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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4jGStQwBf5qnYLtmSmzV5PR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230136</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiologia Nuclear na Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o: Quo Vadis?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medicina Nuclear</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Medicina Nuclear, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Blacher Grossman</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. CEP <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>gabriel.grossman@hmv.org.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230136</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Medicina Nuclear</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiois&#243;topos</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Cardiologia Nuclear tem papel de destaque na avalia&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o da conduta do paciente cardiopata.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; um m&#233;todo estabelecido na investiga&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (CI) suspeita ou estabelecida, atrav&#233;s da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sincronizada com eletrocardiograma (GATED-SPECT) ou tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET), para a determina&#231;&#227;o de isquemia e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e desempenha um papel cada vez mais importante na investiga&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular.</p>
    <p>Muito al&#233;m da CI, a Cardiologia Nuclear &#233; cada vez mais &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as infiltrativas, como sarcoidose e amiloidose, e infecciosas, como endocardite infecciosa, e tem papel potencial no acompanhamento de pacientes com suspeita de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), al&#233;m da investiga&#231;&#227;o de sua etiologia, que se refere &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es acima, &#233; &#250;til, embora subutilizada, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo para indicar a coloca&#231;&#227;o de cardioversor/desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) e tem um enorme potencial para otimizar a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), considerando que uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes que atendem aos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o dessa terapia n&#227;o responde conforme o esperado. Nesse sentido, a Cardiologia Nuclear pode ajudar a otimizar a TRC avaliando a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica no local de implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo, a dissincronia ventricular e a localiza&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <sec>
      <title>Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica e Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos na literatura mostram que a aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica no local onde o eletrodo foi posicionado reduz a efic&#225;cia da TRC. Ypenburg et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> avaliaram a presen&#231;a de fibrose usando GATED-SPECT com Tc-99m-tetrofosmin antes da TRC. Pacientes sem fibrose no local de implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo apresentaram melhora na classe NYHA, qualidade de vida, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, volumes ventriculares e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 6 meses de seguimento em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com fibrose no local de implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo para TRC. A extens&#227;o da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica vi&#225;vel foi relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Bose et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram em um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 160 pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica que aqueles pacientes em que a coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo estava em um local com fibrose ou fibrose e isquemia tiveram mais frequentemente o desfecho prim&#225;rio (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e morte) em 3 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles pacientes com mioc&#225;rdio normal. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de fibrose e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica no local de implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo deve ser considerada antes da TRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia ventricular e localiza&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo segmento a contrair</title>
      <p>Inicialmente obtido por ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, o sincronismo ventricular por an&#225;lise de fase pode atualmente ser analisado por meio da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Um m&#233;todo baseado em contagem permite a extra&#231;&#227;o da amplitude (que reflete o espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede) e da fase das altera&#231;&#245;es regionais da contagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica permite a an&#225;lise da dissincronia ventricular e a detec&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo segmento que se contraiu no ciclo card&#237;aco. A possibilidade de analisar o sincronismo card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s do GATED-SPECT foi, sem d&#250;vida, um avan&#231;o que possibilitou a an&#225;lise desses dados na rotina de um laborat&#243;rio de Cardiologia Nuclear.</p>
      <p>Boogers et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliaram 90 pacientes com IC e indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC. Em 52 pacientes (58%), o eletrodo ventricular esquerdo (VE) foi posicionado no local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (concordante) e em 38 pacientes (42%), o eletrodo VE foi posicionado fora do local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (discordante). A resposta &#224; TCR foi significativamente mais frequentemente documentada em pacientes com posi&#231;&#227;o concordante do eletrodo VE do que em pacientes com posi&#231;&#227;o discordante do eletrodo VE (79% vs. 26%, p&lt;0,01). Ap&#243;s 6 meses, os pacientes com posi&#231;&#227;o concordante do eletrodo VE apresentaram melhora significativa na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume sist&#243;lico final VE e volume diast&#243;lico final VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que demonstraram que a implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair, excluindo os locais com fibrose, teve benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recentemente, Peix et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstraram em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico avaliando 195 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo card&#237;aco antes da TRC que a melhora do sincronismo card&#237;aco, mas n&#227;o o posicionamento correto do eletrodo, foi o preditor de desfechos cl&#237;nicos em seguimento de 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outro fator que deve ser considerado na an&#225;lise desses estudos &#233; a dificuldade em posicionar corretamente o eletrodo. Nascimento et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliando um pequeno grupo de pacientes, demonstraram que o posicionamento adequado do eletrodo na contra&#231;&#227;o do &#250;ltimo segmento foi poss&#237;vel em apenas 54% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Nascimento et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram a viabilidade do implante de eletrodo VE guiado por an&#225;lise de fase e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o remodelamento ventricular. Em uma amostra pequena, 18 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para orienta&#231;&#227;o do implante, avaliando-se os par&#226;metros de excentricidade e forma ventricular. O eletrodo VE para TRC foi posicionado concordante, adjacente e discordante em 11 (61,1%), 5 (27,8%) e 2 (11,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. Excentricidade no final da s&#237;stole e da di&#225;stole demonstrou remodelamento reverso p&#243;s-TRC. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o implante de eletrodo VE para TRC guiado por cintilografia GATED SPECT &#233; fact&#237;vel. A coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo concordante ou adjacente ao &#250;ltimo segmento a contrair foi determinante para o remodelamento reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo de Nascimento et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> agrega informa&#231;&#245;es &#224; literatura sobre esse tema, cujo potencial &#233; enorme para auxiliar na melhor sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que necessitam de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura, embora demonstrem a viabilidade do uso do GATED SPECT para guiar a TRC com bons resultados de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, apresentam uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o: o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados. Estudos randomizados com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir o papel da Cardiologia Nuclear neste cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e para onde estamos indo neste sentido.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Viabilidade do Implante de Eletrodo Ventricular Esquerdo na Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Guiada por Gated SPECT e Remodelamento Ventricular</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nuclear Cardiology in the Optimization of Resynchronization Therapy: Quo Vadis?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Medicina Nuclear, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Blacher Grossman</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>gabriel.grossman@hmv.org.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Nuclear Medicine, Cardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Radioisotopes</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Nuclear Cardiology plays a prominent role in evaluating and defining the conduct of patients with heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is a method established in the investigation and follow-up of patients with ischemic heart disease (IC) suspected or established through myocardial perfusion scintigraphy synchronized with an electrocardiogram (GATED-SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) in the determination of ischemia and myocardial viability and plays an increasingly important role in the investigation of microvascular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Far beyond IC, Nuclear Cardiology is increasingly useful in evaluating infiltrative diseases, such as sarcoidosis and amyloidosis, and infectious diseases, such as infectious endocarditis, and has a potential role in the follow-up of patients with suspected cardiotoxicity.</p>
      <p>In patients with heart failure (HF), in addition to the investigation of its etiology, which refers to the above indications, it is useful, although underutilized in the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system to indicate the placement of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) and has a huge potential in optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), considering that a significant percentage of patients who meet indication criteria for this therapy do not respond as expected. In this respect, Nuclear Cardiology can help optimize CRT by evaluating myocardial viability at the electrode implantation site, ventricular dyssynchrony, and location of the last segment to contract.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial Viability and Resynchronization Therapy</title>
        <p>Several studies in the literature have shown that the absence of myocardial viability at the site where the electrode was positioned reduces the efficacy of CRT. Ypenburg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> evaluated the presence of fibrosis using GATED-SPECT with Tc-99m-tetrofosmin before CRT. Patients without fibrosis at the electrode implantation site showed improvement in NYHA class, quality of life, 6-minute walk test, ventricular volumes, and ejection fraction at a 6-month follow-up compared to patients with fibrosis at the electrode implantation site for CRT RT. The extent of the viable myocardial area was related to the reduction of ventricular volumes and ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Bose et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> also demonstrated in a retrospective study involving 160 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy that those patients in which electrode placement was in a site with fibrosis or fibrosis and ischemia more often had the primary outcome (hospitalization for HF and death) at 3 years compared to those patients with normal myocardium. Therefore, the fibrosis and myocardial viability evaluation at the electrode implementation site should be considered before CRT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of ventricular dyssynchrony and location of the last segment to contract</title>
        <p>Initially obtained through radioisotopic ventriculography, ventricular synchronism through phase analysis can currently be analyzed using myocardial scintigraphy. A count-based method allows extraction of amplitude (which reflects systolic wall thickening) and phase from the regional left ventricular (LV) count changes throughout the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This technique allows the analysis of ventricular dyssynchrony and the detection of the last segment that contracted in the cardiac cycle. The possibility of analyzing cardiac synchronism through GATED-SPECT was undoubtedly an advance that made it possible to analyze this data in the routine of a Nuclear Cardiology laboratory.</p>
        <p>Boogers et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> evaluated 90 patients with HF and indication for CRT. In 52 patients (58%), the LV lead was positioned at the site of the latest mechanical activation (concordant), and in 38 patients (42%), the LV lead was positioned outside the site of the latest mechanical activation (discordant). CRT response was significantly more often documented in patients with a concordant LV lead position than in patients with a discordant LV lead position (79% vs. 26%, p&lt;0.01). After 6 months, patients with a concordant LV lead position showed significant improvement in LV ejection fraction, LV end systolic volume and LV end diastolic volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Similar results were obtained by Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> who demonstrated that the electrode implantation in the last segment to contract, excluding sites with fibrosis, had prognostic benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recently, Peix et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrated in a multicenter study evaluating 195 patients submitted to cardiac dyssynchronism assessment before CRT that the improvement of cardiac synchronism, but not the correct positioning of the electrode, was the predictor of clinical outcomes in a 6-month follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Another factor that should be considered in the analysis of these studies is the difficulty in correctly positioning the electrode. Nascimento et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> evaluating a small group of patients, demonstrated that properly positioning the electrode in the last segment contracting was possible in only 54% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Nascimento et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> evaluated the feasibility of implantation LV lead guided by phase analysis and its relationship to ventricular remodeling. In a small sample, 18 patients with an indication for CRT performed myocardial scintigraphy for implant orientation, and eccentricity and ventricular shape parameters were evaluated. The CRT LV lead was positioned concordant, adjacent, and discordant in 11 (61.1%), 5 (27.8%), and 2 (11.1%) patients, respectively. End-systolic and end-diastolic eccentricity demonstrated reverse remodeling post-CRT. The authors concluded that LV lead implantation in CRT guided by GATED SPECT scintigraphy is feasible. The electrode placement concordant or adjacent to the last segment to contract was a determinant of reverse remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study by Nascimento et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> aggregates information in the literature on this topic with enormous potential to help better select patients who need to undergo resynchronization therapy. However, the data in the available literature, although they demonstrate the feasibility of using GATED SPECT to guide RT with good results in clinical outcomes, have an important limitation: the small number of patients studied. Randomized studies with a larger number of patients are still needed to define the role of Nuclear Cardiology in this clinical scenario and where we are going.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Feasibility of Left Ventricle Lead Implantation in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Guided by Gated SPECT and Ventricular Remodeling</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
