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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vV4C4jYpM3RLtJb7xfvxQmd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220398</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial Central: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7708-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Henrique de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okawa</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6843-4150</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Locatelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Hugo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reck</surname>
            <given-names>Higor Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Wendell Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">GPHARV</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, Rigidez Arterial e Envelhecimento Vascular (GPHARV), Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;,Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Western Australia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Perth</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas (Ci&#234;ncias do esporte, exerc&#237;cio e sa&#250;de), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia &#8211; Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica &#8211; Av. Colombo, 5790 &#8211; Zona 7, CEP 87020-900, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavool.henrique@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220398</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial central (PAc) &#233; considerada um preditor independente de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas. Evid&#234;ncias mostram que o treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) &#233; superior ao treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (MICT) na melhoria da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. No entanto, os efeitos dessas modalidades de treino aer&#243;bico sobre a PAc n&#227;o foram propriamente revisados. Esta metan&#225;lise tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos do HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc.Conduzimos uma metan&#225;lise de ensaios controlados randomizados que compararam HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) central (PASc) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica central (PADc). A PAS perif&#233;rica (PASp), a PAD perif&#233;rica (PADp), a Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) e a capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) foram analisadas como desfechos secund&#225;rios. A metan&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DM) foi conduzida usando modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios.Nosso estudo incluiu 163 pacientes recrutados em seis ensaios. Encontramos que HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc (DM = -3,12 mmHg, IC95% -4,75 &#8211; 1,50, p = 0,0002) e PAS (DM = -2,67 mmHg, IC95% -5,18 &#8211; -0,16, p = 0,04) e aumentar VO<sub>2max</sub> (DM = 2,49 mL/Kg/min, IC95% 1,25 &#8211; 3,73, p = 0,001). No entanto, n&#227;o foram relatadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; PADc, PAD ou VOP. O HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc, sugerindo seu potencial papel como uma terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para a press&#227;o arterial elevada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Treino Aer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Efeitos do Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade sobre a Press&#227;o Arterial Central: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Principais resultados do estudo. HIIT: treino intervalado de alta intensidade; MICT: treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o a principal causa de doen&#231;a em todo o mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 17,9 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano, e um total de 31% de mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada &#233; atualmente o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel para DCV e morte prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) elevada (&#8805;140 mmHg) tem sido respons&#225;vel por 40% das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, 38% dos acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVCs) isqu&#234;micos, e 43% das mortes por AVCs hemorr&#225;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que a press&#227;o arterial central (PAc) &#233; um preditor independente de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas, uma vez que sua associa&#231;&#227;o com risco cardiovascular &#233; mais forte que a da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Um estudo recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mostrou que a PAc foi capaz de predizer o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que drogas anti-hipertensivas podem exercer efeitos divergentes sobre a PAc e a PA.</p>
      <p>A PAc pode ser avaliada de maneira n&#227;o invasiva por v&#225;rios aparelhos, por an&#225;lise de ondas de pulso pela tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o utilizando uma fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia generalizada, que corrige quanto &#224; amplifica&#231;&#227;o de onda de press&#227;o nos membros superiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de onda de pulso representa a forma de onda da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica derivada do pulso radial ou carot&#237;deo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A onda de pulso &#233; composta de uma onda incidente (que se propaga para a frente), formada pela eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Quando essa onda incidente alcan&#231;a as bifurca&#231;&#245;es ao longo da &#225;rvore arterial, ela gera uma onda refletida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As formas de onda de press&#227;o central s&#227;o definidas por v&#225;rios componentes, como a PAS central (PASc), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (PADc), e a press&#227;o de pulso central (PPc), as quais s&#227;o derivadas da fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia generalizada e o &#237;ndice de aumento (AI, <italic>augmentation index</italic> ), definido como a amplitude da onda refletida em termos de PPc, representando a integra&#231;&#227;o da onda de press&#227;o incidente com a onda de press&#227;o refletida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A atividade f&#237;sica regular &#233; considerada uma abordagem preventiva e um tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico de primeira linha para hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O treino aer&#243;bico (TA) tem sido fortemente recomendado para reduzir a PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em termos de PAc, em uma metan&#225;lise recente, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5,9 mmHg na PAc ap&#243;s o TA. Esses achados refor&#231;am o potencial do TA em melhorar n&#227;o s&#243; a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, como a complac&#234;ncia arterial central, contribuindo para uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA e na PAc.</p>
      <p>O treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT, do ingl&#234;s <italic>high-intensity interval training</italic> ), parece ser igual ou superior ao treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (MICT, <italic>moderate-intensity continuous training</italic> ) em promover benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, sendo considerado um TA eficiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ainda, o HIIT apresenta uma taxa de ades&#227;o superior e n&#237;vel de satisfa&#231;&#227;o similar em compara&#231;&#227;o ao MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Contudo, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre HIIT e MICT &#233; menos clara em termos de mudan&#231;as na PA. Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as entre HIIT e MICT na redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS ou PAD em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. Por outro lado, Leal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> relataram que o HIIT foi superior ao MICT na redu&#231;&#227;o de PAD em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, e Way et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> observaram que o HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PAD noturna em adultos.</p>
      <p>Com base no exposto, o HIIT surgiu como uma alternativa promissora, uma vez que diretrizes globais de hipertens&#227;o recomendam a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular, incluindo MICT e HIIT, como um componente essencial de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida no tratamento de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Contudo, os efeitos do HIIT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao MICT sobre a PAc ainda n&#227;o foram revisados adequadamente. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar os efeitos do HIIT sobre a PAc e compar&#225;-lo ao do MICT. Como um desfecho secund&#225;rio, comparamos a efic&#225;cia do HIIT versus HIIT sobre a PA, rigidez arterial e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o HIIT seria superior ao MICT em reduzir a PASc.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foi registrada no PROSPERO (CRD42018111573) e conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>A busca sistem&#225;tica por refer&#234;ncias foi conduzida em cinco banco de dados eletr&#244;nicos (Pubmed/Medline, <italic>Web of Science</italic> , Cochrane, Lilacs e Scielo). Os termos de busca foram definidos previamente e aplicados uniformemente em todos os bancos de dados por dois pesquisadores independentes (GHO e VHSM), a fim de se verificar se o mesmo n&#250;mero de refer&#234;ncias era obtido. Os termos usados nas buscas foram os seguintes: &#8216;central blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central hemodynamics&#8217; OR &#8216;aortic systolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;aortic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central diastolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central systolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;arterial stiffness&#8217; OR &#8216;pulse wave velocity&#8217; OR &#8216;augmentation index&#8217; AND &#8216;high-intensity interval training&#8217; OR &#8216;aerobic interval training&#8217; OR &#8216;aerobic exercise&#8217; OR &#8216;moderate-intensity continuous training&#8217; OR &#8216;HIIT&#8217; OR &#8216;MICT&#8217; AND &#8216;randomized controlled trial&#8217; (Tabela suplementar 1). Uma busca por estudos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis tamb&#233;m foi conduzida na se&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncias. A busca incluiu todas as refer&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis do in&#237;cio a 12 de abril de 2022.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram estabelecidos segundo a estrat&#233;gia PICOS &#8211; Popula&#231;&#227;o, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o, Desfechos e Delineamento do estudo (do ingl&#234;s <italic>Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design</italic> ). Esta revis&#227;o incluiu estudos com adultos (&#8805;18 anos de idade) de ambos os g&#234;neros, n&#227;o atletas e sem restri&#231;&#245;es em termos de atividade f&#237;sica. A interven&#231;&#227;o incluiu estudos usando HIIT conforme definido por Weston et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> isto &#233;, um est&#237;mulo repetido em intensidade vigorosa (80-100% pico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) intercalado com per&#237;odos de recupera&#231;&#227;o (ativa ou passiva). O HIIT foi comparado ao MICT, o qual consistiu em um est&#237;mulo cont&#237;nuo, de intensidade moderada (54-76% do pico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou equivalente). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi PAc medida antes e ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es de TA, e os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram press&#227;o arterial, rigidez arterial e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Somente ensaios controlados randomizados foram considerados nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>As refer&#234;ncias foram sistematizadas com a ajuda de um software espec&#237;fico (Mendeley<sup>&#174;</sup>, Elsevier, Amsterd&#227;, Holanda). Dois pesquisadores (GHO e VHSM) conduziram a busca dos estudos de forma independente. Estudos cujos escopos estavam definitivamente fora do objetivo deste estudo e dados duplicados foram inicialmente exclu&#237;dos do processo de rastreamento. As refer&#234;ncias restantes foram avaliadas por t&#237;tulo e resumo, e aqueles ainda considerados eleg&#237;veis passaram pela an&#225;lise do texto completo. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia entre os dois autores, esses tentaram alcan&#231;ar um consenso explicando seus pontos de vista e, se ainda houvesse discord&#226;ncia, um terceiro autor (JCL) foi consultado para uma decis&#227;o final.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram (1) artigos duplicados; (2) resumos e artigos de congressos; (3) medidas de desfecho sem PAc; (4) delineamento de estudo agudo; (5) outras interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio ou de dieta associadas com HIIT ou MICT; (6) relatos incompletos dos dados do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados qualitativos e quantitativos foi conduzida de modo independente por dois investigadores (GHO e VHSM), e os dados obtidos foram comparados para evitar erro de extra&#231;&#227;o. Os dados foram extra&#237;dos utilizando-se uma planilha padronizada. As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas extra&#237;das de cada estudo foram: pa&#237;s; caracter&#237;sticas da amostra; n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos/idade; t&#233;cnica de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica; dura&#231;&#227;o/frequ&#234;ncia/modo e protocolo de exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>A ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco Cochrane<sup>&#174;</sup> (Cochrane collaboration, Oxford, Reino Unido) foi usada para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Essa ferramenta &#233; composta por cinco dom&#237;nios que, em conjunto, abordam os aspectos metodol&#243;gicos que possam influenciar os resultados de um ensaio. Cada um dos cinco dom&#237;nios possui quest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas que permitem cinco respostas (&#8220;sim&#8221;, &#8220;provavelmente sim&#8221;, &#8220;n&#227;o&#8221;, &#8220;provavelmente n&#227;o&#8221;, e &#8220;nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o&#8221;). Com base nas respostas, cada dom&#237;nio era classificado com risco de vi&#233;s &#8220;baixo&#8221;, &#8220;incerto&#8221; ou &#8220;alto&#8221;, segundo julgamento do autor (GHO), quem avaliou todos os estudos. O principal objetivo desse processo foi avaliar o rigor da metodologia dos estudos e, portanto, isso n&#227;o foi usado como um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram inseridos manualmente e reunidos na metan&#225;lise, por meio do programa Review Manager<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 5.3 (Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane). Dados de PASc, PADc, PAS, PAD, velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) e capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) foram apresentados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (DM), com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Para os estudos que n&#227;o apresentaram o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) das mudan&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis, a convers&#227;o para DP ou a imputa&#231;&#227;o do DP foi feita pela equa&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o manual Cochrane,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> considerando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o baseado nos dados apresentados por Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi usado. Gr&#225;ficos de floresta ( <italic>forest plots</italic> ) foram criados para quantificar os efeitos de protocolos de HIIT e MICT sobre a PASc e a PADc. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida para examinar a magnitude da influ&#234;ncia de cada estudo sobre os desfechos. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &#8804; 0,05 foi adotado. A heterogeneidade dos estudos foi avaliada usando o I2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Busca na literatura</title>
        <p>As buscas iniciais resultaram em 6115 refer&#234;ncias. Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o das duplicatas, 3677 refer&#234;ncias permaneceram para posterior an&#225;lise dos t&#237;tulos. Subsequentemente, 3457 refer&#234;ncias foram removidas por n&#227;o se adequarem &#224;s quest&#245;es do PICOS. Ap&#243;s leitura dos resumos, 171 refer&#234;ncias foram removidas por n&#227;o atingirem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Das 49 refer&#234;ncias selecionadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo, 43 refer&#234;ncias foram exclu&#237;das. Seis estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo</title>
        <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram publicados entre 2016 e 2020 e conduzidos na Austr&#225;lia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Su&#237;&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> EUA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os estudos foram conduzidos com amostras de 16 a 35 indiv&#237;duos, com um total de 163 participantes (70% mulheres). A maioria dos estudos foi conduzido com adultos jovens. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s popula&#231;&#245;es investigadas, os estudos inclu&#237;ram homens obesos e com sobrepeso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> mulheres obesas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> indiv&#237;duos com enxaqueca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> depress&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> idosos sedent&#225;rios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da PAc e rigidez arterial, mais de um m&#233;todo ou t&#233;cnica foi utilizada, incluindo SphygmoCor<sup>&#174;</sup> (AtCor Medical, Sidney, Austr&#225;lia)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e o Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM GmbH, Stolberg, Alemanha).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAc, um estudo relatou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na PASc e PADc ap&#243;s HIIT e MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Ainda, redu&#231;&#245;es importantes na PASc ap&#243;s HIIT e na PADc ap&#243;s MICT foram relatadas em dois estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os demais estudos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas ap&#243;s os protocolos de HIIT ou MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na VOP, um estudo encontrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na VOp ap&#243;s MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Um estudo verificou um aumento na VOP ap&#243;s HIIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os outros tr&#234;s estudos n&#227;o mostraram mudan&#231;as significativas nessa vari&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Os programas de TA consistiram em pedalar em um cicloerg&#244;metro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> ou em uma bicicleta ergom&#233;trica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> ou correr em uma pista de corrida ou esteira. Um estudo usou tanto a bicicleta como a corrida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Quanto aos programas de HIIT, tr&#234;s estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> utilizaram o protocolo noruegu&#234;s tradicional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> que consistiu em quatro sess&#245;es de alta intensidade com quatro minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o cada. Dois estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> usaram um protocolo HIIT com sess&#245;es de 30 segundos de alta intensidade, variando de sete a 25 est&#237;mulos. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> usou um protocolo HIIT consistindo em 10 sess&#245;es de alta intensidade com um minuto cada. Os protocolos de HIIT mantinham uma intensidade entre 85% e 95% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Os protocolos de MICT variaram entre 20 e 47 minutos, com m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o de 35,4 &#177; 11 minutos entre os programas, e intensidade entre 55% a 75% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. As interven&#231;&#245;es duraram entre quatro a 12 semanas, com uma frequ&#234;ncia entre duas a quatro vezes por semana. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Refer&#234;ncias</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos/ idade</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">T&#233;cnica de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Dura&#231;&#227;o/ Frequ&#234;ncia/ Modo</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Protocolos de exerc&#237;cio</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HIIT</th>
                  <th>MICT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oliveira et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Brasil</td>
                  <td>Adultos com obesidade</td>
                  <td>25 mulheres 28&#177;5 anos HIIT:11 MICT:14</td>
                  <td align="center">SphygmoCor</td>
                  <td>8 semanas 3 dias/semana Corrida</td>
                  <td>4x4 min a 85-90% da FC<sub>max</sub> intercalado por 3 min de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa a 65-75% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td>41 minutos a 65-75% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clark et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Austr&#225;lia</td>
                  <td>Adultos com sobrepeso / obesidade</td>
                  <td>28 adult men 30&#177;6 years HIIT: 16 MICT: 12</td>
                  <td align="center">SphygmoCor</td>
                  <td>6 semanas 2 dias/semana Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td>10x1 min a 90-100% do W<sub>max</sub> (aproximadamente ~90% do HR<sub>max</sub>) seguido por 1 min de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa a 15% W<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td>30 min a 35-50% W<sub>max</sub> (65-75% da FC <sub>max</sub>)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Toohey et al.<sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Austr&#225;lia</td>
                  <td>Sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer</td>
                  <td>16 mulheres adultas 51&#177;13 anos HIIT: 8 MICT: 8</td>
                  <td align="center">SphygmoCor</td>
                  <td>12 semanas 3 dias/semana Corrida na esteira ou cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td>7x30 segundos a 85% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td>20 minutos a 55% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hanssen et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Su&#237;&#231;a</td>
                  <td>Pacientes com enxaqueca epis&#243;dica</td>
                  <td>25 mulheres adultas 30&#177;10 anos HIIT: 13 MICT: 12</td>
                  <td align="center">Mobil-o-graph</td>
                  <td>12 semanas 2 dias/semana Running</td>
                  <td>4x4 min a 90-95% da FC<sub>max</sub> intercalado por 3 min de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa a 70% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td>45 min a 70% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hanssen et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Su&#237;&#231;a</td>
                  <td>Pacientes com depress&#227;o unipolar</td>
                  <td>34 adultos (25 mulheres) 38&#177;12 anos HIIT: 19 MICT: 15</td>
                  <td align="center">Mobil-o-graph</td>
                  <td>4 semanas 3 dias/semana Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                  <td>25x30 segundos a 80% da VO<sub>2max</sub> seguidos de repouso absoluto por 30 segundos</td>
                  <td>20 minutos a 60% da VO<sub>2max</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kim et al.<sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td>Idosos</td>
                  <td>35 indiv&#237;duos (23 mulheres) 64&#177;1 anos HIIT: 17 MICT: 18</td>
                  <td align="center">SphygmoCor</td>
                  <td>8 semanas 4 dias/semana Bicicleta ergom&#233;trica</td>
                  <td>4x4 min a 90% da FC<sub>max</sub> intercalado por 3 min de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa a 70% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                  <td>47 minutos a 70% da FC<sub>max</sub></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>HIIT: treino intervalado de alta intensidade; MICT: treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada; FC<sub>max</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; VO<sub>2max</sub>: capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio; W<sub>max</sub>: watts m&#225;ximo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos mostrou um baixo risco de vi&#233;s ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ). Somente dois estudos mostraram um alto risco de vi&#233;s (33,3%), o que indica que os estudos seguiram rigorosamente os procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos propostos e uma boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica. Poucas quest&#245;es relacionadas ao sigilo na aloca&#231;&#227;o e cegamento dos participantes foram observadas em alguns estudos. No entanto, essas quest&#245;es s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas em estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cio, e n&#227;o representam, necessariamente, uma baixa qualidade metodol&#243;gica. Al&#233;m disso, as limita&#231;&#245;es observadas foram mencionadas na se&#231;&#227;o sobre limita&#231;&#245;es dos respectivos estudos. Vale ressaltar que essa avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi realizada como um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, sendo usado somente para fins informativos. Os sinais positivos e negativos, e o ponto de interroga&#231;&#227;o representam, respectivamente, risco baixo, alto e incerto. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade com exclus&#227;o de um estudo por vez (an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> ) mostrou que os resultados desta metan&#225;lise n&#227;o foram direcionados por nenhum estudo particular.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s usando a ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de Cochrane.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese dos resultados</title>
        <p>O HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc (DM = -3,12 mmHg, IC95%: -4,75 - 1,50, p = 0,0002). Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os valores basais e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio mostraram que o HIIT foi capaz de reduzir a PASc significativamente (DM = -3,08 mmHg, IC95%: -5,36 &#8211; 0,81, p = 0,008). Em contrapartida, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas para MICT DM = 0,02 mmHg, IC95%: -1,62 &#8211; 1,66, p = 0,98) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plot das compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos dos efeitos do treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) versus treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (MICT) sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; (a) p&#243;s-HIIT versus pr&#233;-HIIT; (b) p&#243;s-MCIT versus pr&#233;-MICT; e (c) HIIT versus MICT</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise agrupada n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre HIIT e MICT quanto as mudan&#231;as na PADc (DM = 0,08 mmHg, IC95%: -0,97 - 1,12, p = 0,89). O mesmo foi observado para HIIT (DM -0,36 mmHg, IC95%: -1,49 &#8211; 0.77 mmHg, p = 0,54) e MICT (DM = -1,34 mmHg, IC95%: -2,82 &#8211; 0,15, p = 0,08) em compara&#231;&#227;o a seus respectivos valores basais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plot das compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos dos efeitos do treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) versus treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (MICT) sobre a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; (a) p&#243;s-HIIT versus pr&#233;-HIIT; (b) p&#243;s-MCIT versus pr&#233;-MICT; e (c) HIIT versus MICT</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis secund&#225;rias, a an&#225;lise agrupada demonstrou que o HIIT foi superior ao MICT na redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS (DM = -2,67 mmHg, IC95% -5,18 &#8211; 0,16 mmHg, p = 0,04). Ainda, o HIIT foi superior no aumento do VO<sub>2max</sub> (DM = 2,49 mL/kg/min, IC95% 1,25 &#8211; 3,73, p = 0,001). Contudo, a an&#225;lise agrupada n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre HIIT e MICT para PAD (DM = 0,06 mmHg, IC95%: -1,36 &#8211; 1,48], p = 0,94) e VOP (DM = -0,07 m/s, IC95% -1,81 &#8211; 1,68, p = 0,94) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o entre o treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) e o treino cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada sobre a press&#227;o arterial, rigidez arterial e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>DM</th>
                  <th>ICI</th>
                  <th>ICS</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>I<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th>P</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27,28</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,67</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,18</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27</td>
                  <td align="center">139</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VOP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27,28</td>
                  <td align="center">153</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VO<sub><bold>2max</bold></sub></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24,25,26,27</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">2,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">3,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; VO<sub>2max</sub>: capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio; DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; ICI: intervalo de confian&#231;a inferior; ICS: intervalo de confian&#231;a superior; p: valor p para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos; I<sup>2</sup>: heterogeneidade; P: valor p para heterogeneidade; N: n&#250;mero de participantes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a sistematizar e comparar os efeitos do HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc em indiv&#237;duos sadios e com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. O principal achado desta metan&#225;lise foi a superioridade do HIIT sobre o MICT em reduzir a (DM = -3,12 mmHg, IC95% -4,75 &#8211; -1,50, p = 0,0002. Metan&#225;lises anteriores mostraram que o HIIT e o MICT s&#227;o igualmente eficazes em melhorar a PA ambulatorial em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O HIIT e o MICT promoveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5,6 e 3,7 mmHg na PASp e de 4,8 e 2,4mmHg na PAD, respectivamente, em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nossos resultados contribuem ao conhecimento atual em demonstrar que o HIIT parece ser superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,2mmHg. Contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre HIIT e MICT quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na PASc.</p>
      <p>Embora a PAp seja amplamente usada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes de que a PAc seja um preditor independente superior de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o e mortalidade cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Contudo, apesar de evid&#234;ncias corroborando a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da PAc e sua resposta a drogas anti-hipertensivas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAp, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto do treinamento com exerc&#237;cio sobre a PAc. Uma metan&#225;lise recente conduzida por Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> encontrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 6mmHg na PASc ap&#243;s o TA. Por outro lado, Evans et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PASc (DM = -3,58 mmHg, IC95% -8,17 &#8211; 1,01, p = 0,13) ap&#243;s o treino de resist&#234;ncia isolado ou combinado com TA. A presente metan&#225;lise demonstra que o HIIT &#233; superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc, mas n&#227;o diferente quanto &#224; PADc. Assim, al&#233;m dos efeitos distintos que algumas drogas anti-hipertensivas exercem sobre a PA dependendo do local analisado, o tipo de TA tamb&#233;m pode exercer diferentes efeitos sobe a PA.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais o HIIT poderia reduzir a PAc s&#227;o ainda incertos. Enquanto o HIIT parece ser similar ao MICT em reduzir a rigidez arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> ele parece ser superior ao MICT em melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Isso contribuiria para a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, o que atenuaria o desajuste na imped&#226;ncia entre os vasos centrais e perif&#233;ricos, diminuindo a velocidade da onda refletida para a aorta, e consequentemente menor amplifica&#231;&#227;o da PASc.</p>
      <p>Na segunda an&#225;lise, encontramos uma superioridade do HIIT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao MICT em reduzir PAS (DM = -2.67 mmHg, IC95% -5,18 &#8211; -0,16, p = 0,04). Esse resultado diverge do relatado em outras metan&#225;lises em que n&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as na PAS entre modalidades de TA em pacientes hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Tal discrep&#226;ncia pode estar relacionada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o em nosso estudo, o que geraria uma resposta diferente ao TA, particularmente ap&#243;s o HIIT. Considerando o fen&#244;meno de amplifica&#231;&#227;o da onda de press&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> seria esperado que mudan&#231;as importantes na PAc, promovidas pelo HIIT, seriam transferidas &#224; periferia, resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PAp. Ainda, o HIIT tamb&#233;m foi superior em aumentar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, corroborando estudos anteriores que compararam essas modalidades de TA sobre o VO<sub>2max</sub> em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Por outro lado, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas para VOP entre HIIT e MICT (DM = -0,07 m/s, IC95%: -1,81 &#8211; 1,68, <italic>p</italic> = 0,94). Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por Way et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre HIIT e MICT para VOP (DM = 0,004 m/s, IC95% -0,25 &#8211; -0,26 m/s, <italic>p</italic> = 0,97). Os principais resultados est&#227;o ilustrados na ilustra&#231;&#227;o central.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem considera&#231;&#227;o. Primeiro, h&#225; uma clara escassez de estudos analisando a PAc, mesmo essa sendo considerada um indicador forte e clinicamente relevante de risco cardiovascular. Uma vez que essa medida n&#227;o tem sido muito utilizada nos estudos, tivemos que combinar estudos com diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas na an&#225;lise agrupada. Ainda, os diferentes m&#233;todos para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de TA, al&#233;m de diferentes equipamentos usados para a PAc e rigidez arterial podem influenciar as an&#225;lises. Ainda, apesar de validados, os m&#233;todos usados para avaliar PAc utilizam m&#233;todos indiretos por oscilometria, o que deve ser interpretado com cuidado. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o que vale ser mencionada &#233; o fato de que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s foi conduzida por um &#250;nico pesquisador. Por fim, embora tenhamos rigorosamente seguido as diretrizes PRISMA, algumas refer&#234;ncias podem ter sido erroneamente ignoradas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, o HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir a PASc. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre o HIIT e o MICT em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAc ou &#224; VOP. Esse &#233; um achado relevante considerando que a PAc &#233; um forte preditor, clinicamente relevante de eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comparar os efeitos do HIIT e do MICT sobre a PAc em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, tais como indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos, os quais s&#227;o mais expostos a disfun&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>* Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para tabela suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0398_AR_Supplementary%20Table%201.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      <p>Para tabela suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0398_AR_Supplementary%20Table%202.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira pela Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e a Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Estado do Paran&#225;, Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Central Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7708-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Henrique de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okawa</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6843-4150</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Locatelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Hugo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reck</surname>
            <given-names>Higor Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Wendell Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Obtaining financing,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, Rigidez Arterial e Envelhecimento Vascular (GPHARV), Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="AU">Australia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas (Ci&#234;ncias do esporte, exerc&#237;cio e sa&#250;de), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia &#8211; Australia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica &#8211; Av. Colombo, 5790 &#8211; Zona 7, CEP 87020-900, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gustavool.henrique@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Central blood pressure (cBP) is considered an independent predictor of organ damage, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Evidence has shown that high intensity interval training (HIIT) is superior to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and vascular function. However, the effects of these aerobic training modalities on cBP have not yet been properly reviewed.This meta-analysis aims to investigate to effects of HIIT versus MICT on cBP.We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT versus MICT on cBP. Primary outcomes were measures of central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP). Peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>) were analyzed as second outcomes. Meta-analysis of mean differences (MD) was conducted using the random effects model.Our study included 163 patients enrolled in six trials. We found that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP (MD = -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.50, p = 0.0002) and SBP (MD = -2.67 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -0.16, p = 0.04), and increasing VO<sub>2max</sub>(MD = 2.49 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.73, p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were reported for cDBP, DBP and PWV.HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP, which suggests its potential role as a non-pharmacological therapy for high blood pressure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>High-Intensity Interval Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Endurance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths per year, and a total of 31% of all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> High blood pressure (BP) is nowadays the leading modifiable risk factor for CVD and premature death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Elevated systolic BP (SBP) (&#8805;140 mmHg) has been responsible for 40% of ischemic heart disease, 38% of ischemic stroke and 43% of hemorrhagic stroke deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence has suggested that central BP (cBP) is an independent predictor of organ damage, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, as its association with CVD risk is stronger than BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A recent study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> showed that cBP was able to predict the development of hypertension in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, clinical trials have demonstrated that antihypertensive drugs may exert contrasting effects on cBP and BP.</p>
        <p>The cBP can be non-invasively assessed by several devices using pulse wave analysis by applanation tonometry with a generalized transfer function, which corrects for pressure wave amplification in the upper limbs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pulse wave analysis represents the aortic pressure waveform derived from the radial or carotid pulse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pulse wave is composed of an incident wave (forward-travelling), formed by the left ventricular ejection. When this incident wave reaches the bifurcations alongside the arterial tree, it generates a reflected wave which travels backwards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Central pressure waveforms are defined by several components, such as central SBP (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and central pulse pressure (cPP), which are derived from the generalized transfer function, and the augmentation index, defined as the amplitude of the reflected wave in terms of cPP, representing the integration of the incident and reflected pressure waves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regular physical activity is considered a preventive approach and a first-line nonpharmacological treatment for hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Aerobic training (AT) has been strongly recommended to reduce BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In terms of cBP, in a recent meta-analysis, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> observed a 5.9 mmHg reduction in cSBP after AT. These findings support the potential of AT in improving not only the peripheral vascular resistance but also the central arterial compliance, contributing to a reduction in both BP and cBP.</p>
        <p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been reported to be equal or even superior in eliciting health benefits in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), being considered a time-efficient AT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Also, HIIT has shown a higher adherence rate and similar enjoyment level in comparison to MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the comparison between HIIT and MICT is less clear in terms of changes in BP. Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> found no differences between HIIT and MICT in reducing SBP or DBP in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals. On the other hand, Leal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> reported that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing DBP in hypertensive individuals, and Way et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> found that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing night-time DBP in adults.</p>
        <p>Based on this, HIIT has emerged as a promising alternative, given that current global hypertension guidelines recommend regular physical activity, including MICT or HIIT, as an essential component of lifestyle changing for the treatment of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, the effects of HIIT compared to MICT on cBP have not been adequately reviewed yet. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to revise the effects of HIIT versus MICT on cBP. As a secondary outcome, we compared the efficacy of HIIT versus MICT on BP, arterial stiffness and cardiorespiratory fitness. We hypothesized that HIIT would be superior to MICT in reducing cSBP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and previously registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018111573).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>The systematic search for references was conducted on five electronic databases (Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, Lilacs and Scielo). The search terms were defined earlier and then uniformly applied in all databases by two independent researchers (GHO and VHSM), aiming to verify whether the same number of references was achieved. The terms used in the searches were the following: &#8216;central blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central hemodynamics&#8217; OR &#8216;aortic systolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;aortic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central diastolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;central systolic blood pressure&#8217; OR &#8216;arterial stiffness&#8217; OR &#8216;pulse wave velocity&#8217; OR &#8216;augmentation index&#8217; AND &#8216;high-intensity interval training&#8217; OR &#8216;aerobic interval training&#8217; OR &#8216;aerobic exercise&#8217; OR &#8216;moderate-intensity continuous training&#8217; OR &#8216;HIIT&#8217; OR &#8216;MICT&#8217; AND &#8216;randomized controlled trial&#8217; (Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). We also conducted a search in the reference section of potentially eligible studies. The search included all the available references from inception to 12 April 2022.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">References</th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Country</th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Sample characteristics</th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Number of subjects/ age</th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Hemodynamic assessment technique</th>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Length/ Frequency/ Mode</th>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">Exercise protocols</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">HIIT</th>
                    <th align="left">MICT</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clark et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td>Australia</td>
                    <td>Adults with overweight/ obesity</td>
                    <td>28 adult men 30&#177;6 years HIIT: 16 MICT: 12</td>
                    <td>SphygmoCor</td>
                    <td>6 wks 2 d/wk Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td>10x1 min at 90-100% of W<sub>max</sub>(approximately ~90% of HR<sub>max</sub>) followed by 1 min of active recovery at 15% W<sub>max</sub></td>
                    <td>30 min at 35-50% W<sub>max</sub>(65-75% of HR<sub>max</sub>)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hanssen et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td>Switzerland</td>
                    <td>Patients with episodic migraine</td>
                    <td>25 adult women 30&#177;10 years HIIT: 13 MICT: 12</td>
                    <td>Mobil-o-graph</td>
                    <td>12 wks 2 d/wk Running</td>
                    <td>4x4 min at 90-95% of HR<sub>max</sub>interspersed by 3 min of active recovery at 70% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                    <td>45 min at 70% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hanssen et al.<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td>Switzerland</td>
                    <td>Patients with unipolar depression</td>
                    <td>34 adults (25 women) 38&#177;12 years HIIT: 19 MICT: 15</td>
                    <td>Mobil-o-graph</td>
                    <td>4 wks 3 d/wk Cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td>25x30 sec at 80% of VO<sub>2max</sub>followed by 30 sec of absolute rest</td>
                    <td>20 min at 60% of VO<sub>2max</sub></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kim et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td>USA</td>
                    <td>Elderly</td>
                    <td>35 subjects (23 women) 64&#177;1 years HIIT: 17 MICT: 18</td>
                    <td>SphygmoCor</td>
                    <td>8 wks 4 d/wk Air bike</td>
                    <td>4 x 4 minutes at 90% of HR<sub>max</sub>interspersed by 3 minutes of active recovery at 70% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                    <td>47 minutes at 70% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oliveira et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td>Brazil</td>
                    <td>Adults with Obesity</td>
                    <td>25 women 28&#177;5 years HIIT:11 MICT:14</td>
                    <td>SphygmoCor</td>
                    <td>8 wks 3 d/wk Running</td>
                    <td>4x4 min at 85-95% of HR<sub>max</sub>interspersed by 3 min of active recovery at 65-75% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                    <td>41 min at 65-75% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Toohey et al.<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td>Australia</td>
                    <td>Cancer survivors</td>
                    <td>16 adult women 51&#177;13 years HIIT: 8 MICT: 8</td>
                    <td>SphygmoCor</td>
                    <td>12 wks 3 d/wk Treadmill running or cycle ergometer</td>
                    <td>7x30 seg at 85% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                    <td>20 min at 55% of HR<sub>max</sub></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>HIIT: high-intensity interval training; MICT: moderate-intensity continuous training; HR<sub>max</sub>: maximum heart rate; VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximal oxygen uptake; W<sub>max</sub><sup>:</sup>maximum watts; d: days; wks: weeks</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>The eligibility criteria were established according to the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design) strategy. This review included studies involving adults (18 years or older) of both genders, non-athletes and with no restrictions in terms of physical activity levels. The intervention included studies using HIIT according as defined by Weston et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> <italic>i.e</italic> ., a repeated stimulus at vigorous intensity (80-100% of peak heart rate) interspersed with periods of recovery (active or passive). HIIT was compared with MICT, which consisted of a continuous stimulus at moderate intensity (54-76% of peak heart rate or equivalent). The primary outcome was cBP, measured before and after AT interventions, and the secondary outcomes were BP, arterial stiffness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Only randomized controlled trials were considered in this review.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>The references were systematized with the aid of a reference management software (Mendeley<sup>&#174;</sup>, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Two researchers performed the study screening independently (GHO and VHSM). Studies whose scopes were undoubtedly out of the aim of this study and duplicate data were initially excluded from the screening process. The remaining references were assessed by title and abstract, and those who were still considered eligible underwent a full-text assessment. In case of disagreement between the two authors, they tried to reach consensus by explaining their point of view. If the disagreement persisted, a third author&#8217;s opinion (JCL) was requested for a final decision.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included (1) duplicated articles; (2) conference abstract and articles; (3) outcome measures without cBP; (4) acute design study; (5) other exercise or diet intervention associated with HIIT or MICT; (6) incomplete reports of study data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>The extraction of qualitative and quantitative data was carried out independently by the two researchers (GHO and VHSM), and the data obtained were compared to avoid extraction errors. Data was extracted using a standardized spreadsheet. The demographic variables extracted from each study were: country; sample characteristics; number of subjects/age; hemodynamic assessment technique; length/frequency/mode and exercise protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias assessment</title>
          <p>The Cochrane<sup>&#174;</sup>risk of bias tool (Cochrane collaboration, Oxford, UK) was used to check the risk of bias from the included studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This tool is composed of five domains, which altogether address the methodological aspects that can influence the results of a trial. Each of the five domains have specific questions that allow five possible answers (&#8220;yes&#8221;, &#8220;probably yes&#8221;, &#8220;no&#8221;, &#8220;probably no&#8221;, and &#8220;no information&#8221;). Based on this, each domain was classified into &#8220;low&#8221;, &#8220;unclear&#8221;, or &#8220;high&#8221; risk of bias, at the author&#8217;s discretion (GHO), who assessed all the studies. The main purpose of this process was to assess the rigor of the studies&#8217; methodology and therefore, it was not used as an exclusion criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were manually inserted and then pooled into the meta-analysis, which was performed by the software Review Manager<sup>&#174;</sup>version 5.3 (Cochrane collaboration). Data regarding cSBP, cDBP, SBP, DBP, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>) were presented as mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). For studies that did not provide the standard deviation (SD) of changes in the variables, the conversion to SD or the imputation of SD was made by equation according to Cochrane Handbook,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> considering the correlation coefficient based on the data presented by Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The random effects model was used. Forest plots were created to quantify the effects of the HIIT and MICT protocols on cSBP and cDBP. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the magnitude of the influence of each study on the outcomes. A significance level of p&#8804; 0.05 was adopted. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature search</title>
          <p>The initial searches retrieved 6115 references. After the removal of duplicates, 3677 references remained for posterior analysis of title. Subsequently, 3457 references were removed because they did not fit the PICOS questions. After reading the abstracts, 171 references were removed for not meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the 49 references selected to full-text assessment, 43 references were excluded. Finally, six studies matched the eligibility criteria and were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PRISMA flowchart for study selection for the systematic review and meta-analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics</title>
          <p>The included studies were published between 2016 and 2020 and conducted in Australia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Switzerland,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> USA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The studies were conducted with sample ranging from 16 to 35 subjects, with a total of 163 participants (70% women). Most of the studies were conducted with young adults. Regarding the populations investigated in the studies, they included overweight and obese men,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> obese women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> individuals with migraine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> depression,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> sedentary older adults<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and cancer survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Of note, the assessment of cBP and arterial stiffness did not use an unique standardized method nor technique, in which the SphygmoCor<sup>&#174;</sup>(AtCor Medical, Sidney, Australia)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and the Mobil-o-graph<sup>&#174;</sup>(IEM GmbH, Stolberg, Germany)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> were used.</p>
          <p>In relation to cBP, one study has reported significant decreases in cSBP and cDBP following both HIIT and MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moreover, significant reductions in cSBP following HIIT and cDBP after MICT have been reported in two studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The other studies have not reported significant differences after the AT protocols. Concerning changes in PWV, one study found a significant reduction following HIIT and MICT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> wherein two studies have reported a reduction in PWV after MICT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> One study has verified an increase in PWV after HIIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The other three studies have not shown significant changes in this variable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of the included studies</title>
          <p>The AT programs consisted of cycling on a cycle ergometer<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> or air bike,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and running<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> on a running track or treadmill. One study used both cycling and running.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Concerning the HIIT programs, three studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> used the traditional Norwegian protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which consisted of four high-intensity bouts of four minutes each. Two studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> used a HIIT protocol with 30-second high-intensity bouts, varying from seven to 25 stimulus. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> used a HIIT protocol consisting of 10 high-intensity bouts of one minute each. The HIIT protocols had an intensity between 85% and 95% of maximum heart rate (HRmax). The MICT protocols varied from 20 to 47 minutes, in which the average duration of the MICT programs was 35.4&#177;11 minutes, and an intensity that ranged from 55% to 75% of HRmax. Interventions lasted between four and 12 weeks with a frequency of two to four times a week. The general characteristics of the included studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias assessment</title>
          <p>Assessment of the risk of bias of the included studies showed an overall low risk of bias ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ). Only two studies showed a high risk of bias (33,3%); this indicates that the studies rigorously followed the methodological procedures proposed, which demonstrate a good methodological quality. Few issues mostly related to allocation concealment and blinding of participants were observed in some studies. Nevertheless, these issues are typical limitations in exercise intervention studies, and they do not necessarily represent poor methodological quality. Furthermore, the limitations verified were properly mentioned in the limitations section of the respective studies. It is important to emphasize that this assessment was not performed as an exclusion criterion and was used for informational purposes only. The positive and negative signs, and question marks represent low, high and uncertain risk of bias, respectively. Yet, the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed that the results of this meta-analysis were not driven by any particular study.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cochrane risk of bias assessment from the included studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Synthesis of results</title>
          <p>The HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing cSBP (MD = -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.50, p = 0.0002). Comparisons between baseline and post-exercise program values showed that HIIT was able to reduce cSBP significantly (MD = -3.08 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.36 to -0.81, p = 0.008); in contrast, no significant differences were observed for MICT (MD = 0.02 mmHg, 95% CI: -1.62 to 1.66, p = 0.98) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of the between-group comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on central systolic blood pressure: (a) HIIT pos versus pre; (b) MCIT pos versus pre; and (c) HIIT versus MICT.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The pooled analysis showed no significant differences between HIIT and MICT regarding changes in cDBP (MD = 0.08 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.97 to 1.12, p = 0.89). The same was verified for HIIT (MD = -0.36 mmHg, 95% CI: -1.49 to 0.77 mmHg, p = 0.54) and MICT (MD = -1.34 mmHg, 95% CI: -2.82 to 0.15, p = 0.08) in comparison to their respective baseline values ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of the between-group comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on central diastolic blood pressure: (a) HIIT post versus pre; (b) MICT post versus pre; and (c) HIIT versus MICT.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Concerning the secondary variables, the pooled analysis demonstrated that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing SBP (MD = -2.67 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -0.16 mmHg, p = 0.04). In addition, HIIT was also superior in increasing the VO<sub>2max</sub>(MD = 2.49 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.73, p = 0.001). However, the pooled analysis did not show significant differences between HIIT and MICT for DBP (MD = 0.06 mmHg, 95% CI: -1.36 to 1.48], p = 0.94) and PWV (MD = -0.07 m/s, 95% CI: -1.81 to 1.68, p = 0.94) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean difference and standard mean deviation comparison between HIIT and MICT on blood pressure parameters, arterial stiffness and cardiorespiratory fitness</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>References</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>DM</th>
                    <th>ICI</th>
                    <th>SCI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>I<sup>2</sup></th>
                    <th>P</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SBP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27,28</td>
                    <td align="center">154</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.67</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.18</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DBP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27</td>
                    <td align="center">139</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PWV</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23,24,25,26,27,28</td>
                    <td align="center">153</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>VO<sub><bold>2max</bold></sub></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">24,25,26,27</td>
                    <td align="center">111</td>
                    <td align="center">2.49</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">3.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; VO<sub>2max</sub>: maximal oxygen uptake; MD: mean difference; ICI: inferior confidence interval; SCI: superior confidence interval; p: p value for group comparison; I<sup>2</sup>: heterogeneity; P: p-value for heterogeneity; N: number of participants.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study to systematize and compare the effects of HIIT versus MICT on cBP in healthy and chronically diseased individuals. The main finding of this meta-analysis was that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing cSBP (MD = -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.50, p = 0.0002. Previous meta-analyses have shown that HIIT and MICT are equally effective in improving ambulatory BP in pre-hypertensive<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> , and hypertensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> HIIT and MICT have promoted a reduction of 5.6 and 3.7 mmHg in pSBP and 4.8 and 2.4 mmHg for DBP in hypertension individuals, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Our findings add to the existing knowledge by demonstrating that HIIT appears to be superior to MICT in reducing cSBP, with a reduction of -3,2 mmHg. Nevertheless, there were no statistical differences between HIIT and MICT as regards changes in cDBP.</p>
        <p>Although pBP is widely used in clinical practice, consistent evidence has been suggesting that cBP is a superior independent predictor of organ damage and cardiovascular mortality than pBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, despite evidence supporting the prognostic importance of cBP and its distinct response to antihypertensive drug treatments when compared to pBP, not much is known about the impact of exercise training on cBP. A recent meta-analysis conducted by Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> have found a reduction of approximately 6 mmHg in cSBP following AT. On the other hand, Evans et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> have not found a significant reduction in cSBP (MD = -3.58 mmHg, 95% CI: -8.17 to 1.01, p = 0.13) after resistance training alone or combined with AT. The present meta-analysis demonstrates that HIIT is superior to MICT in reducing cSBP, but no difference was observed for cDBP. Therefore, aside from the distinct effects that some antihypertensive drugs have on BP depending on the analyzed site, the type of AT can also exert different effects on BP.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms by HIIT could reduce cBP are still uncertain. While HIIT appears to be similar to MICT in reducing arterial stiffness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> it has been shown to be superior to MICT in improving endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> This improvement may contribute to the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance, which may attenuate the impedance mismatches between the central and peripheral vessels, decreasing the velocity of reflected wave to the aorta and consequently less amplification of cSBP.</p>
        <p>In the second analysis, we found a superiority of HIIT compared to MICT in reducing SBP (MD = -2.67 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -0.16, p = 0.04). This finding diverges from other meta-analyses which found no differences in SBP between the AT modalities in pre- and hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This discrepancy may be related to the absence of individuals with hypertension in our study, which may have produced a distinct response to AT, particularly after HIIT. Considering the pressure wave amplification phenomenon,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> it was expected that significant changes in cBP promoted by HIIT would be transferred to the periphery, resulting in a reduction in pBP. Additionally, HIIT was also superior in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, corroborating with previous studies that compared these AT modalities on VO<sub>2max</sub>in different populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> On the other hand, we found no significant differences between HIIT and MICT for PWV (MD = -0.07 m/s, 95% CI: -1.81 to 1.68, p = 0.94). These findings are in line with those from Way et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> who did not observe significant differences between HIIT and MICT for PWV (MD = 0.004 m/s, 95% CI: -0.25 to -0.26 m/s, p = 0.97). The main results are illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Central Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Main results of the study.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220398-20398-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>This study has some worth mentioning limitations. Firstly, there is a clear paucity of studies analyzing cBP, even if it is recognized as a strong and clinically relevant indicator of cardiovascular risk. Since this measurement has not been commonly used so far, we had to combine studies with different populations and clinical conditions in the pooled analysis. Moreover, the different methods for AT prescription, in addition to different equipment used for cBP and arterial stiffness can influence the analyses. Also, despite being validated, the methods used to evaluate cBP use indirect methods through oscillometry, which should be interpreted with caution. Another limitation which is worth mentioning is the fact that the assessment of the risk of bias was conducted by one researcher only. Lastly, although we have rigorously followed the PRISMA guidelines, some potential references might have been erroneously missed out during the screening process.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing cSBP, but not different from MICT regarding effects on cDBP or PWV. This is a relevant finding considering that cBP is a strong and clinically predictor of cardiovascular events Future studies are required to compare the effects of HIIT and MICT on cBP in specific populations, such as prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals, who are more exposed to impairments in hemodynamic parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For suppementary table 1 please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0398_AR_Supplementary%20Table%201.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>For suppementary table 2 please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0398_AR_Supplementary%20Table%202.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira, from Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) and Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Estado do Paran&#225;, Brazil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
