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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7McCNYjZML4j9b7DQWc4hLD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230209</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, ceRNA: O Futuro da Pesquisa Cardiovascular?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gregolin</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Schmitt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5769-8337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. CEP 18618- 687. Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230209</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Epig&#234;nese Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Nucleicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar do significante avan&#231;o na biomedicina cardiovascular, as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ainda representam marcante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os indicadores mostram a import&#226;ncia do entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na g&#234;nese das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, ocorre o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, definido como altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#244;micas que resultam em modifica&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que se manifestam clinicamente como altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233;, portanto, caracterizada por anormalidades na s&#237;ntese e degrada&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas celulares.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ntese proteica &#233; dependente dos &#225;cidos ribonucleicos (RNAs). Os RNAs podem ser classificados em RNAs codificantes como o RNA mensageiro (mRNA) e RNAs n&#227;o codificantes (ncRNAs). De acordo com seu comprimento, os ncRNAs podem ser classificados em ncRNAs longos (lncRNA) e ncRNAs curtos, como os microRNAs (miRNAs). Como o pr&#243;prio nome diz, os ncRNAs n&#227;o participam da s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas, mas da regula&#231;&#227;o de RNAs codificantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o de grande n&#250;mero de lncRNAs vem sendo caracterizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os lncRNAs regulam a express&#227;o g&#234;nica por mecanismos epigen&#233;tico, transcricional e p&#243;s-transcricional e est&#227;o envolvidos no desenvolvimento de hipertrofia miocit&#225;ria e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os miRNAs regulam a express&#227;o g&#234;nica degradando ou reprimindo a tradu&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas-alvo de mRNA. Assim como os lncRNAs, os miRNAs possuem papel importante na hipertrofia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Denomina-se RNA de competi&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena (ceRNA) o mecanismo regulat&#243;rio de RNAs pelo qual, por exemplo, um lncRNA pode interagir competitivamente com um miRNA e inibir sua fun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O lncRNA solute carrier family 26 members 4 antisense RNA 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) tem sido associado com hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, os mecanismos que regulam sua express&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o esclarecidos.</p>
    <p>Nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cargiologia, Han et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> realizaram ampla investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre o papel do SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia miocit&#225;ria. Cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares isolados de camundongos neonatos foram estimulados com angiotensina II (Ang II). O desenvolvimento de hipertrofia foi acompanhado por aumento da express&#227;o do lncRNA SLC26A4-AS1. O fato que a hipertrofia foi atenuada pelo silenciamento do SLC26A4-AS1 sugere rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre a express&#227;o do SLC26A4-AS1 e o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia. O silenciamento do SLC26A4-AS1 foi associado a redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do solute carrier family 26 member 4 (SLC26A4), mostrando intera&#231;&#227;o entre os dois genes. Finalmente, a Ang II reduziu a express&#227;o do miR301a-3p e miR-301b-3p, e aumento na express&#227;o destes miRNAs suprimiu a hipertrofia induzida por Ang II. O conjunto dos dados permitiu aos autores levantar a hip&#243;tese que o SLC26A4-AS1 aumenta a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 e atua como um ceRNA para absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p e miR-301b-3p.</p>
    <p>Apesar da extensa metodologia empregada, uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; o fato que somente experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic> foram realizados. Assim, experimentos <italic>in vivo</italic> ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o papel do SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por Ang II.</p>
    <p>O estudo mostra a import&#226;ncia do entendimento da rede de intera&#231;&#227;o entre RNAs codificantes e n&#227;o codificantes na fisiopatologia da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e sugere o longo caminho a ser desvendado nessa &#225;rea.</p>
  </body>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Construction and analysis of cardiac hypertrophy-associated lncRNA-mRNA network based on competitive endogenous RNA reveal functional lncRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Han X, Li C, Ji Q, Zhang L, Xie X, Shang H, et al. SLC26A4-AS1 aggravates AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy by enhancing SLC26A4 expression. Arq Bras Cardiol.2023;120(4):20210933</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Han</surname>
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              <surname>Li</surname>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: SLC26A4-AS1 Agrava a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por AngII Aumentando a Express&#227;o de SLC26A4</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, ceRNA: The Future of Cardiovascular Research?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gregolin</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Schmitt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5769-8337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. Postal Code 18618- 687, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gustavo.mota@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Epigenesis, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Nucleic Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Despite significant advances in cardiovascular biomedicine, heart diseases still represent a major public health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiac injury is followed by cardiac remodeling, a process defined as genomic alterations triggering molecular, cellular, and interstitial modifications that manifest clinically as changes in the heart&#8217;s size, shape, and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, alterations in the synthesis and degradation of cellular proteins characterize cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <p>Protein synthesis is dependent on ribonucleic acids (RNAs). RNAs can be divided into coding RNAs, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). According to their length, ncRNAs can be classified into long ncRNAs (lncRNA) and short ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). As the name indicates, ncRNAs are not involved in protein synthesis but in modulating coding RNAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The function of a large number of lncRNAs has been characterized<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>. lncRNAs regulate gene expression by epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms and are involved in developing myocyte hypertrophy and cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> miRNAs regulate gene expression by degrading or repressing the translation of target mRNA molecules. Like lncRNAs, miRNAs play an important role in hypertrophy and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Endogenous competition RNA (ceRNA) is a regulatory mechanism of RNAs that permits, for example, an lncRNA to competitively interact with a miRNA and inhibit its function.</p>
      <p>The lncRNA solute carrier family 26 members 4 antisense RNA 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) has been associated with cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the mechanisms regulating its expression are not clear.</p>
      <p>In the of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Han et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> performed extensive research on the role of SLC26A4-AS1 in myocyte hypertrophy. Ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal mice were stimulated with angiotensin II (Ang II). The development of hypertrophy was associated with increased expression of lncRNA SLC26A4-AS1. The fact that hypertrophy was attenuated by silencing SLC26A4-AS1 suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between SLC26A4-AS1 expression and hypertrophy development. SLC26A4-AS1 silencing was accompanied by a reduced gene and protein expression of the solute carrier family 26 member 4 (SLC26A4), showing an interaction between the two genes. Finally, Ang II reduced miR301a-3p and miR-301b-3p expression, and the increase in expression of these miRNAs suppressed Ang II-induced hypertrophy. The data allowed the authors to hypothesize that SLC26A4-AS1 increases SLC26A4 expression and acts as a ceRNA for sponging miR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p.</p>
      <p>Despite the extensive methodology employed, the study&#8217;s limitation is that only <italic>in vitro</italic> experiments were performed. Thus, <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments will be needed to confirm the role of SLC26A4-AS1 in Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The study shows the importance of understanding the interaction network between coding and non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of myocardial hypertrophy and suggests a long way to go in this area.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: SLC26A4-AS1 Aggravates AngII-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Enhancing SLC26A4 Expression</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
