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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jjSPKVL9zLdpwm9MXrKwpgS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Superexpress&#227;o G&#234;nica PTEN em Tecidos Mioc&#225;rdicos de Pacientes de Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1347-0939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tahtasakal</surname>
            <given-names>Reyhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5644-5442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sener</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Funda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8879-1112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delibasi</surname>
            <given-names>Nesrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-4014</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hamurcu</surname>
            <given-names>Zuhal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4597-6811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mehmetbeyoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ecmel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1228-1298</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bayram</surname>
            <given-names>Keziban Korkmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6438-8153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Isin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2752-7668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goksuluk</surname>
            <given-names>Dincer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2980-8364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Emirogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Naci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Biology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medical Genetics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Erciyes University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kayseri &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Elif Funda Sener &#8226;</bold> Erciyes University &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Talas <postal-code>38280</postal-code> &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>efefunda@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220169</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; um dist&#250;rbio complexo que causa morte em todo o mundo. Um dos genes envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessa doen&#231;a pode ser o PTEN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do PTEN em amostras de tecido e sangue retiradas de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram realizados estudos moleculares no Centro de estudos do genoma humano e c&#233;lulas-tronco da Universidade Erciyes (GENKOK). Amostras do ap&#234;ndice atrial direito e de sangue foram coletadas da veia central de 22 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica antes de iniciar e terminar a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A express&#227;o do PTEN foi determinada usando PCR quantitativo em tempo real e an&#225;lise de Western Blot. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia aceito foi de p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN em amostras de sangue coletadas antes e depois da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Entretanto, foi observado um aumento substancial nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica de P-PTEN e PTEN nas amostras de tecido. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica mioc&#225;rdica PTEN aumentou significativamente ao final da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea aumentou em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, mas n&#227;o foi um aumento significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos saud&#225;veis do grupo de controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Este estudo revelou pela primeira vez o papel do gene PTEN analisando a express&#227;o de mRNA e de prote&#237;na em pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que se manifesta tanto em tecido mioc&#225;rdico quanto em amostras de sangue. O aumento dos n&#237;veis de PTEN pode ser um marcador no tecido mioc&#225;rdico para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Express&#227;o G&#234;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>PTEN</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fundo de Pesquisa da Erciyes University</funding-source>
          <award-id>TYL-2017-7188</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Pesquisa da Erciyes University (N&#250;mero do Projeto: TYL-2017-7188)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <caption>
        <title>Resultados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica e Western Blot de pacientes com DAC. Imagens de membrana dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na PTEN e P-PTEN determinados por anticorpos espec&#237;ficos em tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos de pacientes do sexo feminino/masculino (A). Achados de express&#227;o proteica de PTEN e P-PTEN em tecido mioc&#225;rdico retirado de pacientes antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A &#946;-actina foi usada como controle de carregamento (B). A express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN foi determinada por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR) em tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos retirados de pacientes em 2 momentos diferentes (C). A express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN foi determinada por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR) em amostras de sangue colhidas de pacientes em 2 momentos diferentes e em amostras de sangue de controle (D). Compara&#231;&#245;es: P-PTEN AC vs. P-PTEN DC, PTEN AC vs. PTEN DC, e PTEN-T1 vs. PTEN-T2 (em amostras de sangue e tecido separadamente) via teste Wilcoxon Signed Rand; PTEN-T1 vs. Controle e PTEN-T2 vs. Controle via teste U de Mann-Whitney (*p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,001). (T1: antes da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, T2: depois da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea).</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Uma das causas mais comuns de morte em homens e mulheres em todo o mundo s&#227;o as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e uma das mais importantes &#233; a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), que &#233; afetada por muitos fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fatores gen&#233;ticos, bem como fatores ambientais, desempenham um papel essencial nas DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O mecanismo gen&#233;tico subjacente n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendido, mas estima-se que a heran&#231;a possa ter uma efetividade de 40 a 60% na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS) revelaram que mais de 30 genes foram associados &#224;s DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fosfatase hom&#243;loga &#224; tensina (o PTEN) est&#225; localizada no cromossomo 10. Ele regula negativamente os n&#237;veis intracelulares de fosfatidilinositol-3,4,5-trifosfato nas c&#233;lulas e atua como um supressor tumoral ao regular negativamente a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o AKT/PKB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O PTEN participa da via de progress&#227;o do ciclo celular, transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal, apoptose, reparo do DNA, crescimento e metabolismo. Ele tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado &#224; aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O PTEN tamb&#233;m pode desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento e forma&#231;&#227;o das DAC. A via PI3K/Akt protege o mioc&#225;rdio em todas as esp&#233;cies, especialmente contra danos de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A inativa&#231;&#227;o do PTEN ativa a via PI3K/Akt, diminui a &#225;rea de infarto, inibe a apoptose e aumenta a sobrevida. Ela tamb&#233;m melhora o dano card&#237;aco p&#243;s-isquemia-reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a inativa&#231;&#227;o do PTEN cardioespec&#237;fico protege contra a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em um modelo de rato hipertenso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O PTEN &#233; importante nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas associadas a diabetes e obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, garantir a inativa&#231;&#227;o do PTEN tamb&#233;m pode levar ao aumento da sobrevida mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de PTEN est&#225; associada &#224; hipertrofia e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o do tecido card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que o PTEN desempenha um papel na regula&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e da contra&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ressalta-se que o PTEN &#233; extremamente importante na regula&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio entre a morte e a sobrevida dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia prolongada de PTEN do mioc&#225;rdio est&#225; associada &#224; hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, este estudo enfocou as altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de PTEN em amostras do tecido mioc&#225;rdico e de sangue coletadas de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Para enfatizar a import&#226;ncia do gene PTEN no progn&#243;stico das DAC, utilizamos amostras de sangue e de mioc&#225;rdio em momentos diferentes da cirurgia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e de grupo de controle</title>
        <p>O conselho institucional de &#233;tica humana da Universidade Erciyes aprovou este estudo (2016/577; 08.11.2016). Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo vinte e dois pacientes com DAC tratados no Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular da Universidade de Erciyes entre 2016 e 2017 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). O grupo de pacientes era composto de 5 mulheres e 17 homens (faixas et&#225;rias de 39 a 81 anos). Apenas pacientes com angina est&#225;vel foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Tamb&#233;m inscrevemos 22 sujeitos saud&#225;veis do grupo de controle para comparar os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos da express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN. O grupo de controle foi formado por 5 mulheres e 17 homens saud&#225;veis (faixas et&#225;rias de 26 a 69 anos). Idade e sexo foram pareados com o grupo de estudo. Os participantes deram consentimento informado por escrito para este estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo de controle, crit&#233;rios do paciente e desenho do estudo. CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. RNA: &#225;cido ribonucleico; PCR: Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia da Polimerase</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de anestesia</title>
        <p>O mesmo protocolo de anestesia foi aplicado a todos os pacientes. Os pacientes que foram levados para a sala de cirurgia foram monitorados por ECG de 5 canais, oximetria de pulso, press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva, oximetria cerebral e entropia. Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 1,5 mg de midazolam e 50 microgramas de fentanila, um cateter arterial invasivo foi colocado na art&#233;ria radial e foi realizada uma medi&#231;&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial. Ap&#243;s a pr&#233;-oxigena&#231;&#227;o, foram administrados 1 mg/kg de propofol, 10 microgramas/kg de fentanila e 1 mg/kg de rocur&#244;nio na indu&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, pacientes com bons valores de entropia foram intubados. Foi inserido um cateter venoso central guiado por ultrassom. Foi realizada uma infus&#227;o de &#225;cido tranex&#226;mico na dose de 15 mg/kg em 1 hora, e mantida a partir de 1,5 mg/kg/h durante todo o caso. Foram usadas 10 microgramas/kg/h de fentanil, 4 mg/kg/h de propofol e 1 mg/kg/h de rocur&#244;nio no controle da anestesia. A profundidade da anestesia foi ajustada entre 45 e 60 entropias. Se necess&#225;rio, o desflurano foi usado como agente inalat&#243;rio. As configura&#231;&#245;es do ventilador foram TV 6 ml/kg, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, 12/min, PEEP de 5 cm/volume de &#225;gua, com o modo de controle de volume aplicado. Caso houvesse uma redu&#231;&#227;o da oximetria cerebral, as interven&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias eram feitas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Per&#237;odo da cirurgia e da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</title>
        <p>A mesma equipe de cirurgi&#245;es realizou todas as cirurgias. O procedimento cir&#250;rgico incluiu esternotomia mediana e circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em todos os casos. CEC foi estabelecida pela canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e uma &#250;nica c&#226;nula de dois est&#225;gios no &#225;trio direito. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita com hipotermia moderada (28-32&#186;C), resfriamento t&#243;pico com solu&#231;&#227;o salina e doses intermitentes (a cada 20 min) de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica anter&#243;grada. A cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea a quente foi administrada imediatamente antes da libera&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. Todas as anastomoses coron&#225;rias distais foram constru&#237;das durante um &#250;nico per&#237;odo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, e as anastomoses proximais foram constru&#237;das sobre uma pin&#231;a de oclus&#227;o parcial durante o aquecimento. A substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica foi realizada juntamente com a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em um caso.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostragem de tecidos e de sangue</title>
          <p>Foram obtidas amostras de sangue da veia central dos pacientes em 2 momentos diferentes, antes e depois da cirurgia. Dois tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos foram retirados 2-3 mil&#237;metros do &#225;trio direito de cada paciente antes do in&#237;cio da CEC (T1) e ao final da CEC (T2). Foram obtidas amostras de sangue total do &#225;trio direito de cada paciente antes do in&#237;cio da CEC (T1) e ao final da CEC (T2). O tecido ideal &#233; o &#225;trio direito como poss&#237;vel biomarcador no perfil prote&#244;mico do mioc&#225;rdio em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, troca de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca e outros pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Portanto, o &#225;trio direito foi a prefer&#234;ncia em nosso estudo. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue dos sujeitos saud&#225;veis do grupo de controle para comparar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do <italic>PTEN</italic> em pacientes. Todas as amostras foram imediatamente transferidas para o GENKOK para an&#225;lise posterior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de PCR quantitativo e em tempo real do gene PTEN</title>
          <p>Todos os estudos moleculares foram realizados no Centro de estudos do genoma humano e c&#233;lulas-tronco da Universidade Erciyes (GENKOK). O RNA total foi isolado de todas as amostras de sangue e tecidos do mioc&#225;rdio usando PureZol (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de RNA foram medidas usando um espectrofot&#244;metro NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Rockland, DE, EUA). Foram usados dois indicadores, A260/A280 e A260/A230. A raz&#227;o de absorb&#226;ncia foi de A260/A280, e A260/A230 foi um indicador de contamina&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na, contamina&#231;&#227;o de sal caotr&#243;pico, polissacar&#237;deo e/ou fenol. A transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa do RNA (1 <italic>&#956;</italic>g) foi realizada usando o kit First Strand cDNA Synthesis (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A mistura de rea&#231;&#227;o foi incubada a 65&#176;C por 10 minutos, a 29&#176;C por 10 minutos, a 48&#176;C por 60 minutos, a 85&#176;C por 5 minutos e depois a 4&#176;C por 5 minutos. Aproximadamente 5 <italic>&#956;</italic>l de cada cDNA foram usados para an&#225;lise de PCR. As rea&#231;&#245;es do ensaio qPCR foram realizadas usando LightCycler 480 Probes Master e Primer/Probes (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) em um volume de rea&#231;&#227;o de 20 <italic>&#956;</italic>l. As rea&#231;&#245;es foram executadas em duplicata e o qRT-PCR foi realizado com o instrumento Light Cycler 480 II (Roche, Alemanha). As condi&#231;&#245;es do ciclo foram as seguintes: desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial a 95&#176;C por 10 minutos, seguida de 10 segundos a 95&#176;C, 30 segundos a 60&#176;C e 60 segundos a 72&#176;C, com as 3 etapas sendo de 45 ciclos. A &#250;ltima etapa ocorrer&#225; em um ciclo a 40&#176;C por 30 segundos para concluir a rea&#231;&#227;o. Beta-actina (ACTB) foi selecionado como um gene de manuten&#231;&#227;o neste estudo. As mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o g&#234;nica foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo 2<sup>-&#916;&#916;</sup>Ct de quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Western Blot</title>
          <p>As prote&#237;nas totais foram extra&#237;das de dois tecidos do &#225;trio direito dissecados usando protocolos padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A concentra&#231;&#227;o total de prote&#237;na de cada amostra foi determinada com um kit de ensaio de prote&#237;na compat&#237;vel com detergente (kit DC; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Cada amostra contendo 40 &#181;g de prote&#237;na total foi analisada por eletroforese em gel de gradiente de 4-20% de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS)-poliacrilamida. A separa&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas foi realizada e transferida para membranas de difluoreto de polivinilideno. As membranas foram tratadas com 0,1 Triton X-100, solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com Tris com Tween 20 (TBS-T) com 5% de leite em p&#243; por um tempo espec&#237;fico. Foram examinados anticorpos PTEN prim&#225;rios e p-PTEN da marca Cell Signaling Technology. Ap&#243;s a lavagem com TBS-T, as membranas foram incubadas com um dos anticorpos secund&#225;rios anticoelho ou anticamundongo (Biorad) apropriado para nosso estudo. &#946;-actina e &#945;/&#946; Tubulina (prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria) foram usadas como controle de carregamento. A detec&#231;&#227;o de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia de membrana foi ent&#227;o realizada usando Clarity Western ECL Substrate (Biorad). As manchas foram visualizadas com um Chemidoc MP Imaging System (Biorad). Usando o programa aplicativo, o gerador de imagens foi medido com um densit&#244;metro (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada usando o GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 8.01). A normalidade dos dados num&#233;ricos foi avaliada usando abordagens gr&#225;ficas (gr&#225;fico Q-Q, histograma, etc.) e anal&#237;ticas (teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk). Resumimos dados num&#233;ricos (cont&#237;nuos) (por exemplo, idade, peso, altura, n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de PTEN, tempos de pin&#231;amento e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, CK-MB e TnT) usando a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o em dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos e mediana e interquartil em dados n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;dos. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (por exemplo, sexo, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, e o tipo de cirurgia) foram resumidas com frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Antes e depois da cirurgia, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica medidos no tecido e no sangue foram comparados usando o teste de Wilcoxon, uma vez que esses valores n&#227;o tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o proteica antes e depois das amostras de tecido foram comparados usando o teste de Wilcoxon. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle foram comparados em amostras de sangue usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Por &#250;ltimo, calculamos os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais do gene PTEN e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de pin&#231;amento e o tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como p&lt;0,05 em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Investigamos a express&#227;o de mRNA e prote&#237;na do PTEN em grupos de controle e 22 pessoas com diagn&#243;stico de DAC. A organiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. No grupo de estudo, havia 17 homens (77,2%) e 5 (22,8%) mulheres. A faixa et&#225;ria do grupo de estudo foi de 39 a 81 anos. Todos os achados cl&#237;nicos e o tipo de cirurgia est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Idade (39-81)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">59,8&#177;9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Masculino (n,%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">17 (77,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Feminino (n,%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">5 (22,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Diabetes (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o, (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Tabagismo, (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">165,6&#177;8,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">79,2&#177;13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">ASC (m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1,8&#177;0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">49,5&#177;7,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Pin&#231;amento (min)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">59,8&#177;14,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total (min)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">133&#177;42,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">Cirurgia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CABGx1 (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CABGx2 (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CABGx3 (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CABGx4 (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CABGx5 (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SVA+CABG (n)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ASC: &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal; CK-MB: creatina Quinase banda mioc&#225;rdica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; CABG: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; SVA: substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados laboratoriais gerais</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis da troponina T (TnT) e da enzima CK-MB foram medidos na amostra de sangue dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2B</xref>). Ambos os n&#237;veis de enzimas diferiram significativamente antes e depois da opera&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,0001 e p=0,0002, respectivamente).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados bioqu&#237;micos dos pacientes. A) N&#237;veis de CK-MB B) N&#237;veis de troponina (Tnt). AC: antes da cirurgia, DC: depois da cirurgia. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os n&#237;veis dos achados bioqu&#237;micos antes e depois da cirurgia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis de express&#227;o de PTEN</title>
        <p>Primeiro, comparamos amostras de sangue pr&#233; (T1) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (T2) da express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN, mas esse achado n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p=0,1607). Em seguida, comparamos os valores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios das express&#245;es g&#234;nicas do PTEN com sujeitos saud&#225;veis do grupo de controle, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi significativo (p=0,9846) (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o central). Por outro lado, a express&#227;o de PTEN em amostras de mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes aumentou significativamente ap&#243;s a CEC em compara&#231;&#227;o com antes da CEC (p=0,0417) (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o central). Os resultados de nossos Western Blots mostraram que a express&#227;o proteica de PTEN no tecido aumentou drasticamente ap&#243;s os dados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica. A express&#227;o proteica de p-PTEN tamb&#233;m foi significativamente aumentada em amostras de tecido mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a CEC (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o central). A mediana, o quartil e os valores de p nos dados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN em tecidos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, sangue e amostras de sangue de controle s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, e os valores medianos, interquartis e de p nos dados de express&#227;o proteica s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>De acordo com nossa an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre os valores p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de CK-MB e TnT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). As demais an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o foram insignificantes, como idade, TnT e CK-MB com a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN (r=0,1304; dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman dos achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais do gene <italic>PTEN</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CK-MB <break/>T1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CK-MB <break/>T2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">TnT <break/>T1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">TnT <break/>T2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PTEN <break/>T1 mRNA</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PTEN <break/>T2 mRNA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CK-MB T1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">CK-MB T2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,411</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TnT T1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,395</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">TnT T2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,422</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>0,663</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,236</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PTEN T1 mRNA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,328</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,230</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,250</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">PTEN T2 mRNA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,038</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,110</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,322</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>0,557</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, quando a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi feita entre a express&#227;o de PTEN e P-PTEN e pin&#231;amento e tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, identificou-se que, embora haja uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente insignificante negativa entre PTEN e P-PTEN e pin&#231;amento, h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente insignificante positiva entre PTEN e P-PTEN e o tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Existe apenas uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PTEN e P-PTEN, e essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; estatisticamente significativa (r=0,90, p=0,02). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para express&#227;o proteica com tempo de pin&#231;amento e tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (* r= 0,90, p=0,02)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">P-PTEN</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PTEN</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tempo de pin&#231;amento (min)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (min)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">P-PTEN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">PTEN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>0,90*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo de pin&#231;amento (min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo total de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de valores medianos, interquartis e p de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das nos dados de express&#227;o g&#234;nica em amostras de tecido e sangue pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e amostras de sangue de controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN</th>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Signific&#226;ncia <break/>(Amostras de sangue)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sangue <break/>(n=22)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tecido <break/>(n=22)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controle (n=22)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;-Op <break/>vs. <break/>Controle</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s-Op <break/>vs. <break/>Controle</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-Op</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89 <break/>(0,47, 3,49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 <break/>(0,76, 1,50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">1,03 <break/>(0,41, 1,91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,814</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-Op</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 <break/>(0,20, 2,13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,55 <break/>(0,97, 2,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sig. (p)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,072</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,053</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Resumido usando mediana (quartis). N.A.: N&#227;o se aplica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-op versus p&#243;s-op pelo teste de Wilcoxon.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Versus compara&#231;&#245;es de controle quanto a amostras de sangue via teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de valores medianos, interquartis e p de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das nos dados de express&#227;o proteica em amostras de tecido e sangue pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Express&#227;o proteica do PTEN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>n=8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>P-PTEN</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>PTEN</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-Op</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,66 (0,61, 1,14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,51 (0,47, 0,84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-Op</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,64 (1,23, 2,10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,67 (1,58, 2,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sig. (p)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Resumido usando mediana (quartis) e comparado pelo teste de Wilcoxon.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e acidente vascular cerebral, s&#227;o causas significativas de mortalidade e morbidade na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A DAC &#233; a causa mais comum de morte no mundo entre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O PTEN tem um papel cr&#237;tico na hipertrofia e sobrevida dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Portanto, neste estudo, avaliamos a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do PTEN em pacientes com DAC.</p>
      <p>Mocanu et al. afirmaram que a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3K/AKT &#233; vital na prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio contra les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Eles enfatizaram que o principal fator que leva a essa ativa&#231;&#227;o &#233; o gene PTEN. Al&#233;m disso, o PTEN pode ser essencial em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas associadas a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas, como diabetes e obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, a inativa&#231;&#227;o do PTEN pode desempenhar um papel importante em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Li et al. investigaram a express&#227;o de PTEN para explorar a relev&#226;ncia entre a express&#227;o de PTEN e o desenvolvimento de DCC no tecido mioc&#225;rdico de 16 pacientes mortos por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e qRT-PCR. A express&#227;o proteica do PTEN no mioc&#225;rdio foi significativamente menor em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle saud&#225;vel. Ao mesmo tempo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na express&#227;o de PTEN mRNA entre o grupo experimental e o de controle. Com esses resultados, eles conclu&#237;ram que o PTEN pode estar envolvido na ocorr&#234;ncia e no desenvolvimento de DCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do PTEN no tecido mioc&#225;rdico aumentou ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Pensamos que os resultados diferiam porque amostras de tecido p&#243;s-morte foram usadas no estudo mencionado acima.</p>
      <p>As vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PTEN/PI3K desempenham um papel crucial na patog&#234;nese da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. Em um estudo, descobriu-se que ela estava envolvida na remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em 39 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). As express&#245;es proteica do PTEN nos grupos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva foram menores do que no grupo de controle e foram negativamente correlacionadas aos n&#237;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Assim, eles revelaram que o PTEN pode desempenhar um papel regulador negativo no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A hipertrofia card&#237;aca, uma resposta adaptativa geral do cora&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um processo complexo no qual muitos genes atuam de maneira coordenada. Ela pode ser estimulada de v&#225;rias maneiras, incluindo a via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt. Na via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3K, o PTEN pode ser um determinante cr&#237;tico do crescimento de cardiomi&#243;citos. Sob certas condi&#231;&#245;es, pode causar apoptose, prevenir a hipertrofia e bloquear a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do fator de crescimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do PTEN em tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios aumentou significativamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Esse resultado nos mostra repetidamente que o PTEN desempenha um papel importante na repara&#231;&#227;o e aumento da sobreviv&#234;ncia celular, contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e viabilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos em danos teciduais. Considerando todos esses efeitos, o PTEN ser&#225; um importante marcador de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DAC. Um dos estudos recentes revelou que o PTEN desempenha um papel na progress&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Observou-se que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PTEN est&#227;o aumentados em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo que o PTEN pode ser usado como marcador preditivo de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Um dos estudos recentes &#233; o de Feng et al. Em 2020, eles descobriram que o BPV como um inibidor de PTEN administrado aos camundongos melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o dos vasos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e consideraram que o inibidor de PTEN BPV poderia ser uma droga terap&#234;utica candidata.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A atividade do PTEN pode ser reduzida de duas maneiras: uma &#233; conseguida pela inativa&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica por fosforila&#231;&#227;o ou oxida&#231;&#227;o, e outra pela altera&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio entre s&#237;ntese e degrada&#231;&#227;o do PTEN. A mudan&#231;a na atividade PTEN &#233; importante para manter o equil&#237;brio em muitos tipos de c&#233;lulas. Tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel vital na regula&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio entre sobreviv&#234;ncia e morte em cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o do PTEN &#233; regulada por diferentes modifica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-traducionais, como fosforila&#231;&#227;o, acetila&#231;&#227;o, ubiquitina&#231;&#227;o e oxida&#231;&#227;o. O PTEN participa da modula&#231;&#227;o e estabilidade de suas fun&#231;&#245;es supressoras de tumor. Tamb&#233;m possui seis s&#237;tios de fosforila&#231;&#227;o envolvidos na compartimentaliza&#231;&#227;o subcelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A regi&#227;o C-terminal do PTEN &#233; composta por 218 amino&#225;cidos e desempenha um papel na regula&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade e meia-vida da mol&#233;cula. Essa regi&#227;o &#233; rica em locais de fosforila&#231;&#227;o, e foi relatado que a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o C-terminal do PTEN afeta a estabilidade e a fun&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na PTEN. Notavelmente, os s&#237;tios de fosforila&#231;&#227;o da case&#237;na quinase 2 (CK2) no PTEN s&#227;o conservados em esp&#233;cies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m corrobora essa ideia. Mostramos que o PTEN aumentou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o a partir do ponto S380 na cauda C. A fosforila&#231;&#227;o do res&#237;duo S380 inibe a atividade catal&#237;tica do PTEN e estabiliza a prote&#237;na bloqueando a associa&#231;&#227;o produtiva do dom&#237;nio catal&#237;tico do PTEN com PI(3,4,5)P3 localizado na membrana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Demonstramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa na express&#227;o de PTEN dos tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos durante a cirurgia. Em nosso estudo, a obten&#231;&#227;o de amostras de sangue e tecidos em v&#225;rios momentos da cirurgia foi dif&#237;cil, mas diferenciou nosso trabalho dos demais. Sem o uso de pacientes saud&#225;veis no grupo de controle, primeiro comparamos as amostras de tecido e sangue dentro do grupo, eliminando as diferen&#231;as individuais e possibilitando mostrar diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o na mesma ocasi&#227;o. Em seguida, inclu&#237;mos o grupo de controle para comparar os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de PTEN no sangue. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica de PTEN no sangue pode ser reduzida por epigen&#233;tica e outros mecanismos. Os efeitos da epigen&#233;tica podem alterar a atividade de PTEN. Alguns miRNAs podem se ligar ao 3&#8217;UTR do PTEN (como o miR-21), alterar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares via PI3K-Akt e afetar as DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Alguns estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> sugeriram que o PTEN &#233; regulado positivamente em c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico de pacientes com DAC. Isso &#233; consistente com os achados do estudo de Zhang et al. sobre leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e esses resultados do estudo corroboram nosso estudo. Nossos resultados diferiram dos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos do estudo mencionado em compara&#231;&#227;o com os sujeitos saud&#225;veis do grupo de controle. Os mesmos n&#237;veis de PTEN no sangue foram detectados no grupo de controle e nos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O papel de TnI e TnT como marcadores proteicos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi proposto pela primeira vez h&#225; mais de 20 anos. A medi&#231;&#227;o imunoqu&#237;mica das concentra&#231;&#245;es de TnI ou TnT no sangue do paciente afastou os m&#233;todos tradicionais de diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de troponina e CK-MB referem-se a necrose e isquemia nos cardiomi&#243;citos. A troponina T cardioespec&#237;fica (cTnT) &#233; elevada no sangue ap&#243;s a inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O aumento desses dados cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado ao grau de isquemia. De acordo com a literatura, nosso estudo constatou que tanto os n&#237;veis de CK-MB quanto de troponina aumentaram significativamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Tamb&#233;m determinamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de CK-MB e TnT. Com base nesses achados, seria &#250;til determinar a causa da diferen&#231;a de troponina e CK-MB planejando estudos mais extensos e diferentes para identificar o dano estrutural no tecido mioc&#225;rdico. Al&#233;m das fun&#231;&#245;es conhecidas da troponina, foi relatado que ela desempenha um papel na prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Como mencionado acima, os n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores cl&#237;nicos do mioc&#225;rdio, tanto a express&#227;o g&#234;nica quanto a proteica do PTEN, foram maiores ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Um aumento do PTEN como supressor de tumor devido ao aumento do n&#237;vel de TnT tamb&#233;m pode ser respons&#225;vel por suprimir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas danificadas.</p>
      <p>Como em muitos sistemas, os miRNAs desempenham um papel essencial no sistema cardiovascular. Al&#233;m de controlar as fun&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas como cardiomi&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, fibroblastos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais, eles tamb&#233;m s&#227;o cruciais na fisiopatologia de doen&#231;as como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertrofia, fibrose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia, inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose. Portanto, a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos miRNAs associados ao PTEN tamb&#233;m se beneficiar&#225; da expans&#227;o de nosso estudo e da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de novos dados. Nesse sentido, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro na literatura. Entretanto, ao considerar as inc&#243;gnitas sobre a via do PTEN, seria apropriado planejar novas investiga&#231;&#245;es nessa &#225;rea.</p>
      <p>O PTEN funciona como um regulador cr&#237;tico da hipertrofia e sobreviv&#234;ncia dos cardiomi&#243;citos. A partir desse ponto de vista, investigamos a express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica do PTEN em amostras de sangue e tecidos. Estudos utilizando sangue e tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos s&#227;o raros na literatura, e &#233; um desafio realiz&#225;-los. Quando comparamos a express&#227;o g&#234;nica do PTEN no sangue, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a express&#227;o do PTEN antes e depois da cirurgia. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma diferen&#231;a quando os pacientes foram comparados com os do grupo de controle. Observamos aumento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica no tecido ap&#243;s a cirurgia em compara&#231;&#227;o com antes da cirurgia. O aumento da express&#227;o de PTEN no tecido mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a cirurgia em compara&#231;&#227;o com a amostra pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mostra repetidamente que o PTEN desempenha um papel vital na repara&#231;&#227;o do dano tecidual, na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e no aumento da sobrevida celular, da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e da viabilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Considerando todos esses efeitos, o gene PTEN nos permitir&#225; tomar uma medida progn&#243;stica cr&#237;tica na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos pr&#243;ximos anos. Estudos moleculares nesta &#225;rea s&#227;o escassos, e acreditamos que nossas descobertas sobre o PTEN podem levar a estudos futuros. A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados podem ser corroborados pela investiga&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos mais amplos e n&#237;veis de PTEN.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O PTEN funciona como um regulador cr&#237;tico da hipertrofia e sobreviv&#234;ncia dos cardiomi&#243;citos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, pode-se sugerir que o gene PTEN pode ser um marcador nesse grupo de doen&#231;as, ampliando o n&#250;mero de pacientes para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, ao considerar as inc&#243;gnitas sobre a via do PTEN, seria apropriado planejar novas investiga&#231;&#245;es nessa &#225;rea. Estudos inovadores com amostras maiores podem ser planejados para concluir o real efeito da atividade do PTEN no mioc&#225;rdio e aceit&#225;-lo como marcador de progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Pesquisa da Erciyes University (N&#250;mero do Projeto: TYL-2017-7188)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Reyhan Tahtasakal pela Erciyes University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Erciyes University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 216/577. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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    </fn-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Goksuluk</surname>
            <given-names>Dincer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2980-8364</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Emirogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Omer Naci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kayseri</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Erciyes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kayseri &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Elif Funda Sener &#8226;</bold> Erciyes University &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology &#8211; Erciyes University Medical Faculty Departmen of Medical Biology Talas <postal-code>38280</postal-code> &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>efefunda@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease is a complex disorder that causes death worldwide. One of the genes involved in developing this disease may be PTEN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to investigate the PTEN gene and protein expression in tissue and blood samples taken from coronary bypass surgery patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Molecular studies were performed at Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK). Right atrial appendage and blood samples were taken from the central vein of 22 coronary bypass surgery patients before starting and ending cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN expression was determined using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The significance level was accepted as p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no significant difference in the PTEN gene expression in blood samples taken before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, a substantial increase in both protein and gene expression levels of P-PTEN and PTEN was observed in the tissue samples. Myocardial expression of the PTEN gene was significantly increased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN gene expression in the post-cardiopulmonary bypass period was increased when compared to the pre-bypass period, but it was insignificant when compared to healthy controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study first revealed the role of the PTEN gene by analyzing both mRNA and protein expression in coronary bypass patients, appearing in both myocardial tissue and blood samples. Increased levels of PTEN may be a marker in myocardial tissue for patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Bypass Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Gene Expression</kwd>
        <kwd>PTEN</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research Fund of Erciyes University</funding-source>
          <award-id>TYL-2017-7188</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by Research Fund of Erciyes University (Project Number: TYL-2017-7188).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f6">
        <caption>
          <title>Gene expression and western blot results of the patients with CAD. Membrane images of PTEN and P-PTEN protein levels determined using specific antibodies in myocardial tissues of female/male patients (A). PTEN and P-PTEN protein expression findings in myocardial tissue taken from patients before and after surgery. &#946;-actin was used as a loading control (B). The expression of the PTEN gene was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in myocardial tissues taken from patients at 2 different times (C). Expression of the PTEN gene was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in blood samples taken from patients at 2 different times and in control blood samples (D). Comparisons: P-PTEN BO vs. P-PTEN AO, PTEN BO vs. PTEN AO, and PTEN-T1 vs. PTEN-T2 (in blood and tissue samples separately) via Wilcoxon Signed Rand test; PTEN-T1 vs. Control and PTEN-T2 vs. Control via Mann-Whitney U test (*p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.001). (T1: before cardiopulmonary bypass, T2: after cardiopulmonary bypass).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>One of the most common causes of death in men and women worldwide is cardiovascular disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and one of the most important of these is coronary artery disease (CAD), which is affected by many factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Genetic factors, as well as environmental factors, play an essential role in CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The underlying genetic mechanism is not fully understood, but it is estimated that 40-60% inheritance may be effective in coronary artery disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed that more than 30 genes were associated with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Phosphatase and tensin homolog (<italic>PTEN</italic>) are located on chromosome 10. They negatively regulate intracellular phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate levels in cells and act as a tumor suppressors by negatively regulating the AKT/PKB signaling pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> <italic>PTEN</italic> participates in the pathway of cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, DNA repair, growth, and metabolism. It is also associated with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> <italic>PTEN</italic> may also play a role in the development and formation of CAD. The PI3K/Akt pathway protects the myocardium in all species, especially against ischemia-reperfusion damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The inactivation of <italic>PTEN</italic> activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, decreases the infarct area, inhibits apoptosis, and enhances survival. It also improves post-ischemia-reperfusion heart damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, the inactivation of cardiac-specific <italic>PTEN</italic> protects against myocardial fibrosis and cardiac failure in a hypertensive mouse model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> <italic>PTEN</italic> is important in ischemic heart diseases associated with diabetes and obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, providing <italic>PTEN&#8217;s</italic> inactivation may also increase myocardial survival following an ischemic episode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The decrease in the <italic>PTEN</italic> level is associated with hypertrophy and the remodeling of cardiac tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, <italic>PTEN</italic> has also proven to play a role in regulating size and contraction in cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It is emphasized that <italic>PTEN</italic> is extremely important in regulating the balance between cardiomyocyte death and survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the long-term absence of <italic>PTEN</italic> from the myocardium is associated with myocardial hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, this study focused on the changes in <italic>PTEN</italic> expression in myocardial tissue and blood samples collected from coronary artery bypass surgery patients during and after the surgery. To emphasize the importance of the <italic>PTEN</italic> gene in the prognosis of CAD, both myocardial and blood samples were used at different stages of surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and control selection</title>
          <p>The institutional human ethics review board of Erciyes University approved this study (2016/577; 08.11.2016). Twenty-two patients with CAD treated at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Erciyes University between 2016 and 2017 were included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). The patient group consisted of 5 women and 17 men (age ranges 39-81 years). Only patients with stable angina were included in the study. Our study also enrolled 22 healthy controls to compare the blood levels of <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression. Controls consisted of 5 healthy women and 17 healthy men (age ranges of 26-69 years). Age and gender were matched with the study group. The participants gave written informed consent for this study.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Control group, patient&#8217;s criteria, and study design. CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anesthesia protocol</title>
          <p>The same anesthesia protocol was applied to all patients. A 5-channel ECG, pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure, cerebral oximetry, and entropy monitoring were performed on the patients who were taken to the operating room. After a 1.5 mg dormicum and 50 microgram fentanyl push were made, an invasive arterial catheter was placed in the radial artery, and an invasive blood pressure measurement was performed. After preoxygenation, 1 mg/kg propofol, 10 micrograms/kg fentanyl, 1 mg/kg rocuronium were made in the induction. Patients with good entropy values were then intubated. An ultrasound-guided central venous catheter was inserted. Tranexamic acid was infused at a dose of 15 mg/kg in 1 hour and was maintained at 1.5 mg/kg/h throughout the case; 10 micrograms/kg/h fentanyl, 4 mg/kg/h propofol and 1 mg/ kg/h rocuronium were used in anesthesia management. The depth of anesthesia was adjusted between 45 and 60 entropies. If necessary, desflurane was used as an inhalation agent. Ventilator settings TV 6 ml/kg, respiratory rate 12/min, PEEP of 5 cm/water volume applied volume control mode. If there was a decrease in cerebral oximetry, necessary interventions were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Operation and cardiopulmonary bypass period</title>
          <p>The same team of surgeons performed all operations. The operative procedure included median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in all cases. CPB was established by the cannulation of the ascending aorta and a single two-stage cannula in the right atrium. Myocardial protection was provided with moderate hypothermia (28-32&#186;C), topical cooling with saline solution, and intermittent doses (every 20 min) of antegrade hypothermic blood cardioplegia. Warm blood cardioplegia was given just before releasing the aortic cross-clamping. All distal coronary anastomoses were constructed during a single period of aortic cross-clamping, and proximal anastomoses were constructed over a partial occlusion clamp during warming. Aortic valve replacement was done together with coronary bypass surgery in one case.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Tissue and blood sampling</title>
            <p>Blood samples were obtained from the central vein of the patients at 2 different times, before and after surgery. Two myocardial tissues were taken 2-3 millimeters from each patient&#8217;s right atrium before starting CPB (T1) and at the end of CPB (T2). Whole blood samples were obtained from each patient&#8217;s right atrium before starting CPB (T1) and at the end of CPB (T2). The ideal tissue is the right atrium as a potential biomarker in a myocardial proteomic profile in coronary bypass surgery, heart valve replacement, and other cardiac surgery patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Therefore, the right atrium was preferred in our study. Blood samples were taken from the healthy controls to compare <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression in patients. All the samples were immediately transferred to GENKOK for further analysis.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Real-time quantitative PCR analysis for PTEN gene</title>
            <p>All molecular studies were conducted at Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK). Total RNA was isolated from all blood samples and myocardial tissues using PureZol (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). RNA concentrations were measured using a nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Rockland, DE, USA). Two indicators, A260/A280 and A260/A230, were used. The absorbance ratio was A260/A280, and A260/A230 was an indicator of protein contamination, chaotropic salt contamination, polysaccharide, and/or phenol. RNA (1 <italic>&#956;</italic>g) was reverse transcribed using the First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. The reaction mixture was incubated at 65&#176;C for 10 minutes, at 29&#176;C for 10 minutes, at 48&#176;C for 60 minutes, at 85&#176;C for 5 minutes, and then at 4&#176;C for 5 minutes. Approximately 5 <italic>&#956;</italic>l of each cDNA was used for PCR analysis. The qPCR assay reactions were performed using LightCycler 480 Probes Master and Primer/Probes (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) in a 20 <italic>&#956;</italic>l reaction volume. Reactions were run in duplicate, and qRT-PCR was performed with Light Cycler 480 II instrument (Roche, Germany). The cycle conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95&#176;C for 10 minutes, followed by 10 seconds at 95&#176;C, 30 seconds at 60&#176;C, and 60 seconds at 72&#176;C, with the 3 steps including 45 cycles. The last step will occur in a cycle at 40&#176;C for 30 seconds to complete the reaction. Beta-actin (<italic>ACTB</italic>) was selected as a housekeeping gene in this study. The changes in the gene expression were determined by the 2<sup>-&#916;&#916;</sup>Ct method of relative quantification.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Western blot analysis</title>
            <p>Total proteins were extracted from dissected two right atrium tissues using standard protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Each sample&#8217;s total protein concentration was determined with a detergent-compatible protein assay kit (DC kit; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Each sample containing 40 &#181;g of total protein was analyzed by loading 4-20% gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein separation was performed and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Membranes were treated with 0.1 Triton X-100, Tris-buffered saline with 5% dry milk-Tween 20 (TBS-T) for a specific time. Cell Signaling Technology brand primary PTEN antibody and p-PTEN were examined. After washing with TBS-T, membranes were incubated with one of the anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (Biorad) appropriate for our study. &#946;-actin and &#945;/&#946; Tubulin (primary and secondary) were used as a loading control. Membrane chemiluminescence detection was then performed using Clarity Western ECL Substrate (Biorad). Blots were imaged with a Chemidoc MP Imaging System (Biorad). Using the application program, the imager was measured with a densitometer (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism (version 8.01). The normality of numerical data was assessed using graph (Q-Q plot, histogram, etc.) and analytical approaches (Shapiro-Wilk&#8217;s normality test). We summarized numerical (continuous) data (e.g., age, weight, height, gene expression levels of PTEN, clamp and bypass times, CK-MB, and TnT) using the mean and standard deviation in normally distributed data and median and interquartile in non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables (e.g., gender, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes status, and the operation type) were summarized with frequencies and percentages. Before and after the operation, gene expression levels measured from tissue and blood were compared when using the Wilcoxon test, since these values were not normally distributed. Likewise, before and after, protein expression levels of tissue samples were compared using the Wilcoxon test. The gene expression levels against the control group were compared in blood samples using the Mann-Whitney U test. Finally, we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients to explore the relationship between clinical and laboratory findings of the PTEN gene and the relationship between cross-clamp time and total bypass time. The statistical significance level was set at p&lt;0.05 in all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient&#8217;s diagnosis and clinical features</title>
          <p>This study investigated mRNA and protein expression of PTEN in control groups and 22 people with a diagnosis of CAD. The organization of the study is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. In the study group, there were 17 males (77.2%) and 5 (22.8%) females. The age range of the study group was 39-81 years. All the clinical findings and the type of operation are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and demographical characteristics of the patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="49%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Clinical Features</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Age (39-81)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">59.8&#177;9.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">17 (77.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Female (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (22.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Diabetes (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Hypertension (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Smoking (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">165.6&#177;8.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">79.2&#177;13.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">BSA (m&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1.8&#177;0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">49.5&#177;7.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Cross Clamp (min)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">59.8&#177;14.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Total Bypass (min)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">133&#177;42.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Operation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABGx1 (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABGx2 (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABGx3 (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABGx4 (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CABGx5 (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AVR+CABG (n)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>BSA: body surface area; CK-MB: creatine kinase myocardial band; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; EF: ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; AVR: aortic valve replacement.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>General laboratory findings</title>
          <p>Troponin T (TnT) and CK-MB enzyme levels were measured in the blood sample of patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2B</xref>). Both enzyme levels significantly differed before and after the operation (p&lt;0.0001, p=0.0002, respectively).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Biochemical findings of the patients. A) CK-MB levels B) Troponin (Tnt) levels. BO: before an operation, AO: after an operation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test to compare the levels of biochemical findings before and after surgery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20220169-20169-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Expression levels of PTEN</title>
          <p>Our study first compared pre- (T1) and post-operative (T2) blood samples of <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression, but this finding proved not to be statistically significant (p=0.1607). We then compared the pre-operative values of <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expressions with healthy controls, which also proved not to be significant (p=0.9846) (Central Illustration). On the other hand, the expression of <italic>PTEN</italic> in myocardium samples of patients significantly increased after CPB compared to before CPB (p=0.0417) (Central Illustration). Our western blot results showed that the protein expression of PTEN in the tissue increased dramatically following gene expression data. p-PTEN protein expression was also significantly increased in myocardial tissue samples after CPB (Central Illustration). Median, quartile, and p-values in <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression data in pre- and postoperative tissue, as well as in blood and control blood samples, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>, and median, interquartile, and p-values in protein expression data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation analysis</title>
          <p>According to our correlation analysis, there was a moderate correlation between post-operative values of CK-MB and TnT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). The other correlation analysis was insignificant, including age, TnT, and CK-MB with <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression (r=0.1304; data not shown).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spearman Correlation analysis of the clinical and laboratory findings of <italic>PTEN</italic> gene</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T1 <break/>CK-MB</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T2 <break/>CK-MB</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T1 <break/>TnT</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T2 <break/>TnT</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T1 <italic>PTEN</italic> mRNA</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">T2 <italic>PTEN</italic> mRNA</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T1 CK-MB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T2 CK-MB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.411</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T1 TnT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.395</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.125</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T2 TnT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.422</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.663</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.236</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T1 PTEN mRNA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.125</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.328</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.230</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.250</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">T2 PTEN mRNA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.038</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.322</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.557</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In addition, when correlation analysis was made between PTEN and P-PTEN expression and cross-clamp and total bypass time, while there is a negative statistically insignificant relationship between PTEN and P-PTEN and thr cross clamp, there is a positive statistically insignificant relationship between PTEN and P-PTEN and total bypass time (Data not shown). There is only a positive relationship between PTEN and P-PTEN, and this relationship is statistically significant (r=0.90, p=0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spearman Correlation for protein expression with cross clamp time and total bypass time (* r= 0.90, p=0.02)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">P-PTEN</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PTEN</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Cross <break/>Clamp Time (min)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total <break/>Bypass Time (min)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">P-PTEN</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PTEN</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.90*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cross Clamp Time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.53</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.31</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total Bypass Time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demonstration of median, interquartiles and p values of non-normally distributed continuous variables in the gene expression data in pre- and post-operative tissue and blood samples and control blood samples</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"><italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression</th>
                  <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Significance <break/>(Blood Samples)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Blood <break/>(n=22)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Tissue <break/>(n=22)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Control (n=22)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PreOp <break/>vs. <break/>Control</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PostOp <break/>vs. <break/>Control</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>PreOp</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89 <break/>(0.47, 3.49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 <break/>(0.76, 1.50)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">1.03 <break/>(0.41, 1.91)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.814</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>PostOp</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 <break/>(0.20, 2.13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.55 <break/>(0.97, 2.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Sig. (p)</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.072</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.053</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N.A.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Summarized using median (quartiles). N.A.: Not applicable.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>PreOp versus Post Op comparisons via Wilcoxon test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Versus control comparisons for blood samples via Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demonstration of median, interquartiles and p values of continuous variables that non-normally distributed in protein expression data in pre- and post-operative tissue samples</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">PTEN protein expression</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>n=8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>P-PTEN</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>PTEN</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>PreOp</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.66 (0.61, 1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.51 (0.47. 0.84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>PostOp</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.64 (1.23, 2.10)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.67 (1.58. 2.28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Sig. (p)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.018</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Summarized using median (quartiles) and compared via Wilcoxon test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke are significant causes of mortality and morbidity in the general population worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CAD is the most common cause of death worldwide among cardiovascular diseases. PTEN plays a critical role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival. Therefore, the present study assessed the gene and protein expressions of PTEN in patients with CAD.</p>
        <p>Mocanu et al. stated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is vital in protecting the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> They emphasized that the main factor that provides this activation is the PTEN gene. Additionally, PTEN may be essential in pathological conditions associated with ischemic heart diseases, such as diabetes and obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, inactivation of PTEN may play an important role in pathological conditions associated with ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Li et al. investigated PTEN expression to explore the relevance between the expression of PTEN and the development of CHD in myocardial tissue of 16 deceased patients through immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. PTEN protein expression in the myocardium was significantly lower in patients with coronary heart disease, as compared to the healthy control group. At the same time, there was no statistical difference in the expression of <italic>PTEN</italic> mRNA between the experimental and control groups. With these results, they concluded that PTEN might be involved in the occurrence and development of CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our study also showed that the <italic>PTEN</italic> gene and protein expression in myocardial tissue increased after bypass. We thought the results differed because postmortem tissue samples were used in the study mentioned above.</p>
        <p>PTEN/PI3K signaling pathways play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy. In one study, it was found to be involved in myocardial remodeling in 39 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). PTEN protein expressions in the congestive heart failure groups were lower than in the control group and were negatively correlated with cardiac function levels. Thus, they revealed that PTEN may well play a negative regulatory role in the myocardial remodeling process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Cardiac hypertrophy, a general adaptive response of the heart, is a complex process in which many genes work in a coordinated manner. It can be stimulated in several ways, including the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. In the PI3K signaling pathway, PTEN can be a critical determinant of cardiomyocyte growth. Under certain conditions, it can cause apoptosis, prevent hypertrophy, and block growth factor signaling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our study, both PTEN genes and protein expressions in pre-operative myocardial tissues significantly increased after surgery. This result shows us repeatedly that PTEN plays an important role in repairing and enhancing cell survival, myocardial contractility, and cardiomyocyte viability in tissue damage. Considering all these effects, PTEN will provide an important prognostic marker in patients with CAD. One of the recent studies revealed that PTEN plays a role in the progression of myocardial infarction. It has been observed that serum PTEN levels are increased in patients with acute MI, suggesting that PTEN can be used as a predictive marker in MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> One of the recent studies is Feng et al.&#8217;s study. In 2020, they found that the BPV as a PTEN inhibitor given to the mice improved the function of cardiac vessels after myocardial infarction. They thought that the PTEN inhibitor BPV could be a candidate therapeutic drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The activity of PTEN can be reduced in two ways: one is achieved by enzymatic inactivation through phosphorylation or oxidation, and another by changing the balance between PTEN synthesis and degradation. The change in PTEN activity is important in maintaining balance in many cell types. It also plays a vital role in regulating the balance between survival and death in cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> PTEN function is regulated by different post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and oxidation. PTEN participates in the modulation and stability of its tumor suppressor functions. It also has six phosphorylation sites involved in subcellular compartmentalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The C-terminal region of PTEN is composed of 218 amino acids. It plays a role in regulating the stability and half-life of the molecule. This region is rich in phosphorylation sites, and phosphorylation of the PTEN C terminal has been reported to affect PTEN protein stability and function. Remarkably, the casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation sites in PTEN are conserved in species.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Our study also supports this idea. We showed that PTEN had increased phosphorylation from the point of S380 in the C tail. Phosphorylation of S380 residue inhibits PTEN&#8217;s catalytic activity and stabilizes the protein by blocking the productive association of the PTEN catalytic domain with membrane-localized PI(3,4,5)P3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We demonstrated a significant difference in the PTEN expression of myocardial tissues during the surgery. In our study, obtaining blood and tissue specimens at different surgery times was difficult, but it made our work different from others. Without the use of healthy controls, first, we compared the tissue and blood samples within the group by eliminating the individual differences and made it possible to show differences in expression levels on the same occasion. We then enrolled the control group to compare the expression levels of PTEN in the blood. The gene expression of <italic>PTEN</italic> in the blood may be reduced by epigenetics and other mechanisms. Epigenetic effects can alter the activity of PTEN. Some miRNAs can bind to the 3 &#8216;UTR of PTEN (such as miR-21), alter the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells via PI3K-Akt, and affect CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Some previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> have suggested that PTEN is upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CAD patients. This is consistent with the findings of Zhang et al.&#8217;s study on peripheral blood leukocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and these study results support our study. Our results differed from the aforementioned study&#8217;s blood levels compared to the healthy controls. The same levels were detected in the control and the patients for PTEN in the blood.</p>
        <p>TnI and TnT as protein markers of myocardial infarction were first proposed more than 20 years ago. Immunochemical measurement of TnI or TnT concentrations in the patient&#8217;s blood sidelined the traditional methods of diagnostics of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Troponin and CK-MB levels refer to necrosis and ischemia in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac-specific troponin T (cTnT) is elevated in the blood following cardiac injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The increase in clinical data is also related to the degree of ischemia. According to the literature, our study found that both CK-MB and troponin levels increased significantly after surgery. We also determined a correlation between CK-MB and TnT levels. Based on these findings, it would be helpful to determine the cause of the difference in troponin and CK-MB by planning more extensive and different studies to reveal the structural damage in myocardial tissue. Apart from the known functions of troponin, it has been reported to have a role in cell proliferation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> As mentioned above, the elevated levels of clinical biomarkers of the myocardium, both gene and protein expression of PTEN, were higher after the surgery. An increase in <italic>PTEN</italic> as a tumor suppressor due to the increase in TnT level may also be responsible for suppressing the proliferation of damaged cells.</p>
        <p>As in many systems, miRNAs play an essential role in the cardiovascular system. In addition to controlling the functions of cells, such as cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, it is also crucial in the pathophysiology of diseases, such as myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure, arrhythmia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, investigating the miRNAs associated with <italic>PTEN</italic> will also benefit from expanding our study and acquiring new data. In this respect, our study is the first of its kind in the literature. However, when considering the unknowns regarding the PTEN pathway, planning new investigations in this area would be appropriate.</p>
        <p><italic>PTEN</italic> functions as a critical regulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival. From this point of view, we investigated the <italic>PTEN</italic> gene and protein expressions in the blood and tissue samples. Studies using blood and myocardial tissues are rare in the literature, and it is challenging to conduct such studies. When we compared the <italic>PTEN</italic> gene expression in the blood, there was no difference between the PTEN expression before and after the surgery. No difference was found when the patients were compared with the control group. We observed increased protein and gene expression in tissue after surgery compared to before. The increase in PTEN expression in myocardial tissue after surgery compared to the preoperative sample repeatedly shows that PTEN plays a vital role in repairing tissue damage, healing, and increasing cell survival, myocardial contractility, and cardiomyocyte viability. Considering all these effects, the <italic>PTEN</italic> gene will enable us to take a critical prognostic measure in coronary artery disease in the following years. Molecular studies in this area are scarce, and we believe our findings about PTEN can lead to future studies. The limitation of this study is the small number of patients. In addition, our results can be supported by investigating the relationship between broader clinical parameters and PTEN levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>PTEN functions as a critical regulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival. According to the results obtained from this study, it can suggested that the PTEN gene may be a marker in this disease group by expanding the number of patients for further investigations. However, when considering the unknowns regarding the PTEN pathway, planning new investigations in this area would be appropriate. Innovative studies may be planned with larger samples to conclude the real effect of PTEN activity on myocardium and accept it as a prognostic marker.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Research Fund of Erciyes University (Project Number: TYL-2017-7188).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Reyhan Tahtasakal, from Erciyes University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Erciyes University under the protocol number 2016/577. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>This study was supported by the Research Fund of Erciyes University (Project Number: TYL-2017-7188).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
