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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MkDyvVk6qsXGtF4ZQ5FJ9Jt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eletrocardiograma de Jogadores de Futebol de Elite Brasileiros: Preenchendo uma Lacuna</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (CardioEx-HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350.CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230090</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Programa de Rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Futebol</kwd>
        <kwd>Origem &#201;tnica e Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita de um atleta aparentemente saud&#225;vel &#233; uma trag&#233;dia, e a real incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de atletas &#233; controversa. Embora estimativas de estudos conduzidos nos Estados Unidos (EUA) e na Europa sejam limitadas por v&#225;rias quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, sabe-se que o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em atividades esportivas e treinos aumenta em 2,5 a 4,5 o risco de parada card&#237;aca e MSC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao observado em n&#227;o atletas e atletas recreativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por outro lado, um achado consistente nos estudos &#233; o fato de que atletas do sexo masculino t&#234;m uma incid&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s a cinco vezes maior de MSC que atletas do sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, muito tem se discutido acerca do papel do eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (ECG) na preven&#231;&#227;o de MSC em atletas jovens. Estudos conduzidos em diferentes partes do mundo foram publicados, e consensos de especialistas foram desenvolvidos a fim de padronizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo peculiar de ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Segundo o crit&#233;rio internacional de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG em atletas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> um documento que representou um consenso internacional de experts para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG em atletas, a inclus&#227;o do exame na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o foi eficaz na detec&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as estruturais mais comuns, principalmente cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito e/ou esquerdo, al&#233;m de algumas canalopatias.</p>
      <p>Vale mencionar que, em uma coorte de jogadores de futebol adolescentes no Reino Unido, o n&#250;mero de atletas com ECG anormal foi reduzido em 57% ao se aplicar o crit&#233;rio internacional (1,8%) no lugar do crit&#233;rio de Seattle (4,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista do Brasil, parece &#243;bvio que cardiologistas e m&#233;dicos do esporte devam compreender as nuances do ECG do atleta, um exame aparentemente simples, mas com in&#250;meras particularidades. Al&#233;m disso, considerando que o Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s com milhares de jogadores de futebol, seria importante conhecer o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de jovens jogadores, uma vez que as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis, tanto cl&#237;nicas como para fins de pesquisa, s&#227;o provenientes de coortes internacionais que podem n&#227;o representar adequadamente nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em jogadores de futebol de elite Brasileiros</title>
      <p>O futebol &#233; um esporte muito popular no Brasil, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o esporte e o pa&#237;s &#233; &#250;nica, e reconhecida mundialmente. Contudo, recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre o ECG para atletas brasileiros nunca foram publicadas. Ainda, h&#225; falta de dados consistentes obtidos de uma grande coorte de jogadores profissionais de futebol em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>A necessidade de informa&#231;&#245;es refinadas, em larga escala, sobre o ECG de atletas brasileiros merece nossa aten&#231;&#227;o e deve ser prioridade por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es. Primeiro, dados de coortes internacionais, com hist&#243;ricos e preval&#234;ncias de achados diferentes (por exemplo: o padr&#227;o de onda T em pessoas africanas e afro-caribenhas), s&#227;o rotineiramente usados para a avalia&#231;&#245;es de atletas brasileiros. Segundo, o com&#233;rcio de escravos no passado distante, e posterior imigra&#231;&#227;o de europeus a regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do Brasil, resultou em uma popula&#231;&#227;o composta por grupos &#233;tnicos intensamente miscigenados, com contrastes regionais marcantes. Por isso, a preval&#234;ncia dos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos dos indiv&#237;duos pode se diferenciar de acordo com seu local de nascimento.</p>
      <p>Assim, o que explicaria a falta de dados de jogadores de futebol brasileiros apesar de sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica? Acreditamos que isso se deve a fatores como a falta de esfor&#231;os coordenados, a aus&#234;ncia de cardiologistas e a falta de coletas de dados em clubes profissionais. Por sinal, construir um banco de dados com atletas de todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s para se obter uma amostra realmente representativa &#233; desafiador, por&#233;m necess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>A quest&#227;o da etnia &#233; particularmente importante, uma vez que ela surgiu nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas como um dos principais determinantes de altera&#231;&#245;es e adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em atletas. Um dos avan&#231;os nessa &#225;rea foi o reconhecimento do padr&#227;o &#8220;africano/afro-caribenho&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> como uma variante normal em atletas dessas etnias (ou seja, invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V4, precedida por eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J e eleva&#231;&#227;o convexa do segmento ST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram encontrados sinais de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca nesses atletas, sendo esse padr&#227;o adicionado nos crit&#233;rios internacionais para interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG em atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ainda, j&#225; foi bem documentado que atletas negros apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce, e invers&#227;o da onda T em compara&#231;&#227;o a atletas brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, h&#225; uma preval&#234;ncia significativa de jogadores de futebol pardos (mesti&#231;os), e tal mistura de ra&#231;as n&#227;o foi contemplada nas diretrizes sobre ECG de atletas. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o predominantemente para atletas brancos e negros, e essa classifica&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria &#233; inadequada e sujeita a erro em muitos aspectos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de jogadores de futebol brasileiros. De fato, dados oriundos de atletas pardos s&#227;o escassos. Malhotra et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>verificaram que atletas pardos apresentaram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, mas ainda h&#225; muito o que aprender. Por exemplo, qual a preval&#234;ncia e a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do padr&#227;o &#8220;africano/afro-caribenho&#8221; nos atletas de etnia parda? Devemos lembrar que esses atletas possivelmente tenham alguma ancestralidade negra.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, nosso grupo (CardioEx-HCPA) est&#225; analisando quais atletas de etnia parda apresentam essa variante e quais os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos correspondentes. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que respostas a essas perguntas possam guiar estrat&#233;gias mais adequadas para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG desses atletas. De fato, para superar a escassez de dados relacionados &#224; cardiologia do esporte no Brasil, nosso grupo tem tentado esclarecer essas e outras quest&#245;es. Por exemplo, estamos avaliando uma s&#233;rie de vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de uma grande coorte de jogadores de futebol de elite brasileiros de etnia branca, parda, e negra, das cinco regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s (atualmente, mais de 5000 atletas com idade entre 15 e 35 anos, de 56 clubes profissionais localizados em 16 estados e 42 cidades), um projeto chamado &#8220;<italic>B-Pro Foot ECG Study</italic>&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Demonstramos uma maior preval&#234;ncia de achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos compat&#237;veis com o &#8220;cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta&#8221; em indiv&#237;duos negros em compara&#231;&#227;o a jogadores brancos ou pardos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, nosso dados apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia de achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos anormais de aproximadamente 5% nos jogadores de futebol de elite brasileiros.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Projeto &#8220;B-Pro Foot ECG Study&#8221;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20230090-30090-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Outra quest&#227;o relevante refere-se &#224; porcentagem da variante &#8220;africana/afro-caribenha&#8221; nos jogadores brasileiros negros. Em um estudo transversal com 150 jogadores de futebol de elite de Gana, foi relatada uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 19% desse padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em um estudo conduzido por Papadakis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> essa variante foi detectada em cerca de 13% dos atletas negros de origem africana/afro-caribenha. Em nossa amostra de mais de 1.300 jogadores de futebol de elite negros, essa preval&#234;ncia parece ser significativamente mais baixa. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; etnia pode ajudar na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica quando o ECG &#233; usado como um m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico.</p>
      <p>Esperamos que nossa iniciativa seja bem sucedida e encoraje outros grupos de pesquisa de nosso pa&#237;s a produzir evid&#234;ncia de qualidade nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento. Ainda, ajudar com informa&#231;&#227;o robusta para se definir quais achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o normais e anormais para os jogadores de futebol de elite do Brasil. Outro desafio ser&#225; avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de jogadoras de futebol feminino, uma vez que esse &#233; um esporte de r&#225;pida ascens&#227;o no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O ECG do atleta tem sido estudado principalmente no hemisf&#233;rio norte, especialmente nos Estados Unidos e alguns pa&#237;ses europeus. No Brasil, n&#227;o conhecemos estudos que fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de jogadores de futebol profissionais dos diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos que constituem nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Conceitos de validade interna <italic>versus</italic> validade externa s&#227;o importantes e, com isso em mente, decidimos investigar quais informa&#231;&#245;es, obtidas de coortes internacionais, poderiam se correlacionar com jogadores de futebol brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Em um primeiro e amplo estudo descritivo, nosso objetivo ser&#225; preencher uma lacuna nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento. Em seguida, objetivamos comparar dados de outros pa&#237;ses com os nossos dados (com base em mais de 6.000 ECGs), al&#233;m de estabelecer o que seria normal, em termos de ECG, para os jogadores de etnia branca, parda ou negra no pa&#237;s do rei Pel&#233;.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrocardiogram of Brazilian Elite Football Players: Filling a Gap</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (CardioEx-HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rstein@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Cardiac Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Sreening</kwd>
        <kwd>Soccer</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethnicity and Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The sudden death of a young, apparently healthy athlete is a tragedy, and the true incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among athletes is controversial. Although estimates from studies in the United States and Europe are limited by various methodological issues, it is known that physical exertion in sports activity and training poses a 2.5 to 4.5 times higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest and SCD in relation to non-athletes and recreational athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>On the other hand, a consistent finding across studies is that male athletes have a three to five times higher incidence of SCD than female athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Over the past few decades, much has been discussed about the role of the resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in preventing SCD in young athletes. Studies carried out in different parts of the world have been published, and expert consensuses have been developed to standardize a very peculiar type of ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which represents an international expert consensus on ECG interpretation in athletes, the inclusion of the ECG in the pre-participation screening effectively detects the most common structural diseases, mainly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in the right and/or left ventricle, as well as some channelopathies.</p>
        <p>It is worth of mention that in a cohort of 11,168 adolescent football players from the United Kingdom, the number of athletes with an abnormal ECG was reduced by 57% when moving from the Seattle Criteria (4.3%) to the International Criteria (1.8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> From the Brazilian perspective, it seems obvious that cardiologists and sports physicians should understand the nuances of the athlete&#8217;s ECG, an apparently simple exam, but with countless peculiarities. In addition, since Brazil is a country with thousands of football players, it would be important to know the electrocardiographic pattern of young football players, since all available information either for clinical or research purposes comes from international cohorts that may not represent adequately our population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic findings in Brazilian elite football players</title>
        <p>Football is very popular in Brazil, and the relationship between the sport and the country is unique and renowned worldwide. However, specific recommendations regarding Brazilian athletes&#8217; ECGs have never been published. Also, there is a lack of consistent data from a large cohort of professional football players in the country.</p>
        <p>The need for refined and large-scale information on this issue deserves our attention and should be a priority for several reasons. First, data from international cohorts are routinely used for the assessment of these athletes, with different backgrounds and prevalence of specific findings (e.g., African/Afro-Caribbean T-wave pattern). Secondly, because of the slave trade in the distant past and the later European immigration to specific regions in Brazil, the population is composed of highly mixed ethnic groups, with notable regional contrasts. As a result, the prevalence of ECG findings may vary according to the place of birth.</p>
        <p>So, what could explain this lack of data from Brazilian football athletes despite their clinical relevance? We believe that factors such as poorly coordinated efforts, the absence of cardiologists and of a structured data collections at professional clubs can explain this. Constructing a database with athletes from all regions of the country to reach a truly representative sample is challenging but needed.</p>
        <p>The issue of ethnicity is particularly salient since it has emerged in recent decades as one of the main determinants of cardiovascular changes and adaptations in athletes. One of the advances in this area was the recognition of the &#8220;African/Afro-Caribbean pattern&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as a normal variant in athletes with this origin (i.e., T-wave inversion in leads V1-V4 preceded by J-point elevation and convex ST-segment elevation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> After extensive investigation, no signs of cardiac disease were found in these athletes, and this pattern was added to the international criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is well documented that black athletes have a higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, early repolarization, and T-wave inversion compared to white athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, there is a significant prevalence of mixed-race football players, which has not been addressed in the guidelines on the athlete&#8217;s ECG. The recommendations are mainly for white and black athletes, and such binary classification is inadequate and subject to error in many aspects in the evaluation of Brazilian football players. In fact, data from mixed-race athletes are still scarce. Malhotra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> verified that mixed-race athletes had a higher prevalence of T-wave inversion in lower leads than white athletes, but there is still much to learn. For example, what is the prevalence and prognostic significance of the &#8220;African/Afro-Caribbean pattern&#8221; in mixed-race athletes? We should remember that these individuals possibly have some black ancestry.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, our group (CardioEx-HCPA) is analyzing which Brazilian mixed-race athletes present this variant and what are the corresponding echocardiographic findings. It is our hypothesis that the answers to such questions can guide more appropriate strategies for the interpretation of the ECG of these athletes. In fact, to overcome the scarcity of data related to sports cardiology in Brazil, our group has tried to clarify these and other issues. For example, we are evaluating a series of ECG variables from a large cohort of elite Brazilian football players of white, mixed-race, and black ethnicity, from all five geographic regions of Brazil (currently more than 5,000 athletes aged 15 to 35 years, from 56 professional clubs in 16 states and 42 cities) &#8211; a project called the &#8220;B-Pro Foot ECG Study&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> We have shown a higher prevalence of electrocardiographic findings compatible with the &#8220;athlete&#8217;s heart&#8221; in blacks in comparison to white or mixed-race male footballers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Brazilian Afro-descendant players also appear to be associated with a higher prevalence of T-wave inversion in the inferior and/or lateral leads compared to white or mixed-race players. So far, our data have shown a prevalence of abnormal ECG findings of approximately 5% in elite Brazilian football players.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#8220;B-Pro Foot ECG Study&#8221; Project.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20230090-30090-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Another relevant question is the percentage of the &#8220;African/Afro-Caribbean&#8221; variant in black Brazilian players. In a cross-sectional study with 150 Ghanaian elite football players, a prevalence of nearly 19% of this pattern was reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In a study conducted by Papadakis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> this variant was detected in approximately 13% of black athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean origin. In our sample of more than 1,300 black elite Brazilian football players, however, this prevalence this prevalence appears to be significantly lower. This ethnicity-related information can help in clinical decision-making when the ECG is used as a propaedeutic method.</p>
        <p>We hope that our initiative will be successful and encourage other research groups in our country to produce high-quality evidence in this area of knowledge. Our goal is to provide robust information that can help distinguish between normal and abnormal ECG readings for elite Brazilian football players. Another challenge will be to evaluate electrocardiographic characteristics of female football players, since female football is a fast-growing sport in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The athlete&#8217;s ECG has been mainly investigated in the northern hemisphere, especially in the United States and in some European countries. In Brazil, we are not aware of studies that provide information about the ECG pattern of professional football players from the different ethnic groups that make up our population. Concepts of external <italic>versus</italic> internal validity matter, and with that in mind we decided to investigate what information, obtained from international cohorts could be correlated to Brazilian football players.</p>
        <p>In a large descriptive study, we aim to fill a gap in this area of knowledge. For further investigations, we aim to compare data from other countries with ours (based on more than 6,000 ECGs), in addition to establish what is normal regarding ECG for the white, mixed-race, or black football players in the country of the king Pel&#233;.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
