td align="center">430.2</td>
                    <td align="center">67.7 <underline>+</underline> 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">67 <underline>+</underline> 6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">53.6 <underline>+</underline> 6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7 <underline>+</underline> 7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">46 <underline>+</underline> 5</td>
                    <td align="center">46 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                    <td align="center">52 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                    <td align="center">49 <underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gulati PRADA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> candesartam +metoprolol</td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">301.3 <underline>+</underline> 75.57</td>
                    <td align="center">297.3 <underline>+</underline> 72.5</td>
                    <td align="center">63.6 <underline>+</underline> 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">62.2 <underline>+</underline> 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3</td>
                    <td align="center">61.1</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gulati PRADA canndesartan</td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">301.3 <underline>+</underline> 71.57</td>
                    <td align="center">297.5 <underline>+</underline> 71.8</td>
                    <td align="center">63.6 <underline>+</underline> 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">62.3 <underline>+</underline> 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3</td>
                    <td align="center">61.63</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gulati PRADA metoprolol</td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">301.3 <underline>+</underline> 75.57</td>
                    <td align="center">301.3 <underline>+</underline> 72.5</td>
                    <td align="center">63.6 <underline>+</underline> 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5 <underline>+</underline> 5.0</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3</td>
                    <td align="center">60.8</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jhorawat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">252.6 <underline>+</underline> 77.82</td>
                    <td align="center">267.3 <underline>+</underline> 76.1</td>
                    <td align="center">67.56<underline>+</underline> 5.98</td>
                    <td align="center">63.19<underline>+</underline> 7.22</td>
                    <td align="center">60.82<underline>+</underline> 11.28</td>
                    <td align="center">63.88<underline>+</underline> 8.56</td>
                    <td align="center">47.24<underline>+</underline> 5.13</td>
                    <td align="center">46.35<underline>+</underline> 7.71</td>
                    <td align="center">48.5 <underline>+</underline> 5.75</td>
                    <td align="center">47.95 <underline>+ </underline>5.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beheshti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">240</td>
                    <td align="center">240</td>
                    <td align="center">59.41<underline>+</underline> 4.20</td>
                    <td align="center">61.31<underline>+</underline> 3.21</td>
                    <td align="center">59.30 <underline>+</underline> 4.29</td>
                    <td align="center">61.06 <underline>+</underline> 3.39</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nabati<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">359.9 <underline>+</underline> 27.1</td>
                    <td align="center">348.5 <underline>+</underline> 34.8</td>
                    <td align="center">61.13 <underline>+</underline> 4.97</td>
                    <td align="center">58.72 <underline>+</underline> 4.69</td>
                    <td align="center">51.67 <underline>+</underline> 6.01</td>
                    <td align="center">57.44 <underline>+</underline> 7.52</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Janbabai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">266.6 <underline>+</underline> 21.7</td>
                    <td align="center">363.3 <underline>+</underline> 34.8</td>
                    <td align="center">59.61 <underline>+</underline> 5.70</td>
                    <td align="center">59.39 <underline>+</underline> 6.95</td>
                    <td align="center">46.31 <underline>+</underline> 7.04</td>
                    <td align="center">59.93 <underline>+</underline> 7.83</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abuosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>Carvedilol 6.25 mg</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">265.6 <underline>+</underline> 98.5</td>
                    <td align="center">252 <underline>+</underline> 65</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 <underline>+</underline> 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4 <underline>+</underline> 3.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 <underline>+</underline> 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4 <underline>+</underline> 3.9</td>
                    <td align="center">45.3 <underline>+</underline> 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0 <underline>+</underline> 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9 <underline>+</underline> 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">46.8 <underline>+</underline> 4.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abuosa Carvedilol 12.5 mg</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">265.6 <underline>+</underline> 98.5</td>
                    <td align="center">282 <underline>+</underline> 78</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 <underline>+</underline> 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 <underline>+</underline> 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 <underline>+</underline> 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 <underline>+</underline> 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">45.3 <underline>+</underline> 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">44.8 <underline>+</underline> 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9 <underline>+</underline> 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0 <underline>+</underline> 3.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abuosa Carvedilol 25 mg</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">265.6 <underline>+</underline> 98.5</td>
                    <td align="center">261 <underline>+</underline> 101</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 <underline>+</underline> 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">60.5 <underline>+</underline> 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 <underline>+</underline> 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">60.4 <underline>+</underline> 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">45.3 <underline>+</underline> 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">44.6 <underline>+</underline> 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9 <underline>+</underline> 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">45.5 <underline>+</underline> 5.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cochera<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">519 <underline>+</underline> 9</td>
                    <td align="center">521 <underline>+</underline> 6</td>
                    <td align="center">61<underline>+</underline> 2</td>
                    <td align="center">62<underline>+</underline> 4</td>
                    <td align="center">60 <underline>+</underline> 3</td>
                    <td align="center">61 <underline>+</underline> 3</td>
                    <td align="center">44.8 <underline>+</underline> 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">45.1<underline>+</underline> 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">46.1 <underline>+</underline> 3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">46.2 <underline>+</underline> 2.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Avila CECCY<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">240</td>
                    <td align="center">240</td>
                    <td align="center">65.2 <underline>+</underline> 3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">64.8 <underline>+</underline> 4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">63.9 <underline>+</underline> 5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">63.9 <underline>+</underline> 3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">44.9 <underline>+</underline> 3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">44.1 <underline>+</underline> 3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">46.4 <underline>+</underline> 4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">45.2 <underline>+</underline> 3.2</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Cum: cumulative; ANT: anthracycline; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; Ctl: control; No.: number of patients; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; NA: not applicable. + The evaluation of LVEF was performed by cardiac magnetic resonance. **The study tested the doses of 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg and 25 mg.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Renin-angiotensin System Antagonists and Beta-blockers in Prevention of Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Impact of cardioprotective drugs on left ventricular ejection fraction. CI: confidence interval; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RR: risk ratio.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart failure and death</title>
          <p>Twelve studies reported the influence of neurohormonal drugs and beta-blockers on the incidence of heart failure and eleven on death. However, after pooling the results from the twelve studies, the presence of cardioprotective drugs was associated with fewer symptoms of heart failure during and after anthracycline use (risk ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.72, p = 0.32, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Heterogeneity between studies was not significant (I-squared = 11.18%), and no potential publication bias was identified. The absolute numbers of heart failure and death are reported in the Supplementary Material.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Impact of cardioprotective drugs on occurrence of heart failure. CI: confidence interval; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; WMD: weighted mean difference.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-05-e20220298-20298-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present meta-analysis analyzed the protective effects of RAAS inhibitors and beta-blockers against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. We selected 17 randomized trials and found a benefit of cardioprotective agents on changes in LVEF and symptoms of heart failure. Neurohormonal therapy was associated with a lower delta in LVEF and fewer symptoms of heart failure, and there was no effect on mortality. Despite the positive impact of neurohormonal drugs, we found a high heterogeneity between the studies; thus, interpretation of these findings needs to be contextualized, and a potential for publication bias should be considered.</p>
        <p>The field of cardio-oncology has been studied extensively in the last 15 years. Kalay et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> showed, in 2006, that use of carvedilol could prevent the decrease in ejection fraction and the increase in left ventricle diameters in patients using anthracyclines, without a significant change in mortality. In another important trial, Cardinale et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> showed that the use of ACEI could reduce the elevation in left ventricular systolic diameter and prevent cardiotoxicity, in patients who had higher troponin changes after the chemotherapy cycle.</p>
        <p>More recently, the PRADA trial, a randomized, placebo-controlled study, evaluated use of candesartan, metoprolol, and combined use of both drugs in primary prevention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. The study found benefit only with candesartan, demonstrating a smaller extracellular volume assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and attenuated reduction in LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The most recent randomized trial published, the CECCY Trial, was a single-center, randomized trial that tested carvedilol as a cardiac protector in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines. It showed no significant difference in ventricular dysfunction, but it did show a benefit in left ventricular diastolic diameter and troponin in the carvedilol group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The analysis of the outcome of heart failure performed individually in each study showed no statistical difference. However, when we analyzed the total population of all studies, we observed a better outcome in the group using beta-blockers and RAAS inhibitors, with significant results.</p>
        <p>Heterogeneity differs between the analyzed outcomes. We observed significant heterogeneity in the assessment of the ejection fraction delta, which potentially reflects variation in study population due to differences in cardioprotective therapy, malignancy, and doses of anthracyclines. Regarding evaluation of the clinical outcome, we observed a low heterogeneity.</p>
        <p>Some meta-analyses evaluated the impact of neurohormonal therapy on anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Kheiri et al. evaluated the impact of carvedilol on the prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and demonstrated a possible benefit attenuating the decrease in the LVEF. However, this study did not include RAAS inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recently Caspani et al. published a meta-analysis that evaluated neurohormonal therapies in this scenario, including a smaller number of trials and sample size. They found benefit in preventing LVEF reduction in the drug arm, but did not find an impact of cardioprotective drug on heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Vaduganathan et al. published a meta-analysis evaluating ACEI, ARB, MRA, and beta-blockers in preventing chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity, including, anthracycline and trastuzumab. The authors concluded that neurohormonal therapies had a positive impact on reducing decline in left ventricular function with a high heterogeneity, which is consistent with our analysis. Nonetheless, the inclusion of a trial with trastuzumab could be a confounding factor, as the cardiotoxicity mechanism is different from anthracycline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results reveal the need for studies with larger populations, with higher potential to show the real benefit of cardioprotective drugs in cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our meta-analysis has several important limitations. The majority of the studies included evaluated LVEF using standard echocardiography, and few included left ventricular structure. Changes in LVEF are a very heterogeneous measurement, and inter-observer variability was not reported in all trials. Concerning the endpoint of heart failure, there are missing data in some articles, and this could compromise the results of this outcome. Regarding anthracycline dose, some articles reported total dose of anthracycline and did not report mg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> dose. Moreover, as the studies included different anthracyclines, the doses were different between the trials. The limited sample sizes in some trials and missing data on cardiovascular risk factors could prevent subgroup analyses by cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We conclude that RAAS antagonists and beta-blockers for prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity were associated with less pronounced reduction in LVEF, higher final LVEF, and lower incidence of heart failure. No changes in mortality were observed. Significant heterogeneity was observed across the studies in the assessment of the ejection fraction delta, which potentially reflects variation in study population. It is necessary to conduct further studies with larger populations, with consistent and significant results demonstrating the benefit of cardioprotective drugs in cardiotoxicity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12005/2022-0298_AO_Supplement Material meta-analysis.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
