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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sXQpKypZtGbyL7g7CFJVw9S</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220632</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cria&#231;&#227;o de Modelos Embriol&#243;gicos Card&#237;acos para Impress&#227;o 3D para Ensino de Anatomia e Embriologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0575-961X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>D&#8217;Angelo Carlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">EBSERH</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFF</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Health, Science &amp; Education Lab - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - EBSERH &#8211; UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Metabolismo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Metabolismo, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Davi Shunji Yahiro &#8226; Health, Science &amp; Education Lab, Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303,.CEP 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daviyahiro@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220632</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Medicina/embriologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o/anatomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem tridimensional/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os estudantes de medicina t&#234;m uma grande dificuldade em visualizar as estruturas embriol&#243;gicas e entender o desenvolvimento morfol&#243;gico. Estudos relatam que os alunos comumente consideram a Embriologia como uma disciplina dif&#237;cil e n&#227;o se sentem confiantes com o conhecimento obtido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O aprendizado de embriologia tradicional envolve a leitura de livros e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de imagens planas, o que dificulta a percep&#231;&#227;o espacial e o entendimento do processo de forma&#231;&#227;o embriol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>A tecnologia de modelagem tridimensional (3D) comumente oferece servi&#231;os para a engenharia, arquitetura, desenvolvimento de jogos e filmes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de modelos 3D consiste em criar e ligar v&#233;rtices para formar malhas poligonais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A cria&#231;&#227;o destas malhas permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o em perspectiva, al&#233;m de poder ser colorida, texturizada e animada pelo designer, e, posteriormente, poder ser impressas. A cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos 3D pode ser muito vantajosa na Embriologia, uma vez que h&#225; estudos que mostram a tecnologia 3D como uma ferramenta auxiliadora para o ensino de anatomia e para o planejamento de cirurgias complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a complexidade do desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o e a dificuldade apresentada pela maioria dos estudantes no aprendizado da embriologia card&#237;aca, este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de modelos 3D para facilitar o aprendizado m&#233;dico, buscando demonstrar o looping card&#237;aco e a septa&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular, pontos cr&#237;ticos do desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e observacional. Relatamos os resultados da cria&#231;&#227;o dos modelos 3D para o ensino da embriologia card&#237;aca, considerando a evid&#234;ncia presente na literatura sobre os benef&#237;cios do uso da tecnologia 3D na compreens&#227;o da embriologia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>O trabalho iniciou com uma revis&#227;o da literatura sobre a embriologia card&#237;aca para a cria&#231;&#227;o dos modelos com imagens de livros textos da &#225;rea, apostilas de ensino m&#233;dico e artigos cient&#237;ficos. Por meio do Blender &#174;, software de modelagem 3D de c&#243;digo aberto, foram criadas malhas, seguindo as refer&#234;ncias obtidas, reproduzindo modelos embriol&#243;gicos card&#237;acos. Esses modelos foram criados, texturizados e animados num computador do tipo PC com placa gr&#225;fica de desempenho normal.</p>
      <p>Posteriormente, dos 15 modelos criados, nove foram impressos atrav&#233;s da impressora AnyCubic Kobra, com filamento PLA 1.75 mm na cor branca. A dura&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o para cada modelo foi de aproximadamente 2,5 horas.</p>
      <p>Os arquivos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para download gratuito no endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico: https://github.com/daviyahiro/cardiac-embryological-models.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram criados 15 modelos os quais mostram: jun&#231;&#227;o dos tubos card&#237;acos, looping card&#237;aco, forma&#231;&#227;o dos coxins endoc&#225;rdicos, septa&#231;&#227;o atrial, forame prim&#225;rio, forame oval e septa&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, com esses modelos, foi poss&#237;vel criar duas anima&#231;&#245;es que demonstram o passo a passo do looping card&#237;aco e a septa&#231;&#227;o atrial, semelhantemente &#224;s imagens de materiais did&#225;ticos, por&#233;m com profundidade. As anima&#231;&#245;es, salvadas em .mp4, podem ser encontradas no mesmo endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico dos modelos. Posteriormente, os modelos foram impressos para melhorar a experi&#234;ncia de ensino, permitindo a intera&#231;&#227;o concreta do objeto.</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , &#233; poss&#237;vel ver a dobra do cora&#231;&#227;o, desde a jun&#231;&#227;o dos tubos, forma&#231;&#227;o da curvatura em C e finalmente dobra, que tamb&#233;m podem ser manipulados para alterar a perspectiva em um software adequado.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Etapas do dobramento card&#237;aco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> apresenta a forma&#231;&#227;o do septo atrial seguindo as suas devidas etapas, mostrando o septo prim&#225;rio, septo secund&#225;rio, forame prim&#225;rio, forame secund&#225;rio e forame oval. Apesar das imagens apresentar o mesmo &#226;ngulo, elas podem ser movidas de acordo com a necessidade do usu&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Etapas da septa&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> , est&#227;o os nove modelos, em est&#225;gios diferentes, impressos para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o no ensino.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos impressos do dobramento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos da septa&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O correto entendimento do desenvolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; passo fundamental para identifica&#231;&#227;o e manejo das diversas malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas do sistema circulat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os modelos 3D mostram uma perspectiva e profundidade que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel em livros did&#225;ticos ou imagens. Esses modelos s&#227;o de f&#225;cil acesso para visualiza&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que os arquivos s&#227;o salvos em formato STL e podem ser manipulados por um celular, em aplicativos gratuitos como o ViewSTL&#174;, ou um computador em sites online, possibilitando at&#233; mesmo importa&#231;&#227;o para a tecnologia de Realidade Virtual, transformando-os em uma experi&#234;ncia mais rica.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os modelos impressos possuem baixo custo, j&#225; que se utilizam filamentos de pl&#225;stico PLA ou ABS para impress&#227;o. Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel ver com detalhes auxiliando no ensino de gradua&#231;&#227;o ou comunica&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes e familiares sobre as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>H&#225; relatos na literatura de melhora no ensino atrav&#233;s de modelos feitos de biscuit ou massa de modelar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> por&#233;m as impress&#245;es 3D podem ser reproduzidas em maior quantidade e com menos desgaste. Al&#233;m disso, as impress&#245;es oferecem uma poss&#237;vel solu&#231;&#227;o para a dificuldade em obter pe&#231;as anat&#244;micas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que restringe algumas institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino.</p>
      <p>Os modelos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o &#250;teis na cria&#231;&#227;o de anima&#231;&#245;es e v&#237;deos em que mostram a forma&#231;&#227;o do septo atrial em uma vis&#227;o de perspectiva, dando melhor entendimento da sequ&#234;ncia do desenvolvimento embrion&#225;rio. Estudos mostram que o uso de materiais visuais complementa o ensino e auxiliam no engajamento do aluno na disciplina de Embriologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> especialmente no &#226;mbito da embriologia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os modelos 3D apresentam vantagens quanto a sua reprodutibilidade e possibilidade de disponibilidade online para uso em diversas institui&#231;&#245;es. Esta t&#233;cnica &#233; muito vers&#225;til com a possibilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o em anima&#231;&#245;es e cria&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deos que auxiliem no aprendizado. A cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos embriol&#243;gicos de outras estruturas embriol&#243;gicas ou at&#233; mesmo de modelos de doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas pode contribuir ainda mais na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Espera-se que os modelos 3D criados possibilitem a melhora na educa&#231;&#227;o da embriologia card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da experi&#234;ncia visual e t&#225;til que elas permitem.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Aos alunos do Health, Science and Education Lab, CNPq, EBSERH, Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha, Prefeitura de Niter&#243;i, FAPERJ e CNPq que financiaram parcialmente este trabalho.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Juliana Cadilho da Silva Abrantes pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGCCV UFF).</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento : O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), a Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares/EBSERH, a Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha - Prefeitura de Niter&#243;i e a FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Creation of Cardiac Embryological Models for 3D Printing to Teach Anatomy and Embryology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0575-961X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>D&#8217;Angelo Carlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Obtaining financing,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Health, Science &amp; Education Lab - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - EBSERH &#8211; UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Metabolismo, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Davi Shunji Yahiro &#8226; Health, Science &amp; Education Lab, Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303,.CEP 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daviyahiro@id.uff.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Medicine/embriology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart/anatomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging, Three-Dimensional/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Medical students often struggle to visualize embryonic structures and understand morphological development. Studies report that students commonly consider Embryology to be a difficult subject and do not feel confident in the knowledge they have obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Traditional embryology learning involves reading books and interpreting flat images, interfering with spatial perception and understanding of embryonic development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Three-dimensional (3D) modeling technology commonly provides engineering, architecture, gaming, and film animation services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The development of 3D models consists of creating voxels and connecting vertices to form polygonal meshes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These meshes allow for perspective visualization and the designer&#8217;s ability to color, texture, and animate them, and they can be printed. The creation of 3D models can be very advantageous in Embryology, as studies show 3D technology as an aiding tool for teaching anatomy and planning complex surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the complexity of heart development and the difficulty presented by most students in learning cardiac embryology, this paper reports the development of 3D models to facilitate medical learning, aiming to demonstrate cardiac looping and atrial and ventricular septation, important points of heart development.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive and observational study. We report the results of creating 3D models for teaching cardiac embryology, considering the evidence present in the literature on the benefits of using 3D technology in understanding cardiac embryology.</p>
        <p>The work began with a literature review on cardiac embryology for reference of the models based on images from textbooks, medical teaching materials, and scientific articles. Using Blender &#174;, an open-source 3D modeling software, the meshes were created, following the references obtained, reproducing cardiac embryological models. These models were created, textured, and animated on a PC with a normal performance graphics card.</p>
        <p>Subsequently, after the creation of 15 models created, nine of them were printed using the AnyCubic Kobra printer, with 1.75 mm PLA filament in white. Each model took approximately 2.5 hours to print.</p>
        <p>Files can be found to download and visualization at: https://github.com/daviyahiro/cardiac-embryological-models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifteen models were created to demonstrate: cardiac tubes fusion, cardiac looping, formation of endocardial cushions, atrial septation, <italic>foramen primum, foramen ovale,</italic> and ventricular septation.</p>
        <p>In addition, with these models, it was possible to create two animations demonstrating the step-by-step cardiac looping and atrial septation, like the images of didactic materials, but with depth. The animations were saved in .mp4 and can be found at the same electronic address as the models. Subsequently, the models were printed to improve the teaching experience, allowing for concrete interaction with the object.</p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref> , it is possible to observe the looping of the heart from the junction of the tubes, the formation of the C-shaped bend, and finally, looping, which can also be manipulated to change the perspective in software that manipulates .stl files.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Steps of cardiac looping.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows the atrial septum formation following its proper stages, showing the <italic>septum primum, septum secundum, foramen primum, foramen secundum,</italic> and <italic>foramen ovale.</italic> Although the images present the same angle, they can be moved according to the user.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Stages of atrial septation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">4</xref> show the nine printed models, in different stages, printed for demonstration in the classroom and manipulation for the students.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Printed models of cardiac looping.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Printed models of atrial septation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220632-20632-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The correct understanding of cardiac development is a fundamental step for identifying and managing various congenital malformations of the circulatory system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>3D models provide a perspective and depth impossible in textbooks or images. These models are easy to access for interaction since the files are saved in STL format and can be manipulated by a cell phone, in free applications such as ViewSTL&#174;, or a computer in online sites, even allowing importation to the Virtual Reality technology, creating a richer experience.</p>
        <p>In addition, the printed models have low cost since 3D printing requires plastic filaments such as PLA or ABS. Thus, it is possible to see it in detail, helping in teaching or even in patient communication and family members about cardiac malformations.</p>
        <p>There are reports in the literature of improved teaching through models made of biscuits or modeling clay,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> however, 3D prints can be reproduced in greater quantity and with high reproducibility. In addition, prints offer a possible solution to the difficulty in obtaining anatomical specimens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which restricts some educational institutions.</p>
        <p>The models are also useful in creating animations and videos that show the atrial septum formation from a perspective view, providing a better understanding of the sequence of embryonic development. Studies show that using visual materials complements teaching and aids in students&#8217; engagement in the discipline of Embryology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> especially in the context of cardiac embryology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>3D models offer advantages in reproducibility and possible online availability for use in several institutions. This technique is very versatile because it allows animations and video creation to assist in learning and training. Creating embryological models of other embryonic structures or congenital diseases may contribute even more to medical education. It is expected that the created 3D models can improve the education of cardiac embryology through the visual and tactile experience they allow.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>To the students of the Health, Science and Education Lab, CNPq, EBSERH, Euclides da Cunha Foundation, Niter&#243;i City Hall, FAPERJ and CNPq who partially financed this work.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Cadilho da Silva Abrantes, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGCCV UFF).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares/EBSERH, Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha - Prefeitura de Niter&#243;i and FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
