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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8FTTwVBcZD4trSXgK8m7zCH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite Infecciosa: Novos Espectros, a Mesma Gravidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-754X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bignoto</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; InCor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; InCor - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Bignoto</bold> &#8226; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>tiagobignoto@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230117</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endocardite Infecciosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A endocardite infecciosa &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, mas com elevada taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es graves e que muitas vezes pode ser encarada como uma s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o fria dos dados publicados internacionalmente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> nos mostra que apesar de todo o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico e uma tend&#234;ncia precoce a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, n&#227;o houve uma grande redu&#231;&#227;o nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, principalmente mortalidade, mas uma busca mais detalhada de informa&#231;&#245;es pode nos trazer outros pontos de vista.</p>
    <p>O artigo de Jorge MS et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> corrobora a ideia de diagn&#243;sticos e interven&#231;&#245;es precoces nesse amplo espectro de pacientes e observar a mudan&#231;a epidemiol&#243;gica dos pacientes ao longo dos anos &#233; chave fundamental para uma leitura ampla do manejo da endocardite infecciosa contempor&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a patologia da endocardite seja a mesma, a doen&#231;a em si surge como um antigo problema, mas com roupagem completamente diferente. Na era dos primeiros antimicrobianos dispon&#237;veis, os pacientes eram jovens e apresentavam relativamente poucas comorbidades, como cardiopatias reum&#225;tica ou cong&#234;nita. Recentemente, em um momento de antimicrobianos de amplo espectro e potencial bactericida mais robusto, o paciente que se apresenta tem outro perfil, sendo mais idoso, com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e clinicamente mais inst&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ao observar o comportamento evolutivo dos pacientes analisados, Jorge MS et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m destaca a mudan&#231;a do perfil cl&#237;nico epidemiol&#243;gico e das cepas microbiol&#243;gicas envolvidas, situa&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao perfil do paciente, muitas vezes institucionalizado. O que antes tinha como um grande protagonista o Streptococcus, os dados contempor&#226;neos apontam para a maior preval&#234;ncia do Staphylococcus como agente causador da endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora tenha sido, at&#233; o momento, pouco abordado de forma ampla a irrestrita, as mudan&#231;as no manejo da profilaxia antibi&#243;tica para preven&#231;&#227;o da endocardite infecciosa tamb&#233;m podem ter impactado essa evolu&#231;&#227;o ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, em que cada vez mais temos uma conduta conservadora nas diretrizes internacionais, contrastando com as orienta&#231;&#245;es encontradas na &#250;ltima diretriz nacional de valvopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, um diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e preciso &#233; o primeiro passo para oferecer ao paciente a chance de uma interven&#231;&#227;o mais assertiva e no momento certo. Um diagn&#243;stico tardio e a procrastina&#231;&#227;o de uma terapia antimicrobiana adequada levam a complica&#231;&#245;es e piores resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; diversa, partindo desde quadros s&#233;pticos graves at&#233; s&#237;ndromes de febre de origem indeterminada ou mesmo manifesta&#231;&#245;es puramente cardiovasculares como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O autor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> inclusive aponta para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva como principal comorbidade associada aos pacientes que foram acompanhados, o que pode trazer uma confus&#227;o cl&#237;nica e um desafio diagn&#243;stico ainda mais complexo, visto que a presen&#231;a dessa manifesta&#231;&#227;o pode atrasar um diagn&#243;stico preciso que necessitar&#225;, mais do que antes, de outros crit&#233;rios de Duke, como visto nos m&#233;todos de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os desafios contempor&#226;neos da Endocardite Infecciosa s&#227;o diversos e a preven&#231;&#227;o &#233; sem sombra de d&#250;vidas a melhor estrat&#233;gia a ser empregada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma vez diante da possibilidade, o r&#225;pido diagn&#243;stico e uma terapia individualizada parecem ser a melhor estrat&#233;gia para reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, um procedimento que tem papel crescente e decisivo em grupos de pacientes mais graves. A busca por informa&#231;&#245;es desses pacientes proporcionar&#225; &#224; cardiologia a chance de transformar os desafios em caminhos pavimentados para as melhores respostas terap&#234;uticas na endocardite infecciosa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Cirurgia de Endocardite Infecciosa. An&#225;lise de 328 Pacientes Operados em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio Terci&#225;rio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infective Endocarditis: New Spectra, Same Severity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-754X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bignoto</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; InCor - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Bignoto</bold> &#8226; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>tiagobignoto@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Infective Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Infective endocarditis is a rare disease with a high rate of serious complications and can often be seen as a syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A cold assessment of data published internationally<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> shows us that despite all the technological advances and an early trend towards surgical intervention, there was no great reduction in clinical outcomes, especially mortality, but a more detailed search for information may bring us other points of view.</p>
      <p>The article by Jorge MS et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> corroborates the idea of early diagnoses and interventions in this broad spectrum of patients, and observing the epidemiological change of patients over the years is a fundamental key to a broad reading of the management of contemporary infective endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the pathology of endocarditis is the same, the disease appears as an old problem in a completely different guise. In the era of the first antimicrobials available, patients were young and had relatively few comorbidities, such as rheumatic or congenital heart disease. Recently, in a time of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and more robust bactericidal potential, the patient who presents has a different profile, is older, has multiple comorbidities, and is clinically more unstable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>By observing the evolutionary behavior of the analyzed patients, Jorge MS et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> also highlight the change in the epidemiological, clinical profile, and microbiological strains involved. This situation is closely related to the profile of the patient, who is often institutionalized. What used to have Streptococcus as a major protagonist, the contemporary data point to a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus as the causative agent of infective endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although it has so far been little discussed in a broad or unrestricted way, the changes in the management of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infective endocarditis may also have impacted this evolution over the last 30 years, in which we have an increasingly conservative approach in international guidelines, contrasting with the guidelines found in the last national guideline on valve diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, a quick and accurate diagnosis is the first step to offer the patient the chance of a more assertive and timely intervention. A late diagnosis and the procrastination of adequate antimicrobial therapy lead to complications and worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical presentation is diverse, ranging from severe sepsis to fever syndromes of an undetermined origin or even purely cardiovascular manifestations such as heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The author<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> even points to congestive heart failure as the main comorbidity associated with patients who were followed up, which can lead to clinical confusion and an even more complex diagnostic challenge since the presence of this manifestation can delay an accurate diagnosis that will require more than before, of other Duke criteria, as seen on imaging methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The contemporary challenges of Infective Endocarditis are diverse, and prevention is undoubtedly the best strategy to be employed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Once faced with the possibility, rapid diagnosis, and individualized therapy seem to be the best strategy to reduce complications, with treatment surgery, a procedure that plays a growing and decisive role in groups of more severe patients. The search for information from these patients will allow cardiology to transform challenges into paved paths for the best therapeutic responses in infective endocarditis.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Infective Endocarditis Surgery. Insights from 328 Patients Operated in a University Tertiary Hospital</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
