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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">z6hVG6RZ4TCZFLMQQymLtgM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220411</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca como Ferramenta Diagn&#243;stica Etiol&#243;gica em Pacientes Recuperados de Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca ou Arritmias Ventriculares Inst&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8102-6402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;al</surname>
            <given-names>Paula C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7160-4691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Koenigkam</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4543-4684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4296-5460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Centro de Cardiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas, Hematologia e Oncologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas, Hematologia e Oncologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Centro de Cardiologia &#8211; HCFMRP-USP &#8211; Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220411</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tem relev&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica crescente em sobreviventes de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) ou arritmia ventricular inst&#225;vel (AVI) em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Procuramos avaliar retrospectivamente o papel adicional da RMC em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento com poucos recursos dispon&#237;veis e que pode direcionar um uso mais eficaz desses recursos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos sobreviventes de MSC ou AVI admitidos entre 2009 e 2019 em uma institui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica terci&#225;ria ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios. Imagens e laudos de RMC foram analisados e o impacto disso no diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico final foi afirmado. Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva e definiu-se p&lt;0,05 como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Sessenta e quatro pacientes, 54,9&#177;15,4 anos, sendo 42 (71,9%) do sexo masculino. A maioria dos eventos (81,3%) foi extra-hospitalar e a taquicardia ventricular foi o ritmo mais comum. Medicamentos cardiovasculares foram utilizados anteriormente por 55 pacientes, sendo os betabloqueadores os medicamentos mais utilizados (37,5%). O eletrocardiograma apresentava &#225;reas el&#233;tricas inativas em 21,9% e todos apresentavam fibrose na RMC. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi de 44&#177;14%, com 60,9% &#8804;50% e apenas 29,7% &#8804;35%. Identificou-se realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio em 71,9%, com padr&#227;o transmural em 43,8%. A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a etiologia mais comum (28,1%), seguida da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (17,2%). Entre 26 sem etiologia previamente identificada, foi poss&#237;vel definir com RMC (15 pacientes - 57%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> De acordo com estudos anteriores em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a RMC foi capaz de aumentar o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico e identificar o substrato arritmog&#234;nico, permitindo melhor atendimento em metade dos pacientes subdiagnosticados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular Inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; respons&#225;vel por 53 a 141 eventos por 100.000 pessoas nos Estados Unidos, de acordo com dados consolidados recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A MSC aumenta diretamente com a idade e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa, respons&#225;vel por 75%, seguida por outras cardiomiopatias e canalopatias gen&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais usam a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) baixa como o principal crit&#233;rio de encaminhamento para a coloca&#231;&#227;o de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, e para aqueles que se recuperaram de um evento de MSC ou taquicardia ventricular inst&#225;vel, sendo o CDI indicado como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es se nenhuma causa revers&#237;vel for evidente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme apontado por Myerburg et al., embora uma propor&#231;&#227;o relativamente alta de eventos de MSC ocorra em pacientes com baixa FEVE, um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de eventos ocorre em pacientes com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes identificaram que a FEVE pode ser um marcador ruim para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, uma vez que a maioria dos pacientes que apresentam um evento de MSC n&#227;o apresenta FEVE baixa. Esses achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de melhores marcadores para minimizar custos e choques desnecess&#225;rios provenientes do CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; amplamente reconhecida como uma modalidade de imagem que possibilita informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre a morfologia, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular segmentar e global e, principalmente, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Edema e fibrose, por exemplo, s&#227;o identificados por meio de sequ&#234;ncias de imagens espec&#237;ficas. Os padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) s&#227;o &#250;teis como ferramentas de diagn&#243;stico, e a literatura vem demonstrando valor progn&#243;stico cada vez maior na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes propensos a MSC em diversas etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Poucos estudos demonstraram o valor da RMC na defini&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o de um evento de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O uso rotineiro da RMC como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de pacientes com arritmias ventriculares inst&#225;veis pode ser desej&#225;vel em locais com recursos escassos, que precisam ser direcionados de maneira inteligente. Procuramos investigar o valor diagn&#243;stico adicional da RMC de rotina em uma amostra de pacientes com arritmias ventriculares malignas em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise retrospectiva de todos os exames de RMC em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo) no Brasil entre janeiro de 2009 e julho de 2019 para pacientes que apresentaram evento de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca abortado ou arritmia ventricular inst&#225;vel. Dados demogr&#225;ficos (sexo, idade), cl&#237;nicos (cardiopatias pr&#233;vias, medica&#231;&#245;es, dados do evento) e laboratoriais foram obtidos a partir de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos. A maioria dos exames de RMC ocorreu na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e antes do implante do CDI, quando indicado, com mediana de 26 (IIQ: 10&#8211;37) dias.</p>
      <p>Os eletrocardiogramas (ECG) feitos durante a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao evento arr&#237;tmico e/ou descri&#231;&#227;o do ritmo durante o evento foram analisados em busca de sinais de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica definida como onda Q&#8805;0,04 s de dura&#231;&#227;o e &#8805;25% do tamanho da onda R ou falta de progress&#227;o do aumento da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo.</p>
      <p>Todas as imagens da RMC foram obtidas em um aparelho Achieva 1.5T (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Holanda) com bobina SENSE de 5 elementos (Philips Medical Systems) dedicada a exames cardiol&#243;gicos. O protocolo incluiu sequ&#234;ncias de cine obtidas por precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio (vistas de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras, e uma pilha de 9 a 12 cortes cobrindo ambos os ventr&#237;culos no eixo curto), bem como sequ&#234;ncias de recupera&#231;&#227;o de invers&#227;o com tau curto ponderadas em T2 utilizando a t&#233;cnica <italic>black blood</italic> e <italic>turbo spin echo</italic> (TSE) ponderada em T1 em apneia pr&#233;-contraste. Posteriormente, os pacientes receberam 0,2 mmol/kg de gadodiamida intravenosa (Omniscan, GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois). Ap&#243;s 10 min, adquiriu-se uma sequ&#234;ncia invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o e gradiente eco r&#225;pida para a detec&#231;&#227;o de RTG nas mesmas posi&#231;&#245;es das cines (vistas de eixo curto, 2 c&#226;maras e 4 c&#226;maras). Os par&#226;metros dessa sequ&#234;ncia foram os seguintes: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 5,4 ms; tempo de eco, 1,3 ms; &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o, 20&#176;; matriz, 256 &#215; 192; campo de vis&#227;o, 360 a 400 mm; e espessura do corte, 10 mm (sem lacunas). O tempo de invers&#227;o ideal variou de 150 a 280 ms e foi escolhido com base em m&#250;ltiplos tempos de invers&#227;o (<italic>TI scout</italic>) imediatamente antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o RTG.</p>
      <p>Todas as imagens foram visualmente analisadas para se obter uma descri&#231;&#227;o uniforme e a defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico (edema, infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa, presen&#231;a e padr&#227;o de fibrose) por dois revisores cegos para a suspeita cl&#237;nica e, em caso de discord&#226;ncia, chegava-se a um consenso. Todas as medidas (volumes ventriculares, fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita [FEVD] e ventricular esquerda [FEVE] e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo [DDFVE]) foram extra&#237;das dos laudos dos exames, e os valores normais definidos de acordo com dados de Kawel-Boehm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de an&#225;lise institucional (CAEE: 28591920.9.0000.5440) e, devido ao seu desenho retrospectivo, dispensou-se a obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento informado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Por ser um estudo descritivo, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil quando aplic&#225;veis segundo o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas como porcentagens. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fibrose no ECG e a RMC. Avaliou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo e a presen&#231;a de fibrose na RMC. SPSS v.25 (IBM Corporation, EUA) foi o pacote estat&#237;stico utilizado, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Sessenta e oito pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Quatro pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; qualidade de imagem inadequada (1 paciente) ou falta de dados cl&#237;nicos (3 pacientes). Dos 64 pacientes restantes, 42 (71,9%) eram do sexo masculino e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 54,9&#177;15,4 (16&#8211;83) anos.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos eventos ocorreu fora do hospital (52 eventos &#8211; 81,3%), ent&#227;o 22 (34,3%) foram descritos como paradas card&#237;acas sem ritmo descrito. Nos 42 pacientes com ritmo identificado, 38 (90%) apresentavam taquicardia ventricular, 2 (5%) apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, um (2%) apresentava <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> e um (2%) apresentava taquicardia de complexo largo.</p>
        <p>Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes haviam utilizado medicamentos anteriormente, sendo que betabloqueadores (24 pacientes &#8212; 37,5%) e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (23 pacientes &#8212; 35,9%) foram os mais utilizados. Doze (18,8%) estavam em uso de amiodarona. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, o ECG indicou &#225;reas inativas el&#233;tricas sugestivas de fibrose em 14 (21,9%) pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as dimens&#245;es ventriculares e as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o de ambas as c&#226;maras ventriculares. Apenas 21 (32%) pacientes apresentavam FEVD preservada, e 21 apresentavam &#8804;50%. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em apenas 9 (14%) pacientes. Considerando aqueles com FEVE reduzida, 39 (60,9%) pacientes apresentavam FEVE &#8804;50% e, desses, 19 (29,7%) apresentavam FEVE &#8804;35%. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta a correla&#231;&#227;o entre FEVD e FEVE em nossa amostra de 64 pacientes avaliados. Como se pode observar, apenas 3 (4,7%) deles apresentaram ambas as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o dentro da normalidade.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros volum&#233;tricos e funcionais dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final indexado do VD (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,3</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9</td>
                  <td align="center">272,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume sist&#243;lico final indexado do VE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,8</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">209,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,2</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0</td>
                  <td align="center">73,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final indexado do VE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,7</td>
                  <td align="center">40,5</td>
                  <td align="center">35,0</td>
                  <td align="center">224,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume sist&#243;lico final indexado do VE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">128,0</td>
                  <td align="center">76,6</td>
                  <td align="center">21,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o entre fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) com linhas horizontais e verticais definindo os limites normais para cada c&#226;mara (66% e 64% para FEVE e FEVD, respectivamente).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Identificou-se fibrose em 46 (71,9%) pacientes. Ocorreu padr&#227;o transmural em 28 (43,8%), seguido de subepic&#225;rdico em 8 (12,5%), m&#233;dio-mioc&#225;rdico em 7 (10,9%) e subendoc&#225;rdico em apenas 3 (4,7%) &#8212; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca como Ferramenta Diagn&#243;stica Etiol&#243;gica em Pacientes Recuperados de Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca ou Arritmias Ventriculares Inst&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre suspeita de fibrose no ECG e a presente nos exames de RMC foi significativa (Qui-quadrado=0,007) &#8212; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Todos os pacientes com fibrose no ECG (14 pacientes) tamb&#233;m apresentaram fibrose na RMC, sendo que em onze era transmural (doen&#231;a de Chagas ou cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica) &#8212; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, dois apresentavam padr&#227;o mioc&#225;rdico m&#233;dio (cardiotoxicidade e mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado) e em apenas um era epic&#225;rdico (displasia arritmog&#234;nica). Al&#233;m disso, a fibrose apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com uma refer&#234;ncia clinicamente utilizada de FEVE baixa (&lt;50%) &#8212; Qui-quadrado=0,009. Vale ressaltar que apenas 19 (29,7%) dos 64 pacientes apresentaram FEVE &#8804;35%. O diagn&#243;stico final ap&#243;s RMC foi variado e est&#225; resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o de fibrose por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca identificada em imagens de realce tardio (detec&#231;&#227;o visual) e presen&#231;a de fibrose sugerida por ondas q (&#8805;0,04 s de dura&#231;&#227;o e &#8805;25% do tamanho da onda R ou falta de progress&#227;o de aumento da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais) no eletrocardiograma. Qui-quadrado=0,007</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fibrose</th>
                  <th>RMC ausente</th>
                  <th>RMC presente</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG presente</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Paciente com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica apresentando aneurisma apical na imagem cine (a) e fibrose transmural (b e c) nas sequ&#234;ncias de RTG. Tamb&#233;m se observa aneurisma apical em c.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico final nos 64 pacientes avaliados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Diagn&#243;stico final</th>
                  <th>N (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (28,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (17,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inconclusivo</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miocardite</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico misto</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia hipertensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Displasia arr&#237;tmica ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distrofia de Becker</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiotoxicidade</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Takotsubo</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Met&#225;stase card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Com base nas investiga&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais iniciais antes do exame de RMC, 26 pacientes n&#227;o tinham uma etiologia estabelecida. A RMC ajudou a definir a etiologia em 15 (57%) pacientes: 3 (11%) casos de miocardite, 2 (8%) casos de displasia arr&#237;tmica ventricular, 2 (8%) casos de distrofia de Becker, 2 (8%) casos de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, 1 (4%) caso de met&#225;stase card&#237;aca de linfoma de Hodgkin, 1 (4%) caso de mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado, 1 (4%) caso de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, 1 (4%) caso de cardiomiopatia dilatada familiar e 1 caso de cardiomiopatia de takotsubo (4%). Al&#233;m disso, um paciente com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica apresentando realce subendoc&#225;rdico tardio com gadol&#237;nio foi submetido a tomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias, que identificou obstru&#231;&#227;o grave da art&#233;ria correspondente.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, em sete pacientes com diagn&#243;stico inconclusivo na RMC, dois casos foram clinicamente definidos como canalopatias sem cardiopatia estrutural e os outros dois casos tiveram causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas (hipocalemia em paciente com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e parada card&#237;aca durante a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica). O exame de RMC contribuiu para a confirma&#231;&#227;o desses diagn&#243;sticos ao excluir uma etiologia estrutural, aumentando para 73% sua capacidade de definir o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo indica que a RMC pode desempenhar um papel significativo no estabelecimento da etiologia de um evento de MSC ou arritmia ventricular inst&#225;vel. Sua inclus&#227;o no arsenal diagn&#243;stico aprimoraria o tratamento desses pacientes, apresentando uma etiologia ou pela exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a estrutural, confirmando uma suspeita de causa revers&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>Nossa casu&#237;stica, em sua maioria homens com eventos ocorridos principalmente em ambiente extra-hospitalar, &#233; semelhante a uma revis&#227;o publicada recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o tenhamos obtido a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade e tabagismo, 86% faziam uso de algum medicamento relacionado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo os betabloqueadores os mais utilizados (37,5%).</p>
      <p>O ritmo respons&#225;vel pelo evento foi registrado na maioria dos pacientes (65,5%) e a taquicardia ventricular foi identificada em 90% daqueles com registro de ritmo ou eletrocardiograma realizado durante o evento. Neilan et al. identificaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular na maioria dos pacientes avaliados com RMC ap&#243;s um evento de MSC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> concordando com a maioria dos estudos de parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita extra-hospitalar. Nossa amostra pode fornecer um padr&#227;o distinto devido &#224; relev&#226;ncia da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> sendo a taquicardia ventricular inst&#225;vel uma causa comum de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar devido a essa entidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma foi capaz de identificar &#225;reas eletroinativas em apenas 14 (21,8%) pacientes, correlacionando com cicatriz na RMC, principalmente quando havia padr&#227;o transmural. Estudos anteriores avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os achados da RMC e os achados do ECG relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a e extens&#227;o da fibrose. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a falta de crit&#233;rios padr&#227;o para a defini&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e dados recentes que produziram resultados conflitantes relacionados ao valor das deriva&#231;&#245;es crescentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> mas o uso de escores de ECG pode ser &#250;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, parte significativa de nossa amostra, o relato anterior sobre o uso do escore de Selvester &#233; promissor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa amostra, assim como em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804;35% esteve presente em apenas 30% dos indiv&#237;duos e com 39% acima de 50%, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que pode n&#227;o ser um marcador apropriado de risco de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MSC conforme indicado pelas diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, identificou-se a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em quase um ter&#231;o de nossa amostra e publica&#231;&#245;es recentes estabeleceram seu papel central nos acionamentos de CDI e nos eventos de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado &#233; a presen&#231;a de muitos pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em nossa amostra, entidade conhecida por afetar precocemente o ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Identificou-se realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio em 71,9%, da nossa amostra. Esse percentual &#233; quase o dobro do obtido por Rodrigues et al., em coorte semelhante na Inglaterra,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mas semelhante aos obtidos por Iles et al., na Austr&#225;lia, em coorte de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de CDI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e por Neilan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise de 19 estudos de cardiomiopatias isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas obteve a confirma&#231;&#227;o de que o RTG &#233; um importante preditor de arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O RTG pode ser um marcador independente de progn&#243;stico, conforme demonstrado em outras entidades espec&#237;ficas, como cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> miocardite<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Este &#250;ltimo esteve presente de forma significativa em nossa amostra (28,1%), achado esperado devido ao seu padr&#227;o de fibrose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e fatores epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi essencial para o diagn&#243;stico em 57% dos 26 pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico definitivo. Estudo anterior em popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante verificou que a RMC foi essencial para o diagn&#243;stico em 77% principalmente devido ao padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o do RTG, refor&#231;ando o valor da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Rodrigues et al. em outra grande amostra de sobreviventes de MSC ou com arritmia ventricular inst&#225;vel, verificaram que a RMC foi essencial para o diagn&#243;stico em 30,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Outra observa&#231;&#227;o importante em nossa amostra &#233; que um exame de RMC sem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais permitiu confirmar duas canalopatias e duas causas extracard&#237;acas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, &#233; um estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico, mas, como outros com desenho semelhante, confirmou o valor adicional da RMC no estabelecimento de um diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho da amostra, que pode ser explicado por uma menor sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos com MSC devido &#224; falta de equipes de resgate de emerg&#234;ncia amplamente dispon&#237;veis. Por fim, usamos apenas RTG para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual e novas t&#233;cnicas, como o mapeamento T1, podem melhorar os recursos da RMC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo refor&#231;a o conceito de que FEVE baixa n&#227;o &#233; obrigat&#243;ria em sobreviventes de MSC e a FEVD pode ser relevante, portanto, sua import&#226;ncia precisa ser mais investigada. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca melhorou o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico dos sobreviventes de MSC, seja pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma causa espec&#237;fica ou pela exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a estrutural, fornecendo subs&#237;dios para interven&#231;&#245;es apropriadas para reduzir a morbimortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance as an Etiological Diagnosis Tool in Recovered Sudden Cardiac Death or Unstable Ventricular Arrhythmia Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8102-6402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;al</surname>
            <given-names>Paula C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7160-4691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Koenigkam</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4543-4684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4296-5460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Centro de Cardiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas, Hematologia e Oncologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Schmidt &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Centro de Cardiologia &#8211; HCFMRP-USP &#8211; Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has an increasing diagnostic relevance in survivors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or unstable ventricular arrhythmia (UVA) in developed countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate retrospectively the additional role of CMR in a developing country where few resources are available, and should be used more effectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The study included SCD or UVA survivors admitted between 2009 and 2019 at a tertiary academic institution referred to CMR. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from the medical records. CMR images and reports were reviewed and their impact on the final etiological diagnosis was determined. A descriptive analysis was performed and p&lt;0.05 established as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Sixty-four patients, 54.9&#177;15.4 years old, and 42 (71.9%) males. Most events (81.3%) were out of the hospital and ventricular tachycardia was the most common rhythm. Cardiovascular medications were previously used by 55 patients, and beta-blockers were the most used medications (37.5%). Electrocardiogram had electrical inactive areas in 21.9% and all of them had fibrosis at CMR. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 44&#177;14%, with 60.9% &#8804;50% and only 29.7% &#8804;35%. Late gadolinium enhancement was identified in 71.9%, with a transmural pattern in 43.8%. Chagas cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology (28.1%), followed by ischemic cardiomyopathy (17.2%). Among 26 without a previously identified etiology, CMR could define it (15 patients &#8211; 57%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In accordance with previous studies in developed countries, CMR was capable of increasing etiological diagnosis and identifying the arrhythmogenic substrate, allowing better care in half of the underdiagnosed patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sudden Cardiac Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Unstable Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for 53 to 141 events <italic>per</italic> 100.000 persons in the United States according to recent consolidated data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It directly increases with age and coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause, responsible for 75%, followed by other cardiomyopathies and genetic channelopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Current guidelines use low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as the main criterion for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) referral for primary prevention, and for those that recovered from a SCD event or unstable ventricular tachycardia, ICD is indicated as secondary prevention in most situations if no reversible cause is evident.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As pointed out by Meyburg et al., although a relatively high proportion of SCD events occur in patients with low LVEF, significantly more events occur in patients with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Recent epidemiological studies found that LVEF may be a poor marker for primary prevention, since most patients presenting a SCD event do not have low LVEF. These findings reinforce the need for better markers to minimize costs and unnecessary ICD shocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is widely recognized as an imaging modality that allows detailed information about morphology, segmental and global ventricular function, and, particularly, tissue characterization. Edema and fibrosis, for example, are identified by specific imaging sequences. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) patterns of distribution are now useful as diagnostic tools, and the literature has been showing prognostic value in identifying patients prone to SCD in various etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Few studies have demonstrated the value of CMR in etiological definition after recovery of a SCD event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The routine use of CMR as part of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with unstable ventricular arrhythmias may be desirable in places where resources are scarce and need to be wisely directed. We investigated the additional diagnostic value of routine CMR in a sample of patients presenting malignant ventricular arrhythmias in a developing country.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A retrospective analysis of all CMR scans was performed at a tertiary university hospital (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo) in Brazil between January 2009 and July 2019 for patients presenting an aborted sudden cardiac death event or unstable ventricular arrhythmia. Demographic (gender, age), clinical (previous heart diseases, medications, event data), and laboratory data were obtained from the electronic medical records. Most CMR scans were in the index admission after clinical stabilization and before ICD implantation when indicated with a median of 26 (IQR: 10&#8211;37) days.</p>
        <p>Electrocardiograms (ECG) during index hospitalization related to the arrhythmic event and/or description of the rhythm during the event were reviewed for signs of myocardial fibrosis defined as Q wave &#8805;0.04 s in duration and &#8805;25% of R wave size or lack of progression of R wave increase in precordial leads, and rhythm characterization.</p>
        <p>All CMR images were obtained in an Achieva 1.5T scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with a 5-element SENSE coil (Philips Medical Systems) dedicated to cardiologic examinations. The protocol included steady-state free precession cines (2 and 4-chamber views, and a stack of 9 to 12 slices covering both ventricles at the short-axis), as well as black-blood T2-weighted short tau inversion-recovery sequences and pre-contrast Turbo Spin Echo breath-hold T1-weighted imaging. Subsequently, patients received 0.2 mmol/kg of intravenous gadodiamide (Omniscan, GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois). After 10 min, a dedicated inversion recovery fast gradient echo sequence was acquired for LGE detection at the same positions as the cines (short-axis, 2-chamber, and 4-chamber views). The parameters of this sequence were as follows: time of repetition, 5.4 ms; time of echo, 1.3 ms; flip angle, 20&#176;; matrix, 256 &#215; 192; field of view, 360 to 400 mm; and slice thickness, 10 mm (no gaps). The optimal inversion time ranged from 150 to 280 ms and was chosen based on a TI-scout scan performed just before the LGE acquisition.</p>
        <p>All images were visually reviewed to obtain a uniform description and definition of diagnosis (edema, fat infiltration, presence, and pattern of fibrosis) by two reviewers blinded to the clinical suspicion and a consensus was reached in case of disagreement. All measurements (ventricular volumes, right [RVEF] and left ventricular [LVEF], ejection fractions and end-diastolic left ventricular diameter [LVEDD]) were collected from the reports, and normal values defined according to data from Kawel-Boehm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study was approved by the institutional review board (CAEE: 28591920.9.0000.5440) and, due to its retrospective design, informed consent was waived.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>As a descriptive study, quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation or as median and interquartile range when applicable according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and qualitative variables as percentages. A Chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between the presence of fibrosis in ECG and CMR. The relationship between left and right ventricular ejection fractions was evaluated, as well as the presence of fibrosis in CMR. SPSS v.25 (IBM Corporation, USA) was the statistical package used, and the level of significance was established at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, and electrocardiographic data</title>
          <p>Sixty-eight patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four patients were excluded due to inadequate image quality (1 patient) or missing clinical data (3 patients). Of the remaining 64 patients, 42 (71.9%) were males and the mean age was 54.9&#177;15.4 (16&#8211;83) years old.</p>
          <p>Most events occurred out of the hospital (52 events &#8212; 81.3%) so 22 (34.3%) were described as cardiac arrests with no rhythm described. In the 42 patients with an identified rhythm, 38 (90%) had ventricular tachycardia, 2 (5%) had ventricular fibrillation, one (2%) had <italic>torsades de pointes</italic>, and one (2%) had a wide complex tachycardia.</p>
          <p>Medications were previously used by 53 (86%) patients and beta-blockers (24 patients &#8212; 37.5%) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (23 patients &#8212; 35.9%) were the most commonly used. Twelve (18.8%) were receiving amiodarone. During hospitalization, ECG indicated electrical inactive areas suggestive of fibrosis in 14 (21.9%) patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes ventricular dimensions and ejection fractions from both ventricular chambers. Only 21 (32%) patients had a preserved RVEF, and 21 had it &#8804;50%. Only 9 (14%) patients had left ventricle with a preserved ejection fraction. Considering those with reduced LVEF, 39 (60.9%) patients had LVEF &#8804;50% and, of those, 19 (29.7%) had LVEF &#8804;35%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> presents the correlation of RVEF and LVEF in our sample of 64 evaluated patients. Only 3 (4.7%) of them had both ejection fractions within normal limits.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Volumetric and functional parameters of right and left ventricles</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>Standard deviation</th>
                    <th>Minimum</th>
                    <th>Maximum</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV indexed end-diastolic volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.3</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5</td>
                    <td align="center">21.9</td>
                    <td align="center">272.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV indexed end-systolic volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.8</td>
                    <td align="center">28.1</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">209.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.2</td>
                    <td align="center">11.4</td>
                    <td align="center">22.0</td>
                    <td align="center">73.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV indexed end-diastolic volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">106.7</td>
                    <td align="center">40.5</td>
                    <td align="center">35.0</td>
                    <td align="center">224.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV indexed end-systolic volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">128.0</td>
                    <td align="center">76.6</td>
                    <td align="center">21.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Dispersion plot between right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with horizontal and vertical lines defining the normal limits for each chamber (66% and 64% for LVEF and RVEF, respectively).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Fibrosis was identified in 46 (71.9%) patients. Transmural pattern occurred in 28 (43.8%) followed by subepicardial in 8 (12.5%), mid-myocardial in 7 (10.9%), and subendocardial in only 3 (4.7%) &#8212; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance as an Etiological Diagnosis Tool in Recovered Sudden Cardiac Death or Unstable Ventricular Arrhythmia Patients</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The association between fibrosis suspected in the ECG and the one present in CMR scans was significant (Chi-square=0.007) &#8212; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. All patients with fibrosis in the ECG (14 patients) had also fibrosis in CMR and in eleven it was transmural (Chagas or ischemic cardiomyopathy) &#8212; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>; two had a mid-myocardial pattern (cardiotoxicity and non-compacted myocardium) and in only one it was epicardial (arrhythmogenic dysplasia). In addition, fibrosis presented a significant association with a clinically used reference of low LVEF (&lt;50%) &#8212; Chi-square =0.009. Noteworthy, only 19 (29.7%) out of the 64 patients had an LVEF &#8804;35%. The final diagnosis after CMR was diverse and is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of cardiac magnetic resonance fibrosis identified in late enhancement images (visual detection) and presence of fibrosis suggested by q waves ( &#8805;0.04 s in duration and &#8805;25% of R wave size or lack of progression of R wave increase in precordial leads) in electrocardiogram. Chi-Square=0.007</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Fibrosis</th>
                    <th>CMR absent</th>
                    <th>CMR present</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG absent</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG present</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient with Chagas cardiomyopathy showing apical aneurysm in cine image (a) and transmural fibrosis (b and c) in LGE sequences. Apical aneurysm is also seen in c.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220411-20411-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Final etiological diagnosis in the 64 patients evaluated</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Final diagnosis</th>
                    <th>N (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chagas cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (28.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (17.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inconclusive</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocarditis</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mixed diagnosis</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertensive cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular Arrhythmic dysplasia</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Becker dystrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiotoxicity</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Takotsubo</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-compacted myocardium</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac metastasis</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Based on the initial clinical and laboratory investigations before the CMR scan, 26 patients did not have an established etiology. CMR helped define the etiology in 15 (57%) patients: 3 (11%) myocarditis, 2 (8%) ventricular arrhythmic dysplasia, two (8%) cases of Becker dystrophy, two (8%) hypertensive cardiomyopathies, one (4%) cardiac metastasis from a Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma, one (4%) non-compacted myocardium, one (4%) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, one (4%) familial dilated cardiomyopathy, and Takotsubo (4%). Besides, one Chagas cardiomyopathy patient presenting subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement was submitted to coronary computed tomography scan and a severe obstruction of the corresponding artery was identified.</p>
          <p>Finally, in seven patients with inconclusive diagnosis at CMR, two cases were clinically defined as channelopathies without structural heart disease, and the other two cases had non-cardiac causes (hypokalemia in a chronic kidney disease patient and a cardiac arrest during anesthesia induction). CMR contributed to confirming those diagnoses by ruling out a structural etiology, increasing its ability to define diagnosis to 73%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study indicates that CMR may play a significant role in establishing the etiology of a SCD event or unstable ventricular arrhythmia. Its inclusion in the diagnostic armamentarium would refine the treatment of those patients by providing an etiology or, by ruling out structural disease, confirming a suspected reversible cause.</p>
        <p>Our sample, mostly with men and with events occurring mainly out of the hospital, is similar to a recently published review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Although we did not obtain the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking, 86% were using some cardiovascular disease-related medication, and beta-blockers were the most used ones (37.5%).</p>
        <p>The rhythm responsible for the event was registered in most patients (65.5%), and ventricular tachycardia was identified in 90% of those with a rhythm strip or ECG during the event. Neilan et al., identified ventricular fibrillation in most patients evaluated with CMR after a SCD event,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> in accordance with most studies of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. Our sample may provide a distinct pattern due to the relevance of Chagas cardiomyopathy in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and unstable ventricular tachycardia is a common cause of hospital admission due to this entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Electrocardiogram was able to identify electroinactive areas in only 14 (21.8%) patients correlating with a scar in CMR, especially when a transmural pattern was present. Previous studies evaluated the correlation between CMR findings and ECG findings related to the presence and extension of fibrosis. The main limitation is the lack of standard definition criteria of scar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and recent data provided conflicting results related to the value of increasing leads<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> but the use of ECG scores may be useful.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Concerning Chagas cardiomyopathy patients, a significant portion of our sample, previous report on the use of the Selvester score is promising.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our sample, as in other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;35% was present in only 30% of the subjects and with 39% above 50%, reinforcing the concept that it may not be an appropriate marker of SCD primary prevention risk as indicated by current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, right ventricular dysfunction was identified in nearly one-third of our sample and recent publications established its central role in ICD firings and SCD events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Another possible explanation for this finding is the presence of many Chagas cardiomyopathy patients in our sample, an entity known to affect early the right ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Late gadolinium enhancement was identified in 71.9% of our sample. This percentage is nearly double that obtained by Rodrigues et al., in a similar cohort in England,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> but similar to those obtained by Iles et al., in Australia, in an ICD primary prevention cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and by Neilan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A metanalysis of 19 studies of ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies obtained a confirmation that LGE is an important predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> LGE may be an independent marker of prognosis as demonstrated in other specific entities like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> myocarditis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and Chagas cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The latter was significantly present in our sample (28.1%), an expected finding due to its fibrosis pattern<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and epidemiological factors.</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance was essential for diagnosis in 57% of those 26 patients without a definite diagnosis. A previous study in a similar population found that CMR was essential for diagnosis in 77% mainly due to the LGE distribution pattern, reinforcing the value of tissue characterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Rodrigues et al. (2017), in another large sample of survivors of SCD or with unstable ventricular arrhythmia, found CMR to be essential for diagnosis in 30.4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Another important observation in our sample is that a CMR scan with no structural abnormality allowed confirming two channelopathies and two extracardiac causes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. First, it is a retrospective unicentric study but, like others with a similar design, it confirmed the additional value of CMR in establishing an etiological diagnosis. Another limitation is the sample size that may be explained to a lower survival rate of SCD individuals due to the lack of widely available emergency rescue teams. Finally, we used only LGE for tissue characterization and new techniques such as T1 mapping may improve CMR capabilities.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study reinforces the concept that low LVEF is not mandatory in SCD survivors and RVEF may be relevant, so its importance needs further investigation. Cardiac magnetic resonance improved the etiological diagnosis of SCD survivors, either by identifying a specific cause or by ruling out structural disease, providing support to appropriate interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Paula Mar&#231;al, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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