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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PJhFHvtkMz5DWQTGsBBp9Pk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mec&#226;nica Ventricular Esquerda: Desvendando as Vias da Resposta Cardiovascular ao Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1886-6641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gaia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <email>(UniC@RISE)</email>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (UniC@RISE), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo M. Vilela &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>eduardomvilela@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230181</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade, sendo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) uma de suas apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais desafiadoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ao longo dos anos, diversas estrat&#233;gias permitiram melhorias marcantes em sua gest&#227;o. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (um componente central dos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) &#233; atualmente uma pedra angular das estrat&#233;gias contempor&#226;neas abrangentes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tenham sido extensivamente descritos na presen&#231;a de DAC, as in&#250;meras vias mecan&#237;sticas pelas quais essa interven&#231;&#227;o exerce seus diversos efeitos n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> De fato, embora seu impacto positivo na capacidade funcional tenha sido destacado, o papel relativo do treinamento f&#237;sico na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mostrou alguma variabilidade em diferentes estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Sem deixar de ter em considera&#231;&#227;o o fato de as diferen&#231;as nos desenhos dos programas e das popula&#231;&#245;es em estudo poderem, pelo menos em parte, ajudar a explicar algumas dessas diverg&#234;ncias, o estudo dos mecanismos pelos quais o exerc&#237;cio pode ter impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (nomeadamente no contexto da DAC) continua a ser um tema de grande interesse.</p>
    <p>Avan&#231;os nas modalidades de imagem t&#234;m permitido uma compreens&#227;o cada vez mais precisa da fisiologia da DCV e do impacto de diferentes processos patol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) continue sendo o par&#226;metro mais onipresente para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), outros par&#226;metros, como os derivados da imagem de deforma&#231;&#227;o, t&#234;m sido cada vez mais destacados para tentar resolver algumas das armadilhas relacionadas &#224; FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A esse respeito, a no&#231;&#227;o de que diferentes orienta&#231;&#245;es das fibras e sua intera&#231;&#227;o complexa e din&#226;mica podem ser a chave para a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE levou progressivamente ao conceito de que o desenho estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o tem um papel particularmente central em sua biomec&#226;nica e, portanto, em sua fun&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Isto tamb&#233;m enfatizou a poss&#237;vel relev&#226;ncia de par&#226;metros como o strain longitudinal global (GLS) e medidas auxiliares, como a tor&#231;&#227;o e o twist do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Conforme detalhado anteriormente, eles podem permitir insights sobre os mecanismos de acoplamento entre s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, Lima et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> fornecem dados interessantes sobre a resposta da DCV ao treinamento f&#237;sico em um grupo de pacientes ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste elegante estudo, sobreviventes de IM agudo (Killip classes I ou II) que tinham FEVE &gt; 40% e que n&#227;o relataram praticar atividade f&#237;sica regular antes do evento DCV foram randomizados para um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado (duas vezes por semana durante quatro meses) ou um grupo controle. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o DCV detalhada, incluindo teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e ecocardiografia, incorporando speckle tracking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesta an&#225;lise, abrangendo 53 pacientes (principalmente homens, 57% com hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via, 30% diab&#233;ticos), aqueles randomizados para treinamento f&#237;sico tiveram melhorias significativas na capacidade funcional durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, como atestado por aumentos no pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em termos de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre o in&#237;cio e o final do estudo na FEVE em nenhum dos grupos. Notavelmente, o mesmo foi observado em termos de GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Conforme habilmente aludido pelos autores, ainda existem alguns obst&#225;culos sobre os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico no GLS, pois, embora os dados concordem com os achados atuais, tamb&#233;m h&#225; relatos de um potencial benef&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio em termos de GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Quanto &#224; FE, tamb&#233;m neste contexto, as diferen&#231;as entre os desenhos (nomeadamente ao n&#237;vel dos protocolos de treino e das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos doentes) devem ser ponderadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Curiosamente, no presente estudo, uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi relatada na rota&#231;&#227;o basal, velocidade de twist e tor&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Conforme reconhecido, essa redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade de twist tamb&#233;m foi relatada em um estudo n&#227;o randomizado em pacientes do sexo masculino ap&#243;s IAM submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Embora, conforme habilmente discutido pelos autores, v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais, como o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em estudo, bem como quest&#245;es t&#233;cnicas relacionadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de strain, devem ser ponderados, mas esses achados fornecem um importante incremento &#224; literatura atual no campo, expandindo ainda mais a base de evid&#234;ncias para estudos futuros sobre esse t&#243;pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico tem um papel primordial no continuum da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#192; medida que a medicina cardiovascular continua a evoluir para fornecer uma abordagem cada vez mais personalizada para o paciente individual, em uma era que reflete a crescente complexidade e heterogeneidade da DAC, os dados derivados de diferentes modalidades sobre os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico no cora&#231;&#227;o podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes na busca intermin&#225;vel para uma maior personaliza&#231;&#227;o desta interven&#231;&#227;o fundamental.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Influ&#234;ncia do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico sobre a Mec&#226;nica de Contra&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Ventricular Mechanics: Untwisting the Pathways of the Cardiovascular Response to Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1886-6641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (UniC@RISE), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Eduardo M. Vilela &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal E-mail: eduardomvilela@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascuar Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with coronary artery disease (CAD) being one of its most challenging presentations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O<italic>v</italic>er the years, several strategies have allowed marked improvements in its management. Physical exercise (a core component of cardiac rehabilitation programs) is currently a cornerstone of comprehensive contemporary secondary prevention strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> While the benefits of physical exercise have been extensively described in the presence of CAD, the myriad mechanistic pathways by which this intervention exerts its various effects have yet to be fully ascertained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Indeed, while its positive impact on functional capacity has been highlighted, the relative role of exercise training in systolic function has shown some variability across different studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> While considering that differences in program designs and populations under study could, at least partially, help explain some of these divergences, the study of the mechanisms by which exercise could impact cardiac function (namely in the setting of CAD) remains a topic of considerable interest.</p>
      <p>Advances in imaging modalities have allowed for an ever more precise understanding of CV physiology and the impact of different pathological processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> While ejection fraction (EF) remains the most ubiquitous parameter to assess left ventricular (LV) systolic function, other parameters, such as those derived from deformation imaging, have increasingly come under the spotlight to try to address some of the pitfalls related to EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this regard, the notion that different fiber orientations and their complex and dynamic interplay could be key to LV function has progressively led to the concept that the heart&#8217;s structural design has a particularly central role in its biomechanics and, thus, its overall function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These have also underscored the possible relevance of parameters such as global longitudinal strain (GLS) and ancillary measures such as LV twist and torsion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As previously detailed, these could allow insights into the coupling mechanisms between systole and diastole and global cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this background, Lima et al. provide interesting data on the CV response to exercise training in a group of patients after an acute myocardial infarction (MI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this elegant study, acute MI survivors (Killip classes I or II) who had an LVEF &gt;40% and who did not report performing regular physical activity prior to the CV event were randomized to a supervised exercise training program (twice a week for four months) or a control group. Subsequently, patients underwent a detailed CV assessment, including cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing and echocardiography, incorporating speckle tracking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this analysis encompassing 53 patients (mostly male subjects, 57% with prior hypertension, 30% diabetics), those randomized to exercise training had significant improvements in functional capacity over the study period, as attested to by increases in peak oxygen consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Regarding echocardiographic parameters, no differences between the study&#8217;s beginning and end were present on LVEF in either group. Notably, the same was observed in terms of GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As expertly alluded to by the authors, there are still some hindrances concerning the effects of exercise training in GLS, as while data concurs with the current findings, there are also reports of a potential benefit of exercise in terms of GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As for EF, also in this setting, differences between designs (namely in terms of training protocols and baseline patient characteristics) should be pondered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Interestingly, in the present study, a significant difference between groups was reported in basal rotation, twist velocity, and torsion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As acknowledged, this reduction in twist velocity has also been reported in a non-randomized study on male patients after a MI who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> While, as expertly discussed by the authors, several potential limitations, such as the number of individuals under study as well as technical issues related to strain assessment, should be pondered, these findings nonetheless provide an important increment to the current literature on the field, further expanding the evidence base for future studies on this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Exercise training has a paramount role across the continuum of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As CV medicine continues to evolve to provide an increasingly tailored approach to the individual patient, in an era reflective of the growing complexity and heterogeneity of CAD, data derived from different modalities into the effects of exercise training on the heart could provide important insights on the unending quest for further personalization of this pivotal intervention.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Influence of Physical Training after a Myocardial Infarction on Left Ventricular Contraction Mechanics</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
