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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xNqyGgkxbCtbwjHGRsMwKYk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220326</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diminui&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos do Receptor Sol&#250;vel da Oncostatina M (sOSMR) e Glicoprote&#237;na 130 (sgp130) em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4054-294X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Stela Santana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Pinheiro Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>R&#234;go</surname>
            <given-names>Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Melgarejo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2734-2284</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Michelly Cristiny</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Galdino da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua Jornalista An&#237;bal Fernandes, 141 CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>vanessamylenna@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220326</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A oncostatina M (OSM) &#233; uma citocina pleiotr&#243;pica que, ap&#243;s les&#227;o arterial, demonstra ser expressa rapidamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Correlacionar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da OSM, do receptor sol&#250;vel de oncostatina M (sOSMR) e da fra&#231;&#227;o sol&#250;vel de glicoprote&#237;na 130 (sgp130) em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) a par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de sOSMR e sgp130 foram avaliados por ELISA, enquanto os de OSM foram avaliados por Western Blot, em pacientes com SCC (n=100), pacientes com SCA (n=70) e 64 volunt&#225;rios do grupo de controle sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pacientes com DAC exibiram n&#237;veis significativamente mais baixos de sOSMR e sgp130 e n&#237;veis mais altos de OSM em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle (ambos p &lt;0,0001). A an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica mostrou n&#237;veis mais baixos de sOSMR em homens ([OR] = 2,05, p = 0,026), jovens (OR = 1,68, p = 0,0272), hipertensos (OR = 2,19, p = 0,041), fumantes (OR = 2,19, p = 0,017), pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam dislipidemia (OR = 2,32, p = 0,013), pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio [IAM] (OR = 3,01, p = 0,001) e pacientes n&#227;o tratados com estatina (OR = 1,95, p = 0,031), antiplaquet&#225;rio (OR = 2,46, p = 0,005), inibidores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (OR = 3,15, p = 0,028) e antidiab&#233;ticos (OR = 2,97, p = 0,005). Os n&#237;veis de sOSMR tamb&#233;m foram correlacionados a sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o e uso de medicamentos na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nossos dados sugerem que o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM e a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sOSMR e sGP130 em pacientes com inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca podem desempenhar um papel importante no mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis mais baixos de sOSMR foram associados a sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o e uso de medicamentos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncostatina M</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. Em 2019, ocorreram 171.246 &#243;bitos atribu&#237;dos &#224; DAC no Brasil, sendo a principal causa de morte em quase todas as suas Unidades Federativas (UF), com exce&#231;&#227;o de duas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A <italic>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</italic> (DAC) ocorre em consequ&#234;ncia do mecanismo de les&#227;o arterial. Ela se baseia na aterosclerose, doen&#231;a que afeta as art&#233;rias &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia associada a ac&#250;mulos focais de lip&#237;dios e fibras col&#225;genas difusas, e &#233; caracterizada por elementos de resposta inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica. A s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) &#233; definida como a DAC com um processo cr&#244;nico decorrente de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, podendo se manifestar como angina est&#225;vel (onde o paciente apresenta sintomas), ou isquemia detectada por exames complementares (isquemia silenciosa), enquanto as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) s&#227;o caracterizada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o repentina no fornecimento de sangue ao cora&#231;&#227;o. A terapia farmacol&#243;gica e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva s&#227;o m&#233;todos de tratamento em ambos os casos. As DAC podem ficar &#8220;est&#225;veis&#8221; por um longo per&#237;odo, mas &#233; poss&#237;vel ocorrer uma situa&#231;&#227;o inst&#225;vel devido &#224; ruptura ou eros&#227;o da placa com a transi&#231;&#227;o para uma SCA a qualquer momento (ou seja, ambas s&#227;o formas de uma doen&#231;a com o mesmo mecanismo subjacente). Sabe-se que os linf&#243;citos T CD4+ ativados desempenham pap&#233;is importantes na produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, que podem levar &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e danos vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A oncostatina M (OSM) &#233; conhecida como uma citocina pleiotr&#243;pica da fam&#237;lia IL-6 produzida por c&#233;lulas T ativadas, mon&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas, neutr&#243;filos e macr&#243;fagos e, desempenha pap&#233;is fundamentais na inflama&#231;&#227;o, neuroprote&#231;&#227;o, metabolismo, sobreviv&#234;ncia celular e remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Al&#233;m dessa base, a atividade da OMS na aterosclerose coron&#225;ria foi descoberta com resultados distintos. A literatura revelou que a OSM ativa o correceptor gp130, uma glicoprote&#237;na transdutora de sinal relacionada &#224; via JAK/STAT que &#233; respons&#225;vel pela hipertrofia e pela regenera&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Como alternativa, a fun&#231;&#227;o da OSM tamb&#233;m pode apontar para a progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de OSM envolve a liga&#231;&#227;o da subunidade gp130 do receptor do fator inibidor de leucemia (LIFR) [LIFR&#946;/gp130] e &#224; subunidade gp130 e receptor da OSM [OSMR&#946;/gp130].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o sol&#250;vel de OSMR (sOSMR) &#233; formada por uma variedade de mecanismos, incluindo clivagens proteol&#237;ticas dos dom&#237;nios extracelulares do receptor, a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de um res&#237;duo de glicosilfosfatidilinositol e o splicing alternativo de transcritos de RNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sgp130, uma antagonista natural de IL-6, &#233; alternativamente processada a partir do mRNA ou eliminada do ectodom&#237;nio de gp130 ligado &#224; membrana. Tem propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias principalmente por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena da transinaliza&#231;&#227;o da IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos usando a prote&#237;na sgp130 mostraram efeitos terap&#234;uticos razo&#225;veis em modelos animais de artrite reumatoide, l&#250;pus eritematoso, e doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel da sgp130 nas DAC permanece obscuro. Poucos estudos avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM e a gravidade da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Assim, em nosso estudo, avaliamos os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM sol&#250;vel, OSMR e sgp130 em pacientes com DAC. Al&#233;m disso, investigamos como a express&#227;o s&#233;rica de OSM, OSMR e sgp130 se correlaciona &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi composto por pacientes adultos (maiores de 18 anos), com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de SCC (70% ou mais de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz vascular vista por CATE), pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA (presen&#231;a de trombo oclusivo na luz vascular vista por CATE) e sujeitos do grupo de controle. O sangue dos pacientes com SCA foi coletado at&#233; no m&#225;ximo 3 dias ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, pois as coletas foram realizadas &#224;s segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para diferenciar pacientes com SCA entre infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - IAM - (STEMI vs. NSTEMI) e angina inst&#225;vel foi a angiocoronariografia (ACG) realizada pelo cardiologista, al&#233;m do eletrocardiograma e marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica como CK-MB e todas as fra&#231;&#245;es de troponina.</p>
        <p>Os acompanhantes dos pacientes que se voluntariaram e atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (idade &gt; 18 anos e sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DAC) formaram o grupo controle. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC), s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e grupo de controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>SCC (N = 100)</th>
                  <th>SCA (N = 70)</th>
                  <th>Controle (N = 64)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,32 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">63,4 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,97&#177; 11,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
                  <td align="center">59/41</td>
                  <td align="center">49/21</td>
                  <td align="center">40/24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (78,57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (56,25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (44,28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (33,85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26,56%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cardiovascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>*IAM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (41,42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (44,28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,81%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (51,42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,38%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11,42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (32,85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (14,06%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14,28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (29,69%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (15,71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (21,86%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antidiab&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (21,42%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (45,71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitratos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Agente antiplaquet&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibratos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anti-isqu&#234;micos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - [IAM foi o motivo da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o]. &#8224;BCC: bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio; IECA/BRA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; ARA: antagonista do receptor da angiotensina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise foram os pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica de est&#225;gio IV ou V, discrasia sangu&#237;nea, c&#226;ncer ativo, met&#225;stase ativa, aqueles em quimioterapia ou radioterapia, pacientes com expectativa de vida &lt;1 ano e pacientes em uso de imunossupressores.</p>
        <p>Para todos os grupos, foi realizada a amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia. No total, foram coletadas 170 amostras de sangue dos pacientes. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois subgrupos: pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC; n=100) e pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA; n=70 &#8211; sendo n=29 pacientes SCA com IAM, e n=41 pacientes SCA com angina), junto com o grupo controle (n=64).</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAAE: 16356619.7.0000.5208).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de interesse foram coletadas por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios. Todas as defini&#231;&#245;es de comorbidades foram feitas com base no autorrelato dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi diagnosticada com base no uso de anti-hipertensivos ou nas medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica &#8805;140/90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus foi definido como uso de insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais, ou glicemia de jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL. A hiperlipidemia foi diagnosticada com base na concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol total em jejum &#8805;200 mg/dL, concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos &#8805;150 mg/dL, ou uso de hipolipemiantes. Consideraram-se portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular aqueles que apresentavam arritmia, angina, cardiomiopatia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou j&#225; haviam sofrido acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA)</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico de todos os sujeitos em tubos, sem anticoagulantes. Em sequ&#234;ncia, o soro foi separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o e armazenado a -80 &#176;C at&#233; o uso. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e sgp130 foram medidos em pacientes com DAC e controlados por ELISA, usando kits espec&#237;ficos (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, EUA e eBioscience, San Diego, CA), conforme o protocolo do fabricante. O limite de detec&#231;&#227;o mais baixo do ensaio foi de 156,25 pg/mL para a sOSMR e 78,125 pg/mL para a sgp130. N&#227;o foram detectados n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM pela metodologia citada acima. O limite de detec&#231;&#227;o mais baixo do ensaio foi de 15,2 pg/mL. Portanto, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM foram medidos por Western Blot.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de OSM</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o proteica da OSM no soro dos pacientes foi realizada por Western Blot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Uma al&#237;quota de soro de cada paciente foi dilu&#237;da 1:10 em &#225;gua MiliQ e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na foi determinada pelo kit BCA Protein Assay conforme as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;). Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de absorb&#226;ncia, 50&#956;g de prote&#237;nas foram submetidos &#224; eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida 10% contendo SDS (SDS-PAGE) e transferidos para membrana de nitrocelulose (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). O bloqueio de locais n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos foi realizado incubando a membrana com TBST-BSA 5% a 4&#176;C durante a noite. As membranas foram incubadas com o anticorpo prim&#225;rio monoclonal oncostatina M (OSM) de coelho (ColorBurst&#174;) dilu&#237;do a 1:1000 em TBST-BSA 5% &#224;s 4 horas TA. Em seguida, as membranas foram incubadas com os respectivos anticorpos secund&#225;rios conjugados com HRP (1:5000). Prote&#237;nas imunomarcadas conjugadas com HRP foram detectadas pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia aprimorada (ECL, GE Healthcare Life Sciences).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 6.0, San Diego, CA). A normalidade das amostras foi verificada com o teste de D&#8217;Agostino, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), se normalmente distribu&#237;das, ou como medianas [faixa interquartil [FIQ] (25&#186;-75&#186; percentil)], se n&#227;o apresentarem distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana. A mediana tamb&#233;m foi o crit&#233;rio utilizado para categorizar os grupos em maiores e menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e sgp130. Para an&#225;lise de citocinas foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do post hoc de Brown-Forsythe, assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; o teste qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher foi usado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (ANOVA), seguida pelos testes post hoc de Brown-Forsythe e Bartlett, foram usados para avaliar a express&#227;o proteica da OSM por Western Blot. A an&#225;lise multivariada tamb&#233;m foi realizada para discernir quais par&#226;metros tinham valor preditivo independente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR, analisados de maneira inferencial, usando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. O modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o utilizado foi o log&#237;stico. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e sgp130</title>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos participantes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Pacientes com SCC e SCA apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos significativamente mais baixos de sOSMR em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1a</xref> . Al&#233;m disso, foi detectada menor express&#227;o s&#233;rica de sgp130 na SCC e na SCA quando comparada ao grupo de controle, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1b</xref> . Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi detectada nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e sgp130 entre pacientes com SCC quando comparados aos de SCA.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o geral dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e sgp130 da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. A) N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR (receptor sol&#250;vel da oncostatina M) em pg/mL nos sujeitos do grupo de controle (CT) e nos grupos s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). B) N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sgp130 (glicoprote&#237;na 130, fra&#231;&#227;o sol&#250;vel) em pg/mL nos sujeitos do grupo de controle (CT) e nos grupos s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). ****p &lt;0.0001 vs. controle: Significativo depois an&#225;lise do teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR de acordo com sexo e idade</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2a</xref> revela que pacientes do sexo masculino com SCA e SCC apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR mais baixos do que mulheres com as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de sOSMR foram detectados em mulheres com SCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com SCC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o geral dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR por sexo e idade. A) Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos nos grupos controles (CT) e nos grupos s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) entre homens e mulheres n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pg/mL (receptor sol&#250;vel da oncostatina M) sOSMR. B) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sOSMR (receptor sol&#250;vel da oncostatina M) em pg/mL e a idade de pacientes com SCA. ****p &lt;0,0001 vs. grupo de controle: Significativo depois an&#225;lise do teste de Kruskal-Wallis; * p &lt;0,05 ap&#243;s a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com SCA, a idade apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Fig. 2b</xref> . A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi realizada nos grupos de SCC e de controle, mas n&#227;o houve resultados significativos para nenhum dos grupos [dados n&#227;o mostrados].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM por Western Blot</title>
        <p>O soro de 10 pacientes em cada grupo foi selecionado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de representatividade da amostra (idade m&#233;dia de 60,5, 65,2 e 63,9 anos nos grupos CT, SCA e SCC, respectivamente). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> indica express&#227;o aumentada de OSM em grupos de SCA e de SCC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM entre os grupos de SCA e de SCC. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o para prote&#237;na constitucional foi realizada com albumina, corada pela t&#233;cnica de Ponceau S 0,01%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> pois a amostra utilizada para o Western Blot foi sangue total.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Express&#227;o proteica de oncostatina M (OSM) entre indiv&#237;duos controle (CT), pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o com albumina corada por Ponceau S. **** p &lt;0,0001 vs. o grupo de controle: Significativo depois an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Os resultados indicam uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR e pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, acidente vascular cerebral, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e pacientes tabagistas ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">Tabela 1 do Material Suplementar </ext-link> ).</p>
        <p>Observando os medicamentos, o uso de estatinas, agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, insulina, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC) e medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos est&#225; positivamente associado aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">Tabela 2 do Material Suplementar </ext-link> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a porcentagem de pacientes com n&#237;veis baixos de sOSMR segundo vari&#225;veis independentes, com p &lt;0,20 para serem inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise e p &lt;0,20 para permanecer no modelo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Bivariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Padronizado</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR e IC de 95.0%</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th>OR e IC de 95.0%</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,026*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05 (1,09 a 3,89)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 (0,89 a 3,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68 (0,92 a 3,09)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,28 (1,12 a 4,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,023*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acima de 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,041*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19 (1,02 a 4,64)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,69 (1,15 a 6,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,023*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,013*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,32 (1,86 a 4,52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,56 (1,19 a 5,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,016*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio agudo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01 (1,54 a 5,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,99 (1,41 a 6,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,004*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Agente antiplaquet&#225;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,005*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46 (1,31 a 4,62)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,56 (1,25 a 5,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,010*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,028*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3,15 (1,08 a 9,19)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,13 (1,26 a 13,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,019*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>* valores de signific&#226;ncia (valores de p &lt;0,05).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos circulantes de sOSMR foram independentemente associados com sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o, aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;rico de dislipidemia e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e n&#227;o uso de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios e BBC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou n&#227;o apenas express&#227;o s&#233;rica diminu&#237;da de sOSMR, mas tamb&#233;m concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentadas de OSM s&#233;rico em pacientes com SCC ou SCA.</p>
      <p>A OSM aparece no cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s dano card&#237;aco, a fim de promover a sobreviv&#234;ncia celular e o reparo tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No estudo de Hu et al. (2017), a OSM atenuou a remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e restaurou a densidade das cristas mitocondriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma forma sol&#250;vel fragmentada do receptor OSM foi identificada (ou seja, sOSMR), respons&#225;vel por uma atividade antagonista no de receptor OSM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, detectamos a express&#227;o s&#233;rica da OSM em pacientes com DAC por meio da an&#225;lise de Western Blot. A aus&#234;ncia de detec&#231;&#227;o via ELISA pode assemelhar-se &#224; diferen&#231;a no reconhecimento do ep&#237;topo do anticorpo usado neste estudo ou os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da OSM podem estar abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o pelo ELISA. &#201; importante notar que v&#225;rios outros fatores, incluindo a presen&#231;a de receptores sol&#250;veis e receptores antagonistas, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o conhecidos por influenciar a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de citocinas no soro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por um lado, a literatura sugere que a OSM &#233; uma citocina rara (ou seja, n&#227;o comumente expressa) em que seus n&#237;veis elevados no soro indicam prote&#231;&#227;o e reparo tecidual ap&#243;s doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o estudo de Ikeda et al. (2021) sugeriu uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM e o desenvolvimento de estenose.</p>
      <p>A liga&#231;&#227;o da OSM na sOSMR requer a ativa&#231;&#227;o da gp130 e resulta na inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade da OSM, sinaliza&#231;&#227;o envolvida no reparo tecidual ap&#243;s uma les&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, n&#237;veis elevados de OSM foram observados em pacientes com les&#227;o card&#237;aca quando comparados ao grupo de controle, enquanto n&#237;veis reduzidos de sOSMR e sGP130 foram observados no mesmo grupo de pacientes. O grupo controle n&#227;o apresentou nenhuma les&#227;o card&#237;aca ou dano tecidual que desencadeasse mecanismos end&#243;genos de reparo, como o aumento da express&#227;o de OSM observado nos grupos de SCA e SCC. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que a express&#227;o aumentada de OSM em pacientes com SCA e SCC pode indicar um papel importante no mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da les&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, devem ser realizados mais estudos sobre o acompanhamento da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e express&#227;o s&#233;rica de OSM/sOSMR/sGP130 para esclarecer a hip&#243;tese de dano ou reparo tecidual.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos dados de que a OSM pode promover a express&#227;o de OR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> poucas tentativas foram feitas para explorar tal sinaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Uma hip&#243;tese prepara o caminho para a liga&#231;&#227;o de sOSMR na OSM (ou seja, OSMR&#946;) que pode interromper a ativa&#231;&#227;o da OSM. Bloquear a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o OSM requer a a&#231;&#227;o da sgp130. De fato, no presente estudo, observamos que pacientes com DAC tamb&#233;m apresentam baixos n&#237;veis de sgp130 quando comparados ao grupo controle.</p>
      <p>No entanto, na literatura, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sgp130 e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; controversa. Um estudo de uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostrou que n&#237;veis aumentados de sGP130 est&#227;o relacionados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, altos n&#237;veis de sGP130 predizem mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Por outro lado, uma pesquisa de caso-controle baseada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito maior prop&#244;s que altos n&#237;veis de sGP130 t&#234;m efeitos protetores contra a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Um estudo sorol&#243;gico indicou que ambos os pacientes com DAC em condi&#231;&#227;o inst&#225;vel apresentam n&#237;veis significativamente reduzidos de sgp130 end&#243;geno. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo recente demonstrou que os n&#237;veis de sgp130 eram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com DAC inst&#225;vel ou progressiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Ademais, o estudo de Zhou et al. descobriu que o n&#237;vel de sGP130 de 136,01 ng/mL foi um ponto de corte eficaz para prever as DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, tamb&#233;m sugerimos que os n&#237;veis de sgp130 podem ser biomarcadores &#250;teis para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC. Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM e a presen&#231;a de pacientes com DAC, corroborando o estudo de Ikeda et al. (2021). Altos n&#237;veis de OSM entre pacientes com DAC podem aumentar os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios para a sobreviv&#234;ncia celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No estudo de Wahl et al., a OSM equilibra as respostas inflamat&#243;rias, suprimindo a inflama&#231;&#227;o, em modelos murinos de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas, incluindo artrite reumatoide e esclerose m&#250;ltipla.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m indicam que a idade se correlaciona aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR. O estudo de Hartel et al. (2005) mostrou o contr&#225;rio. Eles observaram que os n&#237;veis de citocinas como TNF, INF-&#947; e IL-2 aumentam progressivamente com a idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Nossos estudos sugeriram que quanto menor a express&#227;o de OSM em pacientes idosos, menor a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de DAC. Portanto, a OSM pode aumentar a prote&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Ao contr&#225;rio, a literatura tem revelado que a gravidade da DAC aumenta com a idade, o que tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias causada pela aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo dos pacientes, os resultados sugerem que os homens apresentam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sOSMR mais baixos do que as mulheres. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a presen&#231;a de estrog&#234;nio durante o per&#237;odo f&#233;rtil prolonga o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Um estudo cl&#237;nico da Women&#8217;s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation em 2003 revelou que mulheres jovens com defici&#234;ncia end&#243;gena de estrog&#234;nio t&#234;m um risco sete vezes maior de desenvolver aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Na aus&#234;ncia do benef&#237;cio cardioprotetor do estrog&#234;nio, os homens presumivelmente requerem a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via OSM em compensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo um pequeno n&#250;mero de amostras e a heterogeneidade do tipo de medicamento usado pelos participantes. Al&#233;m disso, seria interessante associar sOSMR e sgp130 a marcadores cl&#225;ssicos de dano tecidual e metabolismo lip&#237;dico envolvidos na angiocoronariografia. Para resumir, &#233; apresentada uma <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> com os principais resultados deste artigo, para esclarecer ideias.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Diminui&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos do Receptor Sol&#250;vel da Oncostatina M (sOSMR) e Glicoprote&#237;na 130 (sgp130) em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Figura central sintetizando os principais resultados desta pesquisa.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos dados sugerem que o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de OSM e a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sOSMR e sGP130 em pacientes com inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca podem desempenhar um papel importante no mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis mais baixos de sOSMR foram associados a sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o e uso de medicamentos. Devem ser conduzidos estudos adicionais sobre o acompanhamento do desfecho da doen&#231;a e express&#227;o s&#233;rica de OSM/sOSMR/sGP130 com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, terapia controlada e associa&#231;&#227;o com biomarcadores de dano ou reparo tecidual para fortalecer nossa hip&#243;tese.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>* Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq); pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) e pelo Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia para Inova&#231;&#227;o Farmac&#234;utica (INCT-if).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de Carvalho pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Decreased Serum Levels of Soluble Oncostatin M Receptor (sOSMR) and Glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4054-294X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Statistical analysis,Obtaining financing,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Priscilla Stela Santana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Pinheiro Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis,Writing of the manuscript,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>R&#234;go</surname>
            <given-names>Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Melgarejo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2734-2284</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Michelly Cristiny</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data,Analysis and interpretation of the data,Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Galdino da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research,Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing,Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Rua Jornalista An&#237;bal Fernandes, 141 CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: vanessamylenna@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine which, after arterial injury, has proven to be to be rapidly expressed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To correlate the serum levels of OSM, soluble OSM receptor (sOSMR), and soluble fraction of glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with clinical parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Levels of sOSMR and sgp130 were evaluated by ELISA and OSM by Western Blot, in patients with CCS (n=100), patients with ACS (n=70), and 64 control volunteers without clinical manifestations of the disease. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>CAD patients exhibited significantly lower levels of sOSMR and sgp130 and higher levels of OSM when compared to the controls (both p &lt; 0.0001). Clinical analysis displayed, lower levels of sOSMR in men ([OR] = 2.05, p = 0.026), youth (OR = 1.68, p = 0.0272), hypertensives (OR = 2.19, p = 0.041), smokers (OR = 2.19, p = 0.017), patients that did not present dyslipidemia (OR = 2.32, p = 0.013), patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction [AMI] (OR = 3.01, p = 0.001) and patients not treated with statin (OR = 1.95, p = 0.031), antiplatelet agent (OR = 2.46, p = 0.005), inhibitors of calcium channels (OR = 3.15, p = 0.028), and antidiabetic drugs (OR = 2.97, p = 0.005). The levels of sOSMR were also correlated with gender, age, hypertension, and use of medications in multivariate analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our data suggest that the enhanced serum levels of OSM, and decreased levels of sOSMR and sGP130 in patients with cardiac injury may play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of the disease. Furthermore, lower levels of sOSMR were associated with gender, age, hypertension, and the use of medications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunity</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncostatin M</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycoproteins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of death worldwide. In 2019, there were 171,246 deaths attributed to CAD in Brazil, which was the main cause of death in almost all of its states, with the exception of two.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs as a consequence of the arterial injury mechanism. It is based on atherosclerosis, a disease that affects the intima and medium arteries, associated with focal accumulations of lipids and diffuse collagen fibers, and is characterized by elements of a chronic inflammatory response. Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) defines CAD as a chronic process that results from lifestyle changes, which may appear as stable angina (where the patient has symptoms), or ischemia detected by complementary exams (silent ischemia), whereas acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are characterized by a sudden reduction in blood supply to the heart. Pharmacological therapy and invasive revascularization are methods of treatment in both cases. CAD can be &#8220;stable&#8221; for a long period of time, but an unstable situation due to plaque rupture or erosion with the transition to an ACS is possible at any time, (i.e., both are forms of a disease with the same underlying mechanism). It is known that activated CD4 + T lymphocytes play important roles in the production of cytokines, which can lead to inflammation and vascular damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Oncostatin M (OSM) is well-known as a pleiotropic cytokine in the IL-6 family produced by activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and it plays fundamental roles in inflammation, neuroprotection, metabolism, cell survival, and tissue remodeling. Moreover, OMS&#8217;s activity in coronary atherosclerosis has been uncovered with distinguished outcomes. The literature has unveiled that OSM activates the gp130 co-receptor, a signal transducer glycoprotein related to the JAK / STAT pathway, which is responsible for cardiac cell hypertrophy and regeneration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Alternatively, the function of OSM might also point toward the progression of atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>OSM signaling involves the binding of the gp130 subunit of leukemia inhibiting factor receptor (LIFR) [LIFR&#946; / gp130] and to the gp130 subunit and OSM&#8217;s receptor [OSMR&#946; / gp130].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The soluble fraction of OSMR (sOSMR) is formed via a variety of mechanisms, including proteolytic cleavages of the receptor&#8217;s extracellular domains, the fragmentation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol residue, and the alternative splicing of RNA transcripts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sgp130, a natural IL-6 antagonist, is alternatively processed from the mRNA or eliminated from the membrane-bound gp130 ectodomain. It contains anti-inflammatory properties, mainly through endogenous inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pre-clinical studies using sgp130 proteins have shown reasonable therapeutic effects in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the role of sgp130 in CAD remains obscure. Few studies have evaluated the association between serum levels of OSM and the severity of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Thus, in our study, we evaluated the serum levels of soluble OSM, OSMR, and sgp130 in patients with CAD. Additionally, we investigated how OSM, OSMR, and sgp130 serum expression correlate with the clinical variables of patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The population of this study consisted of adult patients (aged &gt; 18 years), with a clinical diagnosis of CCS (70% or more of vascular lumen obstruction seen through CATE), patients diagnosed with ACS (presence of occlusive thrombus in the vascular lumen seen through the CATE), and controls. Blood from patients with ACS was collected up to a maximum of three days after hospital admission, since collections were performed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. The criterion used to differentiate patients with ACS between Acute Myocardial Infarction -AMI- (STEMI <italic>vs</italic> NSTEMI) and unstable angina was the coronary angiography (CAG) performed by the cardiologist, in addition to the electrocardiogram and biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis such as CK-MB and all troponin fractions. The companions of patients who volunteered and met the inclusion criteria (aged &gt; 18 years and without clinical manifestations of the CAD) formed the control group. Detailed clinical characteristics are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS), Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), and Control Group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Character&#237;stics</th>
                    <th>CCS (N = 100)</th>
                    <th>ACS (N = 70)</th>
                    <th>Control (N = 64)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.32 &#177; 9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">63.4 &#177; 11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.97&#177; 11.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (male/female)</td>
                    <td align="center">59/41</td>
                    <td align="center">49/21</td>
                    <td align="center">40/24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (78%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (78.57%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (56.25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (43%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (44.28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (30%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (33.85%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (26.56%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (8.57%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Revascularization, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (8.57%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>*AMI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (41.42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (18%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (39%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (44.28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.81%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Medications</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blocker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (52%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (51.42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.38%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (11.42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10.94%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/BRA, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (38%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (32.85%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (14.06%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARA, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (14.28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (29.69%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (15.71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (21.86%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antidiabetic, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (22%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (21.42%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (45.71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (12.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrates, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (5.71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiplatelet agent, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (67%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrates, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anti-ischemic, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*AMI: acute myocardial infarction - [AMI was the reason for hospitalization]. &#8224;BCC: Blocker Calcium Channels; ACEI/BRA: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARA: angiotensin receptor antagonist.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Excluded from the analysis were patients with severe liver disease, chronic kidney disease stages IV or V, blood dyscrasia, active cancer, active metastasis, those in chemotherapy or radiotherapy, patients with a life expectancy &lt;1 year, and patients using immunosuppressants.</p>
          <p>For all groups, sampling was performed for convenience. In total, 170 blood samples of patients were collected. The patients were divided into two subgroups: patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS; n=100) and patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS; n=70 &#8211; being n=29 patients ACS with AMI, and n=41 patients ACS with unstable angina), along with the control group (n=64).</p>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the research ethics committee of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAAE: 16356619.7.0000.5208).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of the studied variables</title>
          <p>The clinical variables of interest were collected through the application of questionnaires. All definitions of comorbidities were made based on the patients&#8217; self-report.</p>
          <p>Hypertension was diagnosed based on the use of antihypertensive drugs or the measurements of systolic/diastolic blood pressure &#8805;140/90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus was defined as the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs, or a fasting glucose level &#8805;126 mg/dL. Hyperlipidemia was diagnosed based on fasting total cholesterol concentration &#8805;200 mg/dL, triglyceride concentration &#8805;150 mg/dL, or the use of lipid-lowering agents. Cardiovascular disease was considered to be those who had arrhythmia, angina, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, or who had already had a stroke.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</title>
          <p>Blood samples were taken before coronary angiography. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from all subjects in tubes without anticoagulants. Subsequently, the serum was separated by centrifugation and stored at -80&#176;C until use. Serum levels of sOSMR and sgp130 were measured in CAD patients and controlled by ELISA, using specific kits (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, USA and eBioscience, San Diego, CA), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. The lowest detection limit of the assay was 156.25 pg/mL for sOSMR and 78.125 pg/mL for sgp130. Serum levels of OSM were not detected by the aforementioned methodology. The lowest detection limit of the assay was 15.2 pg/mL. Therefore, serum OSM levels were measured by western blot.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OSM measurement</title>
          <p>Protein expression of OSM in the serum of patients was performed by western blot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> An aliquot of serum from each patient was diluted 1:10 in MiliQ water, and the protein quantification was determined by the BCA Protein Assay kit according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;). After absorbance analysis, 50&#956;g of proteins were electrophoresed on 10% polyacrylamide gel containing SDS (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). Blocking of nonspecific sites was performed by incubating the membrane with TBST-BSA 5% at 4&#176;C overnight. Membranes were incubated with the Rabbit Oncostatin M (OSM) (ColorBurst&#174;) monoclonal antibody primary diluted 1:1000 in TBST-BSA 5% at 4 hours TA. After, membranes were incubated with respective HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:5000). HRP-conjugated immunolabelled proteins were detected by the enhanced chemiluminescence method (ECL, GE Healthcare Life Sciences).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 6.0, San Diego, CA). The normality of the samples was verified with the D&#8217;Agostino test, and continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation ( <italic>SD</italic> ) if normally distributed or as medians [Interquartile Range [IQR] (25th&#8211;75th percentile)] if not showing Gaussian distribution. The median was also the criterion used to categorize the groups into higher and lower serum levels of sOSMR and sgp130. The nonparametric tested Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Brown-Forsythe post hoc test, along with the Spearman&#8217;s correlation for continuous variables, were used for the analysis of cytokines; the chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact for categorical variables. The categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Brown-Forsythe and Bartlett&#8217;s post hoc tests were used to evaluate OSM protein expression by Western Blot. Multivariate analysis was also performed to discern which parameters had independent predictive values in relation to serum levels of sOSMR, inferentially analyzed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The regression analysis model used was logistic. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum levels of sOSMR and sgp130</title>
          <p>The clinical manifestations of the participants are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Patients with CCS and ACS had significantly lower serum levels of sOSMR when compared to the control group, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1a</xref> . Additionally, lower serum expression of sgp130 was detected in CCS and ACS when compared to the control, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1b</xref> . No significant difference was detected in sOSMR and sgp130 serum levels between patients with CCS <italic>versus</italic> ACS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; General distribution of the serum levels of sOSMR and sgp130 of the study population. A) Serum levels of sOSMR (soluble oncostatin M receptor) in pg / mL in the control subjects (CT) and the groups chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). B) Serum levels of sgp130 (soluble glycoprotein 130) in pg / mL in the CT and the groups chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ****p &lt;0.0001 vs control: Significant after analysis Kruskal-Wallis test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum levels of sOSMR according to sex and age</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2a</xref> reveals that male patients with ACS and CCS had lower serum levels of sOSMR than women with the same conditions. Further, higher serum levels of sOSMR were detected in women with ACS when compared to CCS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; General distribution of the serum levels of sOSMR by gender and age. A) Control subjects (CT) and the groups chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) distribution between men and women serum levels of pg / mL (soluble oncostatin M receptor) sOSMR. B) Correlation between the levels of sOSMR (soluble oncostatin M receptor) in pg / mL and the age of ACS patients. ****p &lt;0.0001 vs control: Significant after analysis Kruskal-Wallis test; * p &lt;0.05 after Spearman&#8217;s correlation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Among patients with ACS, age displayed a significant positive correlation with serum levels of sOSMR, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2b</xref> . Correlation analysis was also performed on the CCS and control groups, but there were no significant results for either group [data not shown].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum levels of OSM by western blot</title>
          <p>The serum of 10 patients in each group was selected according to the criteria of sample representativeness (mean age of 60.5, 65.2, and 63.9 years in the CT, ACS, and CCS groups, respectively). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> indicates enhanced expression of OSM in ACS and CCS groups as compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in serum OSM levels between the ACS and CCS groups. Normalization for constitutional protein was performed with albumin, stained by the 0.01% Ponceau S technique,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> since the sample used for the Western blot was whole blood.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Protein expression of oncostatin M (OSM) among control subjects (CT), patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) after normalization with albumin stained by Ponceau S. **** p &lt;0.0001 vs control: Significant after analysis of variance (ANOVA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum levels and clinical variables</title>
          <p>The results indicate a significant association between serum levels of sOSMR and patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, revascularization, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and smoker patients ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">Table 1 of Supplementary Material</ext-link> ).</p>
          <p>Looking at the side of medications, the use of statins, antiplatelet agents, insulin, blockers of calcium channels (BCCs), and antidiabetic drugs is positively associated with serum levels of sOSMR ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">Table 2 of Supplementary Material</ext-link> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Logistic regression results for the percentage of patients with low levels of sOSMR according to independent variables with p &lt;0.20 to be included in the analysis and p &lt;0.20 to remain in the model</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Bivariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Adjusted</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR and 95.0% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR and 95.0% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.026*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05 (1.09 a 3.89)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.82 (0.89 a 3.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Women</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.091</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to 60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68 (0.92 a 3.09)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.28 (1.12 a 4.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.023*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Over 60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.041*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2.19 (1.02 a 4.64)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.69 (1.15 a 6.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.023*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2No</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.013*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">2.32 (1.86 a 4.52)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.56 (1.19 a 5.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.016*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Acute Myocardial Infarction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">3.01 (1.54 a 5.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.99 (1.41 a 6.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.004*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Antiplatelet agent</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.005*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46 (1.31 a 4.62)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.56 (1.25 a 5.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.010*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Blocker of calcium channels</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.028*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">3.15 (1.08 a 9.19)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.13 (1.26 a 13.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.019*</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* significance values (p-values &lt;0.05).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows that circulating serum levels of sOSMR were independently associated with sex, age, hypertension, lack of history of dyslipidemia and acute myocardial infarction, and non-use of antiplatelet agents, and BBCs.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study demonstrated not only diminished serum expression of sOSMR but also enhanced concentrations of serum OSM in patients with either CCS or ACS.</p>
        <p>OSM appears in the heart following cardiac damage in order to promote cell survival and tissue repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In Hu et al.&#8217;s (2017) study, OSM attenuated the remodeling of the left ventricle and restored the density of mitochondrial ridges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A fragmented soluble form of the OSM receptor was identified (i.e. sOSMR), which was responsible for an antagonist activity in the OSM receptor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, we detected serum expression of OSM in CAD patients via western blot analysis. The absence of detection via ELISA might appear similar in difference in epitope recognition of the antibody used in this study or OSM serum levels may be below the detection limit of the ELISA. Of note, several other factors, including the presence of soluble receptors and antagonistic receptors, are also known to influence the quantification of cytokines in serum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On one hand, the literature suggests that OSM is a rare cytokine (i.e., not a commonly expressed cytokine) in which its elevated levels in the serum indicate tissue protection and repair after heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> One the other hand, Ikeda et al.&#8217;s (2021) study suggested a positive association between OSM serum levels and the development of stenosis.</p>
        <p>The binding of OSM in the sOSMR requires the activation of gp130 and results in the inhibition of OSM activity, signaling involved in tissue repair after a heart injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our study, elevated levels of OSM were observed in patients with cardiac injury when compared to controls, whereas decreased levels of sOSMR and sGP130 were observed in the same group of patients. The control group showed no heart injury or tissue damage that would endogenously raise mechanisms of repair, such as the enhancement of OSM expression as observed in the ACS and CCS groups. Thus, our results suggest that the increased expression of OSM in patients with ACS and CCS may indicate an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of cardiac injury. However, further studies on the follow-up of disease evolution and serum expression of OSM/sOSMR/sGP130 should be performed to clarify the hypothesis of tissue damage or repair.</p>
        <p>In spite of the data that OSM might promote OR expression,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> few attempts have been made to explore such a signaling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> One hypothesis leads the way to the binding of sOSMR in OSM (i.e., OSMR&#946;), which might interrupt OSM activation. Blocking OSM signaling requires the action of sgp130. In fact, in the present study, we observed that CAD patients also have low levels of sgp130 when compared to the control group.</p>
        <p>However, in the literature the association between sgp130 levels and cardiovascular diseases is controversial. A study of an elderly population with heart failure has shown that increased levels of sGP130 are related to cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In addition, high sGP130 levels predict poor prognosis in patients with a history of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> On the other hand, case-control research based on a much larger population has proposed that high sGP130 levels have protective effects against the occurrence of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A serological study has indicated that both patients with CAD in an unstable condition have significantly declined levels of endogenous sgp130. Furthermore, a recent study has demonstrated that sgp130 levels were significantly lower in patients with unstable or progressive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Zhou et al.&#8217;s (2020) study also found that the sGP130 level of 136.01 ng/mL was an effective cut-off point to predict CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Likewise, we also suggested that sgp130 levels could be useful biomarkers for CAD identification. A positive correlation was observed between serum levels of OSM and the presence of patients with CAD, corroborating Ikeda et al.&#8217;s (2021) study.</p>
        <p>High levels of OSM among patients with CAD may raise compensatory mechanisms for cell survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In Wahl et al.&#8217;s (2001) study, OSM balances inflammatory responses, suppressing inflammation, in murine models of chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Our results also indicate that age correlates with serum levels of sOSMR. Hartel et al.&#8217;s (2005) study showed otherwise. They observed that the levels of cytokines, such as TNF, INF-&#947;, and IL-2, increase progressively with age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Our studies suggested that the lower the expression of OSM in elderly patients, the less the probability of CAD development; therefore, OSM might enhance protection in such a population. On the contrary, the literature has revealed that the severity of CAD increases with age, which has been attributed to the higher prevalence of the physical obstruction of the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the sex of patients, the results suggest that males have lower serum levels of sOSMR than females. Past studies have shown that the presence of estrogen during the fertile period prolongs the onset of atherosclerotic disease in females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A clinical study by Women&#8217;s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation in 2003 revealed that young women with endogenous estrogen deficiency have a sevenfold greater risk of developing atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In the absence of estrogen&#8217;s cardioprotective benefit, men presumably require the activation of the OSM pathway in compensation.</p>
        <p>Our study presented some limitations, including a small number of samples, and the heterogeneity of the type of medication used by the participants. Furthermore, it would be interesting to associate sOSMR and sgp130 with classical markers of tissue damage and lipid metabolism involved in coronary angiography. In summary, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> to clarify ideas, is presented below with the main results of this article.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Decreased Serum Levels of Soluble Oncostatin M Receptor (sOSMR) and Glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Central Figure summarizing the main results of this research.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220326-20326-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our data suggest that increased serum levels of OSM and decreased levels of sOSMR and sGP130 in patients with cardiac injury may play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of the disease. Furthermore, lower levels of sOSMR were associated with gender, age, hypertension, and the use of medications. Additional studies about the follow-up of disease outcome and OSM/sOSMR/sGP130 serum expression with an enhanced number of patients, controlled therapy, and association with biomarkers of tissue damage or repair must be conducted to strengthen our hypothesis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2022-0326_AO_Supplementary%20Material.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) and Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia para Inova&#231;&#227;o Farmac&#234;utica (INCT-if).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Vanessa Mylenna Flor&#234;ncio de Carvalho, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; CEP UFPE under the protocol number 3.585.389. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
