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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5tNS9vrnkGCKnQYsfLZfz4R</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Em Busca do Marcador Perfeito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor &#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor &#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Maurino Abreu &#8226; Av. Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. CEP 22440-901, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>maurinoabreu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230193</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Biomarcador</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncostatina M</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicoprote&#237;na 130</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior parte da morbimortalidade contempor&#226;nea. No Brasil, dados mostram crescimento dos indicadores com grande impacto socioecon&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Fatores de risco como lip&#237;dios alterados, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, diabetes, erros alimentares, fatores psicossociais e inatividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior parte do risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em todo o mundo em ambos os sexos e em todas as idades em todas as regi&#245;es, como foi bem demonstrado no Estudo INTERHEART.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a coronariana ainda gera muitas d&#250;vidas, e diversos estudos realizados ao redor do mundo buscam esclarecer o mecanismo e os fatores relacionados ao aparecimento e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, com a descri&#231;&#227;o de diversos atores, muitos dos quais tamb&#233;m est&#227;o envolvidos em outras doen&#231;as, cuja base est&#225; na atividade inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As citocinas, prote&#237;nas que modulam a fun&#231;&#227;o de outras c&#233;lulas ou da c&#233;lula que as gerou, s&#227;o apontadas como potenciais causadoras, protetoras ou regeneradoras da agress&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico. A oncostatina M, uma citocina membro da fam&#237;lia IL-6, est&#225; presente em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, assim como seu receptor (sOSMR) e a glicoprote&#237;na 130 (sgp130).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No artigo dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> os autores estudaram o comportamento desses fatores no contexto da doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica. Realizam uma elegante an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria transversal, em pacientes com crit&#233;rios de DAC (CHD e ACS) e um grupo controle sem doen&#231;a clinicamente detectada, do comportamento s&#233;rico de OSM, sOSM e gpt 130, que mostrou que pacientes com DAC tiveram significativamente n&#237;veis mais baixos de sOSMR e sgp130 e valores mais altos de OSM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, e com varia&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o e alguns medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O termo biomarcador traz o significado de um achado em exames funcionais ou de imagem que denuncia alguma altera&#231;&#227;o da normalidade, que pode representar uma doen&#231;a ou uma condi&#231;&#227;o de risco para o seu aparecimento. Na medicina, os biomarcadores s&#227;o aqueles que s&#227;o detect&#225;veis no sangue ou nas secre&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Devido &#224; sua import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular estimula a busca por marcadores diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos. In&#250;meras vari&#225;veis s&#227;o estudadas, muitas das quais j&#225; est&#227;o incorporadas aos escores de risco. Por exemplo, epidemiologia, exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores externos, como tipo de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;vel de sedentarismo, tabagismo e outras drogas, al&#233;m de fatores socioecon&#244;micos e clim&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica da pesquisa b&#225;sica em fisiopatologia &#233; essencial para gerar hip&#243;teses e identificar a complexidade do problema e sua aplicabilidade &#224; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. O que podemos esperar de um biomarcador &#224; luz do que j&#225; sabemos? O ideal seria uma medi&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e r&#225;pida, com um custo adequado e proporcional ao seu impacto, superando os m&#233;todos e par&#226;metros existentes. S&#243; assim um novo biomarcador pode ajudar na melhor tomada de decis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma abordagem m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Objetivamente, incorporar um novo biomarcador aos que j&#225; utilizamos classicamente exige que ele ofere&#231;a informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais aos j&#225; conhecidos. Para tanto, duas t&#233;cnicas de an&#225;lise s&#227;o utilizadas em estudos prospectivos: a estat&#237;stica C e o &#205;ndice de Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o Neto (RN). No primeiro m&#233;todo, a estat&#237;stica C, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar o potencial de discrimina&#231;&#227;o com o uso do biomarcador entre quem vai e quem n&#227;o vai apresentar o desfecho, enquanto o RN busca avaliar o quanto o novo biomarcador pode reclassificar indiv&#237;duos para maior risco ou menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora ainda haja muito a ser esclarecido sobre o papel de OSM, sOSMR e sgp 130 na DAC, estudos preliminares sugerem que eles podem ser &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para compreender plenamente seu papel na DAC e como podem ser utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, devendo esclarecer diversos aspectos dos efeitos antag&#244;nicos de prote&#231;&#227;o ou agravamento da doen&#231;a coronariana, conforme descrito na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A medicina personalizada &#233; um conceito que todos os m&#233;dicos devem esfor&#231;ar-se por oferecer aos seus doentes, tendo em conta que se trata de indiv&#237;duos com necessidades e padr&#245;es de doen&#231;a &#250;nicos. A tecnologia nos traz novas ferramentas para personalizar o cuidado cardiovascular, e sua perspectiva sobre esse cuidado &#233; infinita. Dispositivos m&#243;veis com sensores capazes de medir e transmitir informa&#231;&#245;es saem do campo da fic&#231;&#227;o e j&#225; permitem a medi&#231;&#227;o precisa e cont&#237;nua de dados biol&#243;gicos, registrados e analisados, por meio de aplicativos que transmitem as informa&#231;&#245;es. As novas tecnologias t&#234;m o potencial de revolucionar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o gerenciamento de doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, refor&#231;amos com nossos pacientes que um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, com alimenta&#231;&#227;o adequada, atividade f&#237;sica e controle dos fatores cl&#225;ssicos, &#233; um grande marcador de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o para uma vida saud&#225;vel.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryabov</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of increased oncostatin M with the adverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Med Biochem</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <day>15</day>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5937/jomb0-37150</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Rai</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agrawal</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Role of oncostatin-M in ECM remodeling and plaque vulnerability</article-title>
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          <year>2023</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>1</day>
          <comment>Ahead of print doi</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11010-023-04673-8</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Hung JD, Brugaletta S, Spratt JC. The future of individualized cardiovascular care: how wearables could be integrated to improve outcomes. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2022 Nov 11;24(Suppl H):H43-H47. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suac055.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Hung</surname>
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              <surname>Brugaletta</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Spratt</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Diminui&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos do Receptor Sol&#250;vel da Oncostatina M (sOSMR) e Glicoprote&#237;na 130 (sgp130) em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In Search of the Perfect Marker</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor &#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Luiz Maurino Abreu &#8226; Av. Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. Postal Code 22440-901, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: maurinoabreu@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Byomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunity</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncostatin-M</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycoprotein 130</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for most contemporary morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, data show growth in indicators with a great socioeconomic impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Risk factors such as altered lipids, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dietary errors, psychosocial factors, and physical inactivity are responsible for most of the risk of myocardial infarction worldwide in both sexes and at all ages in all regions, as was well demonstrated in the INTERHEART Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of coronary disease still raises many doubts, and several studies carried out around the world seek to clarify the mechanism and factors related to the appearance and progression of atherosclerotic disease, with the description of several actors, many of whom are also involved in other diseases, whose basis is in inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cytokines, which are proteins that modulate the function of other cells or the cell that generated them, are identified as potential causes, protectors, or regenerators of the aggression of the atherosclerotic process. Oncostatin M, a cytokine member of the IL-6 family, is present in several clinical situations, as well as its receptor (sOSMR) and glycoprotein 130 (sgp130).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the article from <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the authors studied the behavior of these factors in the context of atherosclerotic coronary disease. It performs an elegant cross-sectional exploratory analysis, in patients with CAD criteria (CHD and ACS) and a control group without clinically detected disease, of the serum behavior of OSM, sOSM, and gpt 130, which showed that patients with CAD had significantly lower levels of sOSMR and sgp130 and higher OSM values compared to controls, and with variations related to age, gender, hypertension, and some medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The term biomarker brings the meaning of a finding in functional tests or imaging denouncing some change in normality, which may represent a disease or a risk condition for its appearance. In medicine, biomarkers are those that are detectable in blood or secretions.</p>
      <p>Due to its epidemiological importance, cardiovascular disease encourages the search for diagnostic and prognostic markers. Countless variables are studied, many of which have already been incorporated into risk scores, for instance, epidemiology, exposure to external factors, such as type of diet, level of a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and other drugs, and socioeconomic and climate factors.</p>
      <p>A critical analysis of basic research in pathophysiology is essential to generate hypotheses and identify the complexity of the problem and its applicability to medical practice. What can we expect from a biomarker in light of what we already know? The ideal would be easy and quick measurement, with an adequate cost proportional to its impact, surpassing the existing methods and parameters. This is the only way a new biomarker could help in better decision-making regarding a medical approach.</p>
      <p>Objectively, incorporating a new biomarker into those we already use classically requires it to offer additional information to those already known. For this purpose, two analysis techniques are used in prospective studies: the C statistic and the Net Reclassification Index (NR). In the first method, the C statistic, it is possible to determine the potential for discrimination using the biomarker between those who will and those who will not present the outcome. At the same time, the NR seeks to assess how much the new biomarker can reclassify individuals for greater risk or less.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although much remains to be clarified about the role of OSM, sOSMR, and sgp 130 in CAD, preliminary studies suggest they may be useful in identifying patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events and assessing disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> More research is necessary to fully understand their role in CAD and how they can be used in clinical practice. It should clarify several aspects of antagonistic effects of protection or worsening of coronary disease, as described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Personalized medicine is a concept that all physicians should strive to offer their patients, keeping in mind that these are individuals with unique needs and disease patterns. Technology brings us new tools to personalize care, and its perspective on cardiovascular care is endless. Mobile devices with sensors capable of measuring and transmitting information leave the field of fiction and already allow the precise and continuous measurement of biological data, recorded and analyzed, using applications that transmit the information. New technologies have the potential to revolutionize disease prevention and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Meanwhile, let us reinforce with our patients that a healthy lifestyle, with proper nutrition, physical activity, and control of classic factors, is a great marker of good evolution for a healthy life.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Decreased Serum Levels of Soluble Oncostatin M Receptor (sOSMR) and Glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
