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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">s59ZKn3JhjLWzJcWNjwKmpD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000400307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210933</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SLC26A4-AS1 Agrava a Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por AngII Aumentando a Express&#227;o de SLC26A4</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7366-2246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Chao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Qinjiong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ling</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shang</surname>
            <given-names>Huijuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Controle de Tuberculose de Anhui</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Anhui Provincial Chest Hospital, (Instituto de Controle de Tuberculose de Anhui), Hefei, Anhui &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Hefei</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical University of Anhui</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, the Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (Hospital Hefei afiliado &#224; Medical University of Anhui), Hefei, Anhui &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Chao Li &#8226; The Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Medical University of Anhui), Hefei, 230011, Anhui &#8211; China E-mail: <email>vnqi46@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210933</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Foi relatado que o RNA 1 antisenso 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) do membro 4 da fam&#237;lia de transportadores de soluto 26 est&#225; altamente relacionado &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Esta pesquisa visa investigar o papel e o mecanismo espec&#237;ficos de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca, fornecendo um novo marcador para o tratamento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Angiotensina II (AngII) foi infundida em cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares (NMVCs) de camundongos neonatos para induzir hipertrofia card&#237;aca. A express&#227;o g&#234;nica foi detectada por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR). Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na foram avaliados por western blot. Ensaios funcionais analisaram o papel de SLC26A4-AS1. O mecanismo de SLC26A4-AS1 foi avaliado por imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a RNA (RIP), pull-down de RNA e ensaios de luciferase rep&#243;rter. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi identificado como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O teste t de Student avaliou a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos. A diferen&#231;a entre os diferentes grupos foi analisada por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> SLC26A4-AS1 &#233; regulado para cima em NMVCs tratados com AngII e promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. SLC26A4-AS1 regula o membro 4 da fam&#237;lia de transportadores de soluto 26 (SLC26A4) por meio do funcionamento como um RNA end&#243;geno competitivo (ceRNA) para modular o microRNA (miR)-301a-3p e o miR-301b-3p em NMVCs. SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de SLC26A4 ou absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> SLC26A4-AS1 agrava a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p para aumentar a express&#227;o de SLC26A4.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA Longo n&#227;o Codificante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei</funding-source>
          <award-id>jygh201926</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (No.jygh201926).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca &#233; uma resposta adaptativa para melhorar a p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca para sustentar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica nos est&#225;gios iniciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar disso, a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica cont&#237;nua &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca t&#237;pica induzida pelo aumento da carga de trabalho do cora&#231;&#227;o acompanhada de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mal adaptativa, levando &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica e cardiomiopatia dilatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Paredes ventriculares excessivamente espessas e cardiomi&#243;citos s&#227;o os padr&#245;es prim&#225;rios de hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a hipertrofia card&#237;aca tornou-se um problema urgente que pode levar a uma incid&#234;ncia crescente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas marcantes da hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica s&#227;o a eleva&#231;&#227;o de genes fetais como o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP) e a cadeia pesada de beta-miosina (&#946;-MHC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos recentes provaram que muitos fatores, incluindo fatores de crescimento espec&#237;ficos, horm&#244;nios pept&#237;dicos e microRNAs (miRNAs), s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela hipertrofia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mas o mecanismo molecular exato subjacente &#224; progress&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca permanece obscuro.</p>
      <p>Os RNAs longos n&#227;o codificantes (lncRNAs) participam de processos patol&#243;gicos por meio do controle da express&#227;o g&#234;nica nos n&#237;veis epigen&#233;tico, transcricional e p&#243;s-transcricional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias crescentes revelaram os pap&#233;is vitais dos lncRNAs no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo a hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o lncRNA SNHG14 induzido por SP1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca via rede miR-322-5p/miR-384-5p/PCDH17 em cardiomi&#243;citos induzidos por angiotensina II (AngII).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O silenciamento de LncRNA MIAT restringe a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via eixo de RNA end&#243;geno concorrente miR-93/TLR4 (ceRNA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O membro 4 da fam&#237;lia LncRNA transportadora de soluto 26 RNA antisenso 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) foi relatada como altamente associada com hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> No entanto, o efeito e o mecanismo regulador do SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca permanecem vagos.</p>
      <p>Os miRNAs s&#227;o outro tipo de RNA n&#227;o codificante com um comprimento de cerca de 22 nucleot&#237;deos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os miRNAs geralmente exercem fun&#231;&#245;es celulares por meio do direcionamento de RNAs mensageiros a jusante (mRNAs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Numerosos miRNAs t&#234;m sido apontados como reguladores essenciais na progress&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o miR-17-5p facilita a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de Mfn2 e ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo PI3K/AKT/mTOR para suprimir a autofagia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O MiR-29a melhora a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida pelo cloridrato de isoproterenol ao reprimir a express&#227;o do PPAR&#948;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Considerando o papel vital dos miRNAs na hipertrofia card&#237;aca, tentamos investigar o mecanismo regulador do SLC26A4-AS1 focando nos miRNAs que interagem com ele.</p>
      <p>No estudo atual, o efeito de SLC26A4-AS1 no n&#237;vel de BNP, ANP e &#946;-MHC foi explorado para determinar a fun&#231;&#227;o de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. O mecanismo regulador de SLC26A4-AS1 foi investigado atrav&#233;s do eixo ceRNA. Nosso estudo pode oferecer uma nova vis&#227;o sobre os mecanismos fundamentais do lncRNA na hipertrofia card&#237;aca, fornecendo um novo alvo para o tratamento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura celular e tratamento</title>
        <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram isolados dos camundongos rec&#233;m-nascidos. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do nosso Hospital aprovou experimentos com animais. Para induzir a hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos, os cora&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;dos foram partidos em peda&#231;os e tratados com tripsina 0,25% (1/400, Beyotime, Shanghai, China), seguido de incuba&#231;&#227;o em meio Eagle modificado por Dulbecco/F-12 (500mL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, EUA) com 10% FBS (1/10, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, EUA). Ap&#243;s a conflu&#234;ncia celular atingir 80%, as c&#233;lulas nas placas foram transferidas para placas de cultura e inoculadas com AngII (150 nM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) com a concentra&#231;&#227;o de 150 nM para 1, 6, 12 e 24 h para estimular fen&#243;tipos hipertr&#243;ficos de cardiomi&#243;citos, estabelecendo o modelo celular de hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transfec&#231;&#227;o celular</title>
        <p>Foram todos adquiridos da GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) grampos curtos de RNA (shRNAs) contra SLC26A4-AS1 (sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd., Xangai, China), shRNAs contra o membro 4 da fam&#237;lia 26 de transportador de soluto (SLC26A4) (sh -SLC26A4#1/2, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), controle negativo de shRNA (sh-NC, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), vetor vazio pcDNA3.1 (pcDNA3.1, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), microRNA (miR)-301a-3p mim&#233;tico (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd. ), mim&#233;ticos de miR-301b-3p (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), controle negativo de mim&#233;ticos de miRNA (mim&#233;ticos de NC, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), inibidor de miR-301a-3p (3ul /ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), inibidor de miR-301b-3p (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.) e controle negativo do inibidor de miRNA (inibidor de NC, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.). Todas as transfec&#231;&#245;es celulares foram aplicadas usando Lipofectamine 3000 (1,5ug/ml, Invitrogen), seguido pelo tratamento de 150 nM AngII por 24 h.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR)</title>
        <p>O RNA total das c&#233;lulas foi extra&#237;do pelo reagente TRIzol (1mL, Invitrogen). A concentra&#231;&#227;o total de RNA foi determinada medindo o valor de absor&#231;&#227;o a 260 nm com um microespectrofot&#244;metro. O RNA (1&#956;l) foi transcrito reversamente para compor o DNA complementar usando a transcriptase reversa M-MLV (10000u, Promega, Madison, WI, EUA). Em seguida, a qPCR foi realizada com o kit SYBR Premix Ex Taq&#8482; II (Takara, Jap&#227;o). A express&#227;o de miRNA foi normalizada para U6, e a de lncRNA e mRNA foi normalizada para gliceralde&#237;do-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH), que foi baseado no m&#233;todo 2&#8722;&#916;&#916;Ct. A an&#225;lise por RT-qPCR foi realizada conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos. A sequ&#234;ncia do iniciador para SLC26A4-AS1 e GAPDH &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncia de iniciadores para SLC26A4-AS1 e GAPDH</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Genes</th>
                  <th align="left">Sequ&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLC26A4-AS1</td>
                  <td>F:TGCTGTTGCTGGAAAGCGAG R: TATTCCTTCCCGCGTGTCCT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GAPDH</td>
                  <td>F: GACAGTCAGCCGCATCTTCT R:GCGCCCAATACGACCAAATC</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>F: sequ&#234;ncia direta; R: sequ&#234;ncia reversa.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot</title>
        <p>Foi usado tamp&#227;o de lise RIPA (100mL, Thermo Fisher Scientific) para extrair prote&#237;nas totais, e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi verificada usando um kit de ensaio de prote&#237;na BCA (Abcam, EUA). Ap&#243;s o tratamento de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida e dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS-PAGE, 1/10, Invitrogen), as prote&#237;nas foram transferidas para membrana de PVDF (Millipore, EUA) e bloqueadas em leite desengordurado a 5%. Posteriormente, a membrana foi cultivada com anticorpos prim&#225;rios contra ANP (1&#181;g/ml, ab237632, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), BNP (1&#181;g/ml, ab92500, Abcam), &#946;-MHC (1/2500, ab55152, Abcam), SLC26A4 (0,25 &#181;g/&#956;l, 20889-1-AP, Proteintech, Chicago, EUA) e GAPDH (1/2500, ab8245, Abcam) a 4&#176;C durante a noite. Ap&#243;s a lavagem, a membrana foi cultivada com anticorpo secund&#225;rio conjugado com HRP (1/2500, Abcam) por 1 h. O sinal foi medido usando o substrato de western blotting de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia melhorada. Todos os experimentos independentes foram repetidos tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia (IF) e ensaio de &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular</title>
        <p>As c&#233;lulas foram lavadas e fixadas e bloqueadas com soro de cabra normal contendo 1% de BSA (1/100, Sigma-Aldrich). Posteriormente, as c&#233;lulas foram cultivadas com anti-&#945;-actinina (1/100, Sigma-Aldrich) a 4&#176;C por uma noite inteira e foram incubadas com um anticorpo secund&#225;rio por 1 h. DAPI (4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-fenilindole, 1/2000, Abcam) foi aplicado para corar os n&#250;cleos, e um microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia foi utilizado para capturar as imagens e avaliar a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular. Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fracionamento subcelular</title>
        <p>Um kit PARIS (Thermo Scientific, EUA) foi usado para isolar as fra&#231;&#245;es citoplasm&#225;tica e nuclear de cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares (NMVCs) de camundongos neonatos. A express&#227;o de GAPDH, U6 ou SLC26A4-AS1 no n&#250;cleo e no citoplasma foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de RT-qPCR. Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hibrida&#231;&#227;o fluorescente in situ (FISH)</title>
        <p>As sondas SLC26A4-AS1 marcadas com Alexa Fluor 555 (50 ng, RiboBio, Guangzhou, China) foram sintetizadas pela RiboBio (Guangzhou, China). Os experimentos FISH foram implementados com um kit FISH (RiboBio). As c&#233;lulas foram semeadas em l&#226;minas por 24 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o e permeabiliza&#231;&#227;o, as c&#233;lulas foram cultivadas com sondas SLC26A4-AS1 a 37&#176;C durante a noite. O DAPI foi utilizado para corar os n&#250;cleos das c&#233;lulas e as imagens foram observadas em microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia. Bio-repeti&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em triplicado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de liga&#231;&#227;o ao RNA (RIP)</title>
        <p>Com base nas instru&#231;&#245;es, o kit Magna RIP de imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o a RNA (Millipore) e o anticorpo Ago2 (1/30, Abcam) foram usados para realizar ensaios RIP. Os RNAs coprecipitados foram analisados via RT-qPCR. Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio pull-down de RNA</title>
        <p>Os NMVCs foram transfectados com uma sonda SLC26A4-AS1 biotinilada por 48 h. Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas coletadas foram cultivadas com esferas magn&#233;ticas de estreptavidina M-280 (10 mg/ml, Invitrogen). Os RNAs ligados foram avaliados via RT-qPCR. Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio da luciferase rep&#243;rter</title>
        <p>A sequ&#234;ncia de SLC26A4-AS1 ou SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR contendo o local de liga&#231;&#227;o previsto com miR-301a-3p e miR-301b-3p foi clonada v&#225;rias vezes no vetor de luciferase dupla pmirGLO (1 &#181;g, Promega), bem como o vetor putativo e sequ&#234;ncias mutantes. As c&#233;lulas (3 &#215; 10<sup>4</sup>/po&#231;o) foram cultivadas em 24 placas po&#231;o para incuba&#231;&#227;o. As c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o transfectadas com esses plasm&#237;deos rep&#243;rteres e mim&#233;ticos de miR-301a-3p ou mim&#233;ticos de miR-301b-3p, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s 48 h de transfec&#231;&#227;o usando o reagente Lipofectamine 3000, um kit Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay (Promega) foi aplicado para medir a atividade relativa da luciferase. Tr&#234;s ensaios independentes foram conduzidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os experimentos foram em triplicata e todos os experimentos independentes foram repetidos tr&#234;s vezes. O tamanho da amostra neste estudo foi definido pelo m&#233;todo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria e calculado pela f&#243;rmula n=2&#963;2/&#948;2 f(&#945;, &#946;), onde &#948; &#233; a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima, &#963; &#233; o desvio padr&#227;o total, &#945; &#233; o n&#237;vel de inspe&#231;&#227;o (= 0,05), e &#946; &#233; a taxa de erro tipo II (=0,10). Os dados foram apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para 3 ensaios independentes. O software GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 5.0 foi aplicado para analisar os dados. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, que mostrou que todos os dados seguiram a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi investigada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional, seguido de um teste post hoc (Tukey e Dunnett). Al&#233;m disso, um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi identificado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 &#233; regulado para cima na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por AngII</title>
        <p>Para avaliar o papel espec&#237;fico de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca, primeiro tratamos NMVCs com AngII para induzir fen&#243;tipos hipertr&#243;ficos de cardiomi&#243;citos. Os n&#237;veis de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos (ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC) em NMVCs tratados com AngII aumentaram gradualmente ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A-1C</xref>). A colora&#231;&#227;o mostrou que a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie dos NMVCs tratados com AngII aumentou gradualmente ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, uma regula&#231;&#227;o para cima significativa de SLC26A4-AS1 em NMVCs tamb&#233;m foi observada como dependente do tempo ap&#243;s o tratamento com AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1E</xref>). Em uma palavra, SLC26A4-AS1 &#233; regulado para cima na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por AngII.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 &#233; regulado para cima na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. (A-C) Em NMVCs tratados com 150 nM AngII por 1, 6, 12 e 24 h, a express&#227;o de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos (ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC) foi avaliada usando RT-qPCR, e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na desses biomarcadores foi avaliada por western blot, seguida de quantifica&#231;&#227;o por western blot. *P&lt;0,05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0,05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). O n&#250;mero de tamanho da amostra (n) = 3. (D) A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular em NMVCs tratadas com 150 nM AngII por 1, 6, 12 e 24 h foi avaliada usando colora&#231;&#227;o IF. Barra de escala: 10 &#956;m. *P&lt;0,05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0,05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (E) A express&#227;o de SLC26A4-AS1 em NMVCs tratados com 150 nM AngII por 1, 6, 12 e 24 h foi detectada usando RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0,05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0,05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 facilita a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de RT-qPCR verificou a transfec&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de plasm&#237;deos sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 em NMVCs induzidos por AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>). A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular aumentada em NMVCs causada por AngII foi atenuada pelo silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref>). Enquanto isso, a express&#227;o regulada para cima e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC induzidos por AngII foram revertidos ap&#243;s o silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C-2H</xref>). Esses resultados revelaram que SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII in vitro.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 suprime a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. (A) NMVCs foram tratados com sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 ou sh-NC ap&#243;s o tratamento de AngII por 24 h. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3. (B) A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie celular foi detectada em NMVCs tratados com AngII ap&#243;s o sil&#234;ncio de SLC26A4-AS1 usando colora&#231;&#227;o IF. Barra de escala: 10 &#956;m. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3. (C-H) Ap&#243;s o silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1, a express&#227;o de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs tratados com AngII foi medida usando RT-qPCR, e o n&#237;vel desses biomarcadores foi avaliado usando western blot, seguido pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de western blot. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 interage com SLC26A4, e SLC26A4 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII</title>
        <p>O fracionamento subcelular e os ensaios de FISH foram implementados pela primeira vez para estudar o mecanismo potencial de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. Descobrimos que SLC26A4-AS1 estava preferencialmente localizado no citoplasma celular, sugerindo o papel p&#243;s-transcricional de SLC26A4-AS1 em NMVCs tratados com AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A-3B</xref>). Foi relatado que os lncRNAs podem regular seus genes pr&#243;ximos para exercer fun&#231;&#245;es no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Conforme mostrado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S3A</ext-link>, o banco de dados UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) previu que SLC26A4 era um gene pr&#243;ximo de SLC26A4-AS1. Portanto, conjecturamos que SLC26A4-AS1 pode regular SLC26A4 para afetar a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. Em seguida, ensaios Ago2-RIP foram realizados para que Ago2 seja o componente central do complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA. SLC26A4-AS1 e SLC26A4 foram altamente abundantes em precipitados ligados a anti-Ago2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C</xref>). RT-qPCR mostrou que a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 foi significativamente elevada ao longo do tempo com o tratamento de AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da express&#227;o e n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de SLC26A4 causado pelo tratamento com AngII foram diminu&#237;dos quando SLC26A4-AS1 foi silenciado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3E-3F</xref>). Em uma palavra, SLC26A4-AS1 interage com SLC26A4 em NMVCs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 funciona como um ceRNA para regular SLC26A4 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. (A-B) Fracionamento subcelular e ensaios de FISH foram realizados para determinar a localiza&#231;&#227;o de SLC26A4-AS1 em NMVCs induzidos por AngII. n = 3. (C) Ensaios RIP detectaram o enriquecimento de SLC26A4-AS1 e SLC26A4. **P&lt;0,01: Ago2 vs IgG. n = 3. (D) A express&#227;o de SLC26A4 em NMVCs tratados com 150 nM AngII por 1, 6, 12 e 24 h foi avaliada usando RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0,05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0,05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (E-F) O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de SLC26A4 em NMVCs tratados com AngII foram avaliados usando RT-qPCR e western blot, respectivamente, ap&#243;s regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de SLC26A4-AS1, seguido pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de western blot. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para detectar a fun&#231;&#227;o de SLC26A4 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII, foram realizados ensaios de perda de fun&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia de sh-SLC26A4#1/2 em NMVCs tratados com AngII ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S1A</ext-link>). A regula&#231;&#227;o para baixo de SLC26A4 reverteu o aumento da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie de NMVCs tratados com AngII (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S1B</ext-link>) e a regula&#231;&#227;o para cima dos n&#237;veis de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos estimulados pelo tratamento com AngII (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S1C-S1H</ext-link>). Coletivamente, SLC26A4 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII in vitro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de SLC26A4</title>
        <p>Em seguida, a efici&#234;ncia de pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 foi certificada em NMVCs tratados com AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref>). Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B-4E</xref>, a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular e os n&#237;veis de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs tratados com AngII foram obviamente reduzidos com a regula&#231;&#227;o para baixo de SLC26A4-AS1. No entanto, este efeito de inibi&#231;&#227;o foi revertido ap&#243;s a co-transfec&#231;&#227;o de pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4. Tomados em conjunto, SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de SLC26A4.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de SLC26A4. (A) NMVCs introduzidos com pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4, ou pcDNA3.1 foram tratados com AngII por 24 h. **P&lt;0,01: pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs pcDNA3.1. Experimentos de resgate foram conduzidos em NMVCs com a transfec&#231;&#227;o de sh-NC, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1 e sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 sob tratamento com AngII . n = 3. (B) A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie celular foi avaliada em NMVCs tratados com AngII usando colora&#231;&#227;o IF. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1. n = 3. (C-E) O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs tratados com AngII foram medidos por meio de RT-qPCR e western blot, respectivamente, seguidos pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de western blot. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1. n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 regula para cima SLC26A4 atrav&#233;s do funcionamento como esponjas de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p</title>
        <p>&#201; bem reconhecido que os lncRNAs podem funcionar como concorrentes de RNAs end&#243;genos (ceRNAs) para regular a express&#227;o g&#234;nica por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com miRNAs em n&#237;veis p&#243;s-transcricionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Seis miRNAs foram selecionados para determinar os miRNAs alvo combinados com SLC26A4-AS1 e SLC26A4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A</xref>). MiR-301a-3p e miR-301b-3p foram notavelmente abundantes no grupo bio-SLC26A4-AS1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo bio-NC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, SLC26A4-AS1, miR-301a-3p, miR-301b-3p e SLC26A4 foram todos marcadamente enriquecidos no grupo Ago2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5C</xref>), indicando a presen&#231;a de rede de ceRNA entre esses quatro RNAs. A RT-qPCR revelou que tanto o miR-301a-3p quanto o miR-301b-3p foram pouco expressos em NMVCs tratados com AngII de maneira dependente do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5D-5E</xref>). Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia da superexpress&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S2A-S2B</ext-link>), descobrimos que a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular e os n&#237;veis de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs induzidos por AngII foram acentuadamente diminu&#237;dos por miR-301a -3p ou superexpress&#227;o de miR-301b-3p (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S2C-S2F</ext-link>). Todos esses dados sugeriram que miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p poderiam suprimir a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII in vitro.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 regula para cima a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 por meio de absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p. (A) Os miRNAs candidatos combinados com SLC26A4-AS1 e SLC26A4 foram obtidos no site da starBase (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn). (B) O enriquecimento relativo de miRNAs candidatos em grupos bio-SLC26A4-AS1 foi analisado por meio do ensaio de RNA pull-down. **P&lt;0,01: Bio-SLC26A4-AS1 vs Bio-NC. n = 3. (C) O ensaio RIP detectou o enriquecimento relativo de SLC26A4-AS1, miR-301a-3p, miR-301b-3p e SLC26A4. **P&lt;0,01: Ago2 vs IgG. n = 3. (D-E) A express&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p em NMVCs tratados com 150 nM AngII por 1, 6, 12 e 24 h foi detectada usando RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0,05: AngII (1h)/AngII (6h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0,01: AngII (12h)/AngII (24h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (F) Ensaios de luciferase rep&#243;rter foram implementados para detectar a atividade de luciferase de SLC26A4-AS1 do tipo selvagem (WT) ou do tipo mutante (MUT). **P&lt;0,01: m&#237;micos miR-301a-3p/m&#237;micos miR-301b-3p vs m&#237;micos NC. n = 3. (G) Ensaios de rep&#243;rter de luciferase foram realizados para detectar a atividade de luciferase de SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR WT ou MUT. **P&lt;0,01: m&#237;micos miR-301a-3p/m&#237;micos miR-301b-3p vs mim&#233;ticos NC. n = 3. (H) Os efeitos da superexpress&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p na express&#227;o de SLC26A4 foram avaliados via RT-qPCR. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: mim&#233;ticos AngII+miR-301a-3p/mim&#233;ticos miR-301b-3p vs mim&#233;ticos AngII+NC. n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar S3B</ext-link>, os respectivos locais de liga&#231;&#227;o dos dois miRNAs em SLC26A4-AS1 foram previstos a partir do banco de dados starBase. MiR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p superexpressos reduziram significativamente a atividade de SLC26A4-AS1 de tipo selvagem em vez de SLC26A4-AS1-MUT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5F</xref>). As sequ&#234;ncias de liga&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p em SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR tamb&#233;m foram mostradas na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3B</ext-link>. A atividade de luciferase de SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR tipo selvagem foi diminu&#237;da em NMVCs induzidos por AngII ap&#243;s a superexpress&#227;o de miR -301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5G</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que mim&#233;ticos de miR-301a-3p ou mim&#233;ticos de miR-301b-3p podem prejudicar a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 em NMVCs induzidos por AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5H</xref>). Resumindo, SLC26A4-AS1 regula para cima a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 servindo como um ceRNA para absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SLC26A4-AS1 afeta a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p</title>
        <p>Para explorar se SLC26A4-AS1 afeta a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII por meio da regula&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p, primeiro inibimos a express&#227;o de miR-301a-3p e miR-301b-3p em NMVCs induzidos por AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6A-6B</xref>). A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular diminu&#237;da causada pelo silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 foi revertida ap&#243;s a cotransfec&#231;&#227;o do inibidor de miR-301a-3p ou do inibidor de miR-301b-3p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6C</xref>). Da mesma forma, a express&#227;o inibida e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos induzidos pelo silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 foram neutralizados quando miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p foram silenciados juntos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6D-6F</xref>). Tomados em conjunto, SLC26A4-AS1 afeta a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII por meio da absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p in vitro.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 afeta a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via absor&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p. (A-B) NMVCs tratados com inibidor de miR-301a-3p/inibidor de miR-301b-3p ou inibidor de NC foram tratados com AngII por 24 h. **P&lt;0,01: inibidor de miR-301a-3p/inibidor de miR-301b-3p vs inibidor de NC. Experimentos de resgate foram conduzidos em NMVCs com a transfec&#231;&#227;o de sh-NC, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+inibidor de NC, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301a-3p inibidor e sh -SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301b-3p inibidor sob tratamento com AngII. n = 3. (C) A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie celular foi medida em NMVCs tratados com AngII usando colora&#231;&#227;o IF. Barra de escala: 10 &#956;m. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. *P&lt;0,05: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+inibidor de miR-301a-3p/inibidor de miR-301b-3p vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+inibidor de NC. n = 3. (D-F) RT-qPCR e western blot avaliaram o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs tratados com AngII, respectivamente, seguido pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de western blot. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. *P&lt;0,05: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+inibidor de miR-301a-3p/inibidor de miR-301b-3p vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+inibidor de NC. n = 3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca &#233; dividida em hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica e patol&#243;gica. A hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica &#233; o principal fator de indu&#231;&#227;o para a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com express&#245;es anormais de genes card&#237;acos, morfologia card&#237;aca alterada e remodelamento card&#237;aco mal-adaptativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, um grande n&#250;mero de pesquisas revelou que os lncRNAs s&#227;o reguladores importantes na progress&#227;o de hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica. O LncRNA PEG10 &#233; regulado para cima em cardiomi&#243;citos prim&#225;rios tratados com fenilefrina e exacerba a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por fenilefrina atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de HOXA9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O LncRNA TINCR melhora a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o para baixo de CaMKII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O LncRNA TUG1 &#233; regulado para cima em c&#233;lulas H9c2 hipertr&#243;ficas tratadas com AngII e promove Hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via intera&#231;&#227;o com miR-29b-3p.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No presente estudo, descobrimos que um novo lncRNA SLC26A4-AS1 est&#225; altamente associado &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup> e regulado para cima em cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos induzidos por AngII. Al&#233;m disso, o silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 prejudicou a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie celular e o n&#237;vel de ANP, BNP e &#946;-MHC em cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos induzidos por AngII. O SLC26A4-AS1 tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento de v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer, como carcinoma papil&#237;fero de tireoide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>e glioma,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> mas seu papel e mecanismo potencial na hipertrofia card&#237;aca permanecem pouco claros. Nesta pesquisa, verificamos pela primeira vez a promo&#231;&#227;o de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII in vitro.</p>
      <p>Outra descoberta desta pesquisa foi que SLC26A4-AS1 regula seu gene SLC26A4 pr&#243;ximo para afetar a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. Foi relatado que SLC26A4 aumenta a hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Consistentemente com essa evid&#234;ncia, esta pesquisa confirmou que silenciar SLC26A4 suprime a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII. Al&#233;m disso, a superexpress&#227;o de SLC26A4 poderia compensar o efeito supressor da deple&#231;&#227;o de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram que os lncRNAs podem funcionar pela rede de ceRNA para conduzir a hipertrofia card&#237;aca, na qual o lncRNA serve como uma esponja de miRNA para regular a express&#227;o de mRNAs. Zhou et al. demonstraram que o lncRNA UCA1 facilita a progress&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca modulando competitivamente o miR-184 para afetar a express&#227;o de HOXA9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Li et al. demonstraram que o lncRNA MIAT acelera a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o de miR-93 e TLR4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Wo et al. descobriram que CHRF promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por isoproterenol visando miR-93 e Akt3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O estudo atual tamb&#233;m demonstrou que SLC26A4-AS1 regula a express&#227;o de SLC26A4 por meio do funcionamento como ceRNAs como esponja para miRNAs em um n&#237;vel p&#243;s-transcricional. Depois de encontrar os miRNAs comuns de SLC26A4-AS1 e SLC26A4, revelamos que SLC26A4-AS1 regula SLC26A4 por meio do funcionamento como ceRNAs para esponja de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores descobriram que os miRNAs exercem fun&#231;&#245;es vitais na hipertrofia card&#237;aca. O MiR-22 atua como um modulador vital da hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos e da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O MiR-625-5p reprime a hipertrofia card&#237;aca por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com CaMKII e STAT3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O MiR-29a facilita a hipertrofia card&#237;aca pela via PTEN/AKT/mTOR. MiR-301a-3p e miR-301b-3p tamb&#233;m foram relatados como implicados em c&#226;nceres humanos, como carcinoma hepatocelular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o de c&#233;lulas n&#227;o pequenas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e c&#226;ncer pancre&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel supressor de miR-301a -3p e miR-301b-3p na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII foi comprovado pela primeira vez. Al&#233;m disso, a inibi&#231;&#227;o de miR-301a-3p ou miR-301b-3p pode reverter os efeitos repressivos do silenciamento de SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, esta pesquisa achou que SLC26A4-AS1 regula o eixo miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p/SLC26A4 para facilitar a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII, que lan&#231;a luz sobre um biomarcador promissor para o tratamento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca. No entanto, o presente estudo foi realizado apenas em experimentos in vitro para investigar o efeito do SLC26A4-AS1 em cardiomi&#243;citos, o que apresenta certas limita&#231;&#245;es. Para melhorar nossa compreens&#227;o do papel espec&#237;fico e do mecanismo subjacente do SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca, realizaremos experimentos in vivo e an&#225;lise cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gica do SLC26A4-AS1 na hipertrofia card&#237;aca em nossas pesquisas futuras.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (No.jygh201926).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <p>*Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SLC26A4-AS1 Aggravates AngII-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Enhancing SLC26A4 Expression</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7366-2246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Chao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Qinjiong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ling</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shang</surname>
            <given-names>Huijuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Anhui Provincial Chest Hospital, (Instituto de Controle de Tuberculose de Anhui), Hefei, Anhui &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, the Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (Hospital Hefei afiliado &#224; Medical University of Anhui), Hefei, Anhui &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Chao Li &#8226; The Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Medical University of Anhui), Hefei, 230011, Anhui &#8211; China E-mail: vnqi46@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> It has been reported that solute carrier family 26 members 4 antisense RNA 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) is highly related to cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This research aims to investigate the role and specific mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiac hypertrophy, providing a novel marker for cardiac hypertrophy treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Angiotensin II (AngII) was infused into neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCs) to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Gene expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Protein levels were evaluated via western blot. Functional assays analyzed the role of SLC26A4-AS1. The mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 was assessed by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays. The P value &lt;0.05 was identified as statistical significance. Student&#8217;s t-test evaluated the two-group comparison. The difference between different groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> SLC26A4-AS1 is upregulated in AngII-treated NMVCs and promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. SLC26A4-AS1 regulates its nearby gene solute carrier family 26 members 4 (SLC26A4) via functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to modulate the microRNA (miR)-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p in NMVCs. SLC26A4-AS1 promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via upregulating SLC26A4 or sponging miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> SLC26A4-AS1 aggravates AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via sponging miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p to enhance SLC26A4 expression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA, Long Noncoding</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response for enhanced heart afterload to sustain systolic cardiac function at early stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite that, continuous myocardial hypertrophy is a typical heart disease induced by increased heart workload accompanied by maladaptive cardiac remodeling, leading to aortic stenosis and dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Oversize thick ventricular walls and cardiomyocytes are the primary patterns of cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In recent years, cardiac hypertrophy has become an urgent problem that may lead to a rising incidence of heart failure and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The outstanding characteristics of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy are the elevation of fetal genes such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and beta-myosin heavy chain (&#946;-MHC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recent studies have proved that many factors, including specific growth factors, peptide hormones, and microRNAs (miRNAs), are accountable for cardiac hypertrophy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> but the exact molecular mechanism underlying the progression of cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear.</p>
        <p>Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in pathological processes via governing gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Growing evidence has unveiled the vital roles of lncRNAs in cardiovascular disease development, including cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> For instance, SP1-induced lncRNA SNHG14 promotes cardiac hypertrophy via miR-322-5p/miR-384-5p/PCDH17 network in Angiotensin II (AngII)-induced cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> LncRNA MIAT silencing restrains AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via miR-93/TLR4 competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> LncRNA solute carrier family 26 member 4 antisense RNA 1 (SLC26A4-AS1) has been reported as highly associated with cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Nonetheless, the effect and regulatory mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiac hypertrophy remain vague.</p>
        <p>MiRNAs are another type of non-coding RNA with a length of about 22 nucleotides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> MiRNAs usually exert cellular functions via targeting downstream messenger RNAs (mRNAs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Numerous miRNAs have been pointed out as essential regulators in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> For example, miR-17-5p facilitates AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via inhibiting Mfn2 expression and activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis to suppress autophagy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> MiR-29a relieves isoproterenol hydrochloride-induced cardiac hypertrophy by repressing PPAR&#948; expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Considering the vital role of miRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy, we tried to investigate the regulatory mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 by focusing on the miRNAs that interact with it.</p>
        <p>In the current study, the effect of SLC26A4-AS1 on the level of BNP, ANP, and &#946;-MHC was explored to determine the function of SLC26A4-AS1 in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The regulatory mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 was investigated via the ceRNA axis. Our study might offer a novel insight into the fundamental mechanisms of lncRNA in cardiac hypertrophy, providing a novel target for cardiac hypertrophy treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell culture and treatment</title>
          <p>Cardiomyocytes were isolated from the neonatal mice. The ethics committee of our Hospital approved animal experiments. To induce hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, the extracted hearts were split into pieces and treated with 0.25% trypsin (1/400, Beyotime, Shanghai, China), followed by incubation in Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium/F-12 (500mL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) with 10% FBS (1/10, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After cell confluence reached 80%, cells in the dishes were transferred to culture plates and inoculated with AngII (150 nM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with the concentration of 150 nM for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h to stimulate hypertrophic phenotypes of cardiomyocytes, establishing the cell model of cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell transfection</title>
          <p>Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against SLC26A4-AS1 (sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), shRNAs against solute carrier family 26 member 4 (SLC26A4) (sh-SLC26A4#1/2, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), negative control of shRNA (sh-NC, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), pcDNA3.1 empty vector (pcDNA3.1, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), microRNA (miR)-301a-3p mimics (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), miR-301b-3p mimics (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), (NC mimics, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), miR-301a-3p inhibitor (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.), miR-301b-3p inhibitor (3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.) and negative control of miRNA inhibitor (NC inhibitor, 3ul/ug, GenePharma Co., Ltd.) were all purchased from GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All cell transfections were applied using Lipofectamine 3000 (1.5ug/ml, Invitrogen), followed by the treatment of 150 nM AngII for 24 h.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR)</title>
          <p>Total RNA from cells was extracted by TRIzol (1mL, Invitrogen) reagent. The total RNA concentration was determined by measuring the absorption value at 260nm with a microspectrophotometer. The RNA (1&#956;l) was reversely transcribed to compose complementary DNA using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (10000u, Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Afterward, qPCR was conducted with the SYBR Premix Ex Taq&#8482; II kit (Takara, Japan). The expression of miRNA was normalized to U6, and that of lncRNA and mRNA was normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which was based on the 2<sup>Ct</sup>method. RT-qPCR analysis was performed as described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Three independent assays were conducted. The primer sequence for SLC26A4-AS1 and GAPDH is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Primer sequence for SLC26A4-AS1 and GAPDH</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Genes</th>
                    <th align="left">Sequence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SLC26A4-AS1</td>
                    <td>F:TGCTGTTGCTGGAAAGCGAG R: TATTCCTTCCCGCGTGTCCT</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GAPDH</td>
                    <td>F: GACAGTCAGCCGCATCTTCT R:GCGCCCAATACGACCAAATC</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>F: forward primer; R: reverse primer.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot</title>
          <p>RIPA lysis buffer (100mL, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to extract total proteins, and protein concentration was verified using a BCA protein assay kit (Abcam, USA). After the treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, 1/10, Invitrogen), proteins were transferred onto PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) and blocked in 5% defatted milk. Subsequently, the membrane was cultured with primary antibodies against ANP (1&#181;g/ml, ab237632, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), BNP (1&#181;g/ml, ab92500, Abcam), &#946;-MHC (1/2500, ab55152, Abcam), SLC26A4 (0.25 &#181;g/&#956;l, 20889-1-AP, Proteintech, Chicago, USA) and GAPDH (1/2500, ab8245, Abcam) at 4&#176;C overnight. After being washed, the membrane was cultured with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1/2500, Abcam) for 1 h. The signal was measured using the enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting substrate. All independent experiments were repeated three times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunofluorescence (IF) staining and cell surface area assay</title>
          <p>Cells were washed and fixed and were blocked with normal goat serum containing 1% BSA (1/100, Sigma-Aldrich). Subsequently, cells were cultured with anti-&#945;-actinin (1/100, Sigma-Aldrich) at 4&#176;C for a whole night and were further hatched with a secondary antibody for 1 h. DAPI (4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, 1/2000, Abcam) was applied to stain the nuclei, and a fluorescence microscope was used to capture the images and assess the cell surface area. Three independent assays were conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subcellular fractionation</title>
          <p>A PARIS kit (Thermo Scientific, USA) was applied for isolating the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions from neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCs). GAPDH, U6, or SLC26A4-AS1 expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm was assessed by RT-qPCR analysis. Three independent assays were conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)</title>
          <p>Alexa Fluor 555-labeled SLC26A4-AS1 probes (50ng, RiboBio, Guangzhou, China) were synthesized by RiboBio (Guangzhou, China). FISH experiments were implemented with a FISH kit (RiboBio). Cells were seeded into slides for 24 h of incubation. After fixation and permeabilization, cells were cultured with SLC26A4-AS1 probes at 37&#176;C overnight. DAPI was utilized to stain cell nuclei, and the images were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Bio-repeats were conducted in triplicate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP)</title>
          <p>Based on the instructions, the Magna RIP RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation kit (Millipore) and the Ago2 antibody (1/30, Abcam) were used to perform RIP assays. Co-precipitated RNAs were analyzed via RT-qPCR. Three independent assays were conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RNA pull-down assay</title>
          <p>NMVCs were transfected with a biotinylated SLC26A4-AS1 probe for 48 h. Then collected cells were cultured with M-280 streptavidin magnetic beads (10 mg/ml, Invitrogen). The bound RNAs were assessed via RT-qPCR. Three independent assays were conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Luciferase reporter assay</title>
          <p>The sequence of SLC26A4-AS1 or SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR containing the predicted binding site with miR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p were severally cloned into the pmirGLO dual luciferase vector (1 &#181;g, Promega), as well as the putative and mutated sequences. Cells (3 &#215; 10<sup>4</sup>/well) were grown in 24-well plates for incubation. Cells were then transfected with these reporter plasmids and miR-301a-3p mimics or miR-301b-3p mimics, respectively. After 48 h transfection using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent, a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay kit (Promega) was applied to measure the relative luciferase activity. Three independent assays were conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All experiments were in triplicate, and all independent experiments were repeated three times. The sample size in this study was defined using the random sampling method and calculated using the formula n=2&#963;2/&#948;2 f(&#945;, &#946;), where &#948; is the minimum difference, &#963; is the total standard deviation, &#945; is inspection level (=0.05), and &#946; is the rate of type II mistake (=0.10). Data were shown as the mean &#177; standard deviation for 3 independent assays. GraphPad Prism Version 5.0 Software was applied to analyze data. Data normality was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which showed that all data followed the normal distribution. The statistical significance among groups was investigated by the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or one-way analysis of variance, followed by a post hoc test (Tukey and Dunnett). Besides, a p value less than 0.05 was identified as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 is upregulated in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by AngII</title>
          <p>To evaluate the specific role of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiac hypertrophy, we first treated NMVCs with AngII to induce hypertrophic phenotypes of cardiomyocytes. The levels of hypertrophic biomarkers (ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC) in AngII-treated NMVCs were gradually increased over time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A-1C</xref>). Staining showed that the surface area of AngII-treated NMVCs was gradually increased over time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D</xref>). Besides, significant up-regulation of SLC26A4-AS1 in NMVCs was also observed as time-dependent after AngII treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1E</xref>). In a word, SLC26A4-AS1 is upregulated in AngII-induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 is upregulated in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. (A-C) In NMVCs treated with 150 nM AngII for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, the expression of hypertrophic biomarkers (ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC) was assessed using RT-qPCR, and the protein level of these biomarkers was evaluated through western blot, followed by western blot quantification. *P&lt;0.05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0.05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). The number of sample size (n) = 3. (D) The cell surface area in NMVCs treated with 150 nM AngII for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h was assessed using IF staining. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. *P&lt;0.05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0.05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (E) SLC26A4-AS1 expression in NMVCs treated with 150 nM AngII for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h was detected using RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0.05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0.05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 facilitates cardiac hypertrophy which was induced by AngII</title>
          <p>Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis verified the successful transfection of sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 plasmids in AngII-induced NMVCs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref>). The increased cell surface area in NMVCs caused by AngII was attenuated by SLC26A4-AS1 silencing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref>). Meanwhile, the upregulated expression and protein level of ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC induced by AngII were reversed after SLC26A4-AS1 knockdown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C-2H</xref>). These results uncovered that SLC26A4-AS1 promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 silence suppresses AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. (A) NMVCs were treated with sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 or sh-NC after the treatment of AngII for 24 h. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3. (B) Cell surface area was detected in AngII-treated NMVCs upon SLC26A4-AS1 silence using IF staining. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3. (C-H) After SLC26A4-AS1 silencing, the expression of hypertrophic biomarkers in AngII-treated NMVCs was measured using RT-qPCR, and the level of these biomarkers was assessed using western blot, followed by the quantification of western blot. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 interacts with SLC26A4, and SLC26A4 promotes cardiac hypertrophy induced by AngII</title>
          <p>Subcellular fractionation and FISH assays were first implemented to study the potential mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We uncovered that SLC26A4-AS1 was preferentially located in the cell cytoplasm, suggesting the post-transcriptional role of SLC26A4-AS1 in AngII-treated NMVCs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A-3B</xref>). It has been reported that lncRNAs can regulate their nearby genes to exert functions in developing diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As shown in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S3A</ext-link>, the UCSC database (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) predicted that SLC26A4 was a nearby gene of SLC26A4-AS1. Therefore, we conjectured that SLC26A4-AS1 might regulate SLC26A4 to affect AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Then, Ago2-RIP assays were performed for that Ago2 is the central component of RNA-induced silencing complex <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>. SLC26A4-AS1 and SLC26A4 were highly abundant in anti-Ago2 bound precipitates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C</xref>). RT-qPCR displayed that SLC26A4 expression was significantly elevated over time with the treatment of AngII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3D</xref>). Besides, the increased expression and protein level of SLC26A4 caused by AngII treatment were diminished when SLC26A4-AS1 was silenced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3E-3F</xref>). In a word, SLC26A4-AS1 interacts with SLC26A4 in NMVCs.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 functions as a ceRNA to regulate SLC26A4 in cardiac hypertrophy induced by AngII. (A-B) Subcellular fractionation and FISH assays were performed to determine the location of SLC26A4-AS1 in AngII-induced NMVCs. n = 3. (C) RIP assays detected the enrichment of SLC26A4-AS1 and SLC26A4. **P&lt;0.01: Ago2 vs IgG. n = 3. (D) The expression of SLC26A4 in NMVCs treated with 150 nM AngII for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h was assessed using RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0.05: AngII (1 h) vs AngII (0 h). *P&lt;0.05: AngII (6 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (12 h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (24 h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (E-F) Expression level and protein level of SLC26A4 in AngII-treated NMVCs were assessed using RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively, after SLC26A4-AS1 down-regulation, followed by the quantification of western blot. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1/2 vs AngII+sh-NC. n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>To detect the function of SLC26A4 in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy, loss-of-function assays were performed after the efficiency of sh-SLC26A4#1/2 in AngII-treated NMVCs was verified (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S1A</ext-link>). SLC26A4 downregulation reversed the increased surface area of AngII-treated NMVCs (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S1B</ext-link>) and the upregulation of hypertrophic biomarker levels stimulated by AngII treatment (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S1C-S1H</ext-link>). Collectively, SLC26A4 promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via upregulating SLC26A4</title>
          <p>Then, the efficiency of pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 was certified in AngII-treated NMVCs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B-4E</xref>, cell surface area and the levels of hypertrophic biomarkers in AngII-treated NMVCs were obviously reduced with SLC26A4-AS1 downregulation. However, this inhibition effect was reversed after co-transfection of pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4. Taken together, SLC26A4-AS1 promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy through upregulating SLC26A4.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 promove hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por AngII via regula&#231;&#227;o para cima de SLC26A4. (A) NMVCs introduzidos com pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4, ou pcDNA3.1 foram tratados com AngII por 24 h. **P&lt;0,01: pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs pcDNA3.1. Experimentos de resgate foram conduzidos em NMVCs com a transfec&#231;&#227;o de sh-NC, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1 e sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 sob tratamento com AngII . n = 3. (B) A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie celular foi avaliada em NMVCs tratados com AngII usando colora&#231;&#227;o IF. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1. n = 3. (C-E) O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na de biomarcadores hipertr&#243;ficos em NMVCs tratados com AngII foram medidos por meio de RT-qPCR e western blot, respectivamente, seguidos pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de western blot. **P&lt;0,01: AngII vs Controle. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. **P&lt;0,01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1-SLC26A4 vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+pcDNA3.1. n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 positively regulates SLC26A4 via functioning as sponges of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p</title>
          <p>It is well-acknowledged that lncRNAs can function as competing for endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate gene expression via interacting with miRNAs at post-transcriptional levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Six miRNAs were sifted out to determine the target miRNAs combined with SLC26A4-AS1 and SLC26A4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A</xref>). MiR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p were notably abundant in the bio-SLC26A4-AS1 group relative to the bio-NC group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5B</xref>). Furthermore, SLC26A4-AS1, miR-301a-3p, miR-301b-3p, and SLC26A4 were all markedly enriched in the Ago2 group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5C</xref>), indicating the presence of ceRNA network among these four RNAs. RT-qPCR revealed that both miR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p were lowly expressed in AngII-treated NMVCs in a time-dependent manner (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5D-5E</xref>). After the efficiency of the overexpression of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p was verified <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S2A-S2B</ext-link>), we found that the cell surface area and hypertrophic biomarker levels in AngII-induced NMVCs were markedly decreased by miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p overexpression (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S2C-S2F</ext-link>). All these data suggested that miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p could suppress AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 positively regulates SLC26A4 expression via sponging miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p. (A) Candidate miRNAs combined with SLC26A4-AS1 and SLC26A4 were obtained from the starBase website (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn). (B) The relative enrichment of candidate miRNAs in bio-SLC26A4-AS1 groups was analyzed via RNApull-down assay. **P&lt;0.01: Bio-SLC26A4-AS1 vs Bio-NC. n = 3. (C) The RIP assay detected the relative enrichment of SLC26A4-AS1, miR-301a-3p, miR-301b-3p, and SLC26A4. **P&lt;0.01: Ago2 vs IgG. n = 3. (D-E) Expression of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p in NMVCs treated with 150 nM AngII for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h was detected using RT-qPCR. *P&lt;0.05: AngII (1h)/AngII (6h) vs AngII (0 h). **P&lt;0.01: AngII (12h)/AngII (24h) vs AngII (0 h). n = 3. (F) Luciferase reporter assays were implemented to detect the luciferase activity of SLC26A4-AS1 wild-type (WT) or mutant-type (MUT). **P&lt;0.01: miR-301a-3p mimics/miR-301b-3p mimics vs NC mimics. n = 3. (G) Luciferase reporter assays were performed to detect the luciferase activity of SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR WT or MUT. **P&lt;0.01: miR-301a-3p mimics/miR-301b-3p mimics vs NC mimics. n = 3. (H) The effects of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p overexpression on SLC26A4 expression were assessed via RT-qPCR. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+miR-301a-3p mimics/miR-301b-3p mimics vs AngII+NC mimics. n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As shown in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S3B</ext-link>, the respective binding sites of the two miRNAs on SLC26A4-AS1 were predicted from the starBase database. Overexpressed miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p significantly reduced the activity of wild-type SLC26A4-AS1 rather than that of SLC26A4-AS1-MUT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5F</xref>). The binding sequences of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p on SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR were also shown in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Figure Supplementary S3B</ext-link>. The luciferase activity of SLC26A4 3&#8217;UTR wild-type was decreased in AngII-induced NMVCs after the overexpression of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5G</xref>). Additionally, it turned out that miR-301a-3p mimics or miR-301b-3p mimics could impair the expression of SLC26A4 in AngII-induced NMVCs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5H</xref>). To sum up, SLC26A4-AS1 positively regulates SLC26A4 expression via serving as a ceRNA to sponge miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SLC26A4-AS1 affects AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via sponging miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p</title>
          <p>To explore whether SLC26A4-AS1 affects AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via regulating miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p, we firstly inhibited the expression of miR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p in AngII-induced NMVCs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6A-6B</xref>). The declined cell surface area caused by SLC26A4-AS1 silence was reversed after the co-transfection of miR-301a-3p inhibitor or miR-301b-3p inhibitor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6C</xref>). Likewise, the inhibited expression and protein level of hypertrophic biomarkers induced by SLC26A4-AS1 knockdown were counteracted when miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p were silenced together (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6D-6F</xref>). Taken together, SLC26A4-AS1 affects AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via sponging miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p in vitro.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SLC26A4-AS1 affects AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via sponging miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p. (A-B) NMVCs introduced with miR-301a-3p inhibitor/miR-301b-3p inhibitor, or NC inhibitor were treated with AngII for 24 h. **P&lt;0.01: miR-301a-3p inhibitor/miR-301b-3p inhibitor vs NC inhibitor. Rescue experiments were conducted in NMVCs with the transfection of sh-NC, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+NC inhibitor, sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301a-3p inhibitor, and sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301b-3p inhibitor under AngII treatment. n = 3. (C) Cell surface area was measured in AngII-treated NMVCs using IF staining. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. *P&lt;0.05: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301a-3p inhibitor/miR-301b-3p inhibitor vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+NC inhibitor. n = 3. (D-F) RT-qPCR and western blot evaluated the expression level and protein level of hypertrophic biomarkers in AngII-treated NMVCs, respectively, followed by the quantification of western blot. **P&lt;0.01: AngII vs Control. **P&lt;0.01: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1 vs AngII+sh-NC. *P&lt;0.05: AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+miR-301a-3p inhibitor/miR-301b-3p inhibitor vs AngII+sh-SLC26A4-AS1#1+NC inhibitor. n = 3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-04-e20210933-10933-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiac hypertrophy is divided into physiological and pathological hypertrophy. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is the main induction factor for the progression of heart failure with abnormal expressions of cardiac genes, altered cardiac morphology, and maladaptive cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In recent years, many researchers have revealed that lncRNAs are important regulators in the progression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. LncRNA PEG10 is upregulated in phenylephrine-treated primary cardiomyocytes and exacerbates phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy through modulating HOXA9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> LncRNA TINCR relieves AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via down-regulating CaMKII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> LncRNA TUG1 is upregulated in AngII-treated hypertrophic H9c2 cells and promotes AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via interacting with miR-29b-3p.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In the present study, we found that a novel lncRNA SLC26A4-AS1 is highly associated with cardiac hypertrophy<sup>10</sup> and upregulated in AngII-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, SLC26A4-AS1 silencing impaired cell surface area and the level of ANP, BNP, and &#946;-MHC in AngII-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. SLC26A4-AS1 has been associated with the development of several cancers, such as papillary thyroid carcinoma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and glioma,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> but its role and potential mechanism in cardiac hypertrophy remain largely unclear. In this research, we verified the promotion of SLC26A4-AS1 on AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro for the first time.</p>
        <p>Another finding of this research was that SLC26A4-AS1 regulates its nearby gene SLC26A4 to affect AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. SLC26A4 has been reported to increase cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Consistent with this evidence, this research confirmed that silencing SLC26A4 suppresses AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, SLC26A4 overexpression could offset the suppressive effect of SLC26A4-AS1 depletion on AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
        <p>Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs could work by ceRNA network to drive cardiac hypertrophy, in which lncRNA serves as a miRNA sponge to regulate the expression of mRNAs. Zhou et al. have proved that lncRNA UCA1 facilitates cardiac hypertrophy progression by competitively modulating miR-184 to affect HOXA9 expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Li et al. have demonstrated that lncRNA MIAT accelerates AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy through modulating miR-93 and TLR4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Wo et al. have uncovered that CHRF promotes isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by targeting miR-93 and Akt3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The current study also demonstrated that SLC26A4-AS1 regulates SLC26A4 expression via functioning as ceRNAs to sponge miRNAs at a post-transcriptional level. After finding the common miRNAs of SLC26A4-AS1 and SLC26A4, we revealed that SLC26A4-AS1 regulates SLC26A4 via functioning as ceRNAs to sponge miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have uncovered that miRNAs exert vital functions in cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-22 acts as a vital modulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> MiR-625-5p represses cardiac hypertrophy via interacting with CaMKII and STAT3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> MiR-29a facilitates cardiac hypertrophy via the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway. MiR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p have also been reported to be implicated in human cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> non-small cell lung cancer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and pancreatic cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the suppressive role of miR-301a-3p and miR-301b-3p in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy was proved for the first time. Additionally, inhibition of miR-301a-3p or miR-301b-3p could reverse the repressive effects of SLC26A4-AS1 silencing on AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this research found that SLC26A4-AS1 regulates the miR-301a-3p/miR-301b-3p/SLC26A4 axis to facilitate cardiac hypertrophy induced by AngII, which shed light on a promising biomarker for cardiac hypertrophy treatment.</p>
        <p>Nonetheless, the current study was performed only in vitro experiments to investigate the effect of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiomyocytes, which poses certain limitations. To improve our understanding of the specific role and underlying mechanism of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiac hypertrophy, we will perform in vivo experiments and clinicopathological analysis of SLC26A4-AS1 in cardiac hypertrophy in our future research.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study was supported by the Second People&#8217;s Hospital of Hefei (No.jygh201926).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <p>*Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12004/2021-0933_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
