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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">grk6Gtv3VQh6vzWGqqg4kGw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disautonomias P&#243;s-COVID: Import&#226;ncia do Reconhecimento Precoce e da Implementa&#231;&#227;o de Programas de Recupera&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise Hachul &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>denise.hachul@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230110</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>P&#243;s-Covid/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Disautonomias/pos-covid</kwd>
        <kwd>Mem&#243;ria/defici&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fadiga</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-COV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios</kwd>
        <kwd>Fisioterapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A comunidade cient&#237;fica internacional dedicou todo o seu esfor&#231;o nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, para o melhor entendimento e tratamento da infe&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-COV-2, que inicialmente parecia limitar-se a uma s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave. No entanto, &#224; medida que avan&#231;amos no tempo, deparamo-nos com um n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes com sintomas multissist&#234;micos, persistentes, intermitentes, ou tardios, que geraram importante comprometimento psico-funcional dos acometidos e que nos revelaram o car&#225;ter cr&#244;nico e imprevis&#237;vel da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A reconhecida S&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID, cursa com um n&#250;mero expressivo de queixas, descritas em relatos de casos, estudos populacionais e metan&#225;lises. Miocardites, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias, al&#233;m de afec&#231;&#245;es genito-urin&#225;rias, gastrointestinais, endocrinol&#243;gicas, neurol&#243;gicas centrais e perif&#233;ricas, de severidades variadas foram descritas na fase subaguda e cr&#244;nica ap&#243;s contato com o v&#237;rus.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma primeira s&#233;rie de casos foi publicada em pacientes italianos avaliados em m&#233;dia 60 dias depois da alta hospitalar. Os autores observaram que 87% apresentavam persist&#234;ncia de pelo menos um sintoma, 32% dois sintomas e 55% tr&#234;s ou mais. A fadiga foi a queixa mais frequente (53,1%), seguida de dispneia (43,4%), dor articular (27,3%) e dor tor&#225;cica (21,7%).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, Huang et al., reportaram que 6 meses p&#243;s-alta, 76% dos indiv&#237;duos ainda apresentavam pelo menos um sintoma, especialmente fadiga, mialgia, artralgia, cefaleia, dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dist&#250;rbios do sono, defici&#234;ncia de mem&#243;ria e da capacidade de concentra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, tr&#234;s anos depois do in&#237;cio da pandemia, uma revis&#227;o detalhada publicada na <italic>Nature Reviews Microbiology</italic> estima que no m&#237;nimo 65 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos ao redor do mundo mantenham-se sintom&#225;ticos e essa incid&#234;ncia continua aumentando, apesar do arrefecimento da infec&#231;&#227;o aguda, da menor mortalidade e do aumento de imunizados na popula&#231;&#227;o. Esse n&#250;mero pode ser ainda maior, considerando-se que muitos casos n&#227;o s&#227;o diagnosticados ou documentados na fase aguda da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID incide em todas as idades, mas predomina entre os 30 e 50 anos, com o n&#250;mero maior de acometidos est&#225; entre pacientes que tiveram infec&#231;&#227;o aguda leve. Esses dados refletem o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica da infec&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pesquisas sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes com sintomas agudos leves e moderados apontaram que muitos evolu&#237;ram com dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos, como depress&#227;o, ansiedade e s&#237;ndrome do p&#226;nico. Quando comparados com pacientes internados, que necessitaram de oxigenioterapia ou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, os &#250;ltimos apresentaram tr&#234;s vezes mais queixas psiqui&#225;tricas, demostrando correla&#231;&#227;o traum&#225;tica com a gravidade da doen&#231;a aguda.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do tempo decorrido entre os primeiros casos de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 e os dias de hoje, a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o significado dessas complica&#231;&#245;es tardias permanecem incertos.</p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o do SARS-COV-2 no sistema nervoso &#233; altamente prevalente e seus mecanismos t&#234;m sido alvo de in&#250;meros estudos. Postula-se que o v&#237;rus atinja o sistema nervoso central, principalmente via receptores sensoriais olfativos e persista na regi&#227;o por longos per&#237;odos, causando altera&#231;&#227;o na velocidade da propaga&#231;&#227;o dos impulsos el&#233;tricos das sinapses neurais, modificando os circuitos de controle central da dor, do humor e capacidade estrat&#233;gica, al&#233;m da coordena&#231;&#227;o geral e dos reflexos auton&#244;micos. Altera&#231;&#245;es psico-cognitivas e auton&#244;micas s&#227;o as manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas mais prevalentes, podendo atingir 2/3 dos pacientes, que permanecem comprometidos por tempo indeterminado.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do c&#233;rebro, a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 afeta o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo por mecanismos diversos e complexos. A tempestade de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias &#233; acompanhada de uma hiperatividade simp&#225;tica. A libera&#231;&#227;o exacerbada de catecolaminas causa taquicardia, dispneia, intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica e aos esfor&#231;os e dores no peito. N&#237;veis altos de catecolaminas em ortostase prolongada ou ap&#243;s atividades f&#237;sicas podem desencadear o reflexo de Bezold Jarisch ou vasovagal: uma supress&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e ativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, causando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o paradoxal, hipotens&#227;o, e consequentemente, s&#237;ncopes.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, al&#233;m da a&#231;&#227;o direta inflamat&#243;ria do v&#237;rus no mioc&#225;rdio e sistema neural intr&#237;nseco do cora&#231;&#227;o, existem evid&#234;ncias de redu&#231;&#227;o da volemia e do controle vasomotor, que tamb&#233;m geram fadiga, mialgia, hipotens&#227;o e s&#237;ncope. As s&#237;ndromes da intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica s&#227;o exacerbadas pela hipovolemia, perda de massa muscular e do descondicionamento f&#237;sico resultante. O repouso prolongado no leito colabora para a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e compromete a sensibilidade do barorreflexo.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos recentes observaram n&#237;veis baixos de cortisol no sangue de pacientes portadores de COVID longa, com mais de 1 ano de dura&#231;&#227;o, quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o normal. A baixa produ&#231;&#227;o de cortisol pela adrenal deveria ser compensada pelo aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico. Nesses pacientes, no entanto, n&#227;o ocorre essa compensa&#231;&#227;o, corroborando a exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal, possivelmente por acometimento global encef&#225;lico causado pelo virus.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica relacionada &#224; COVID-19 tamb&#233;m pode ser mediada pela a&#231;&#227;o indireta do v&#237;rus. Na literatura j&#225; eram descritas in&#250;meras s&#237;ndromes neurol&#243;gicas imunomediadas como consequ&#234;ncias de infec&#231;&#245;es virais e bacterianas.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>A fadiga e a intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es subvalorizadas e estigmatizantes. As principais queixas dos pacientes s&#227;o a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de realizar atividades cotidianas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-infeccioso por per&#237;odos vari&#225;veis, acompanhadas de adinamia em repouso, fraqueza muscular aos pequenos esfor&#231;os, sono n&#227;o reparador, comprometimento cognitivo, taquicardias e intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica. Outro sintoma frequente &#233; a maior sensibilidade a est&#237;mulos sensoriais, cujo mecanismo &#233; pouco conhecido.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>H&#225; uma grande semelhan&#231;a entre essas afec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-infeciosas j&#225; conhecidas e a s&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID. O expressivo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo SARSCOV-2 provocou um aumento substancial de pacientes com essas caracter&#237;sticas, antes mais raramente observados e negligenciados, provocando um alerta para a comunidade cient&#237;fica sobre a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento desses sintomas, extremamente limitantes.</p>
    <p>A S&#237;ndrome da Taquicardia Postural Ortost&#225;tica (<italic>POTS</italic>), muito frequente na S&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID, &#233; caracterizada por sintomas de intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica (na aus&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o significativa) e associados a aumento persistente da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sinusal maior ou igual a 30 batimentos por minuto, quando o paciente permanece em p&#233; por mais de 30 segundos, ou de pelo menos 40 batimentos por minuto em pacientes entre 12 e 19 anos de idade.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos de coorte j&#225; reportavam uma grande frequ&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias em pacientes que desenvolveram POTS e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com biomarcadores autoimunes, como autoanticorpos anti &#945; e &#946;-adrenoceptores e anti-receptores muscar&#237;nicos. Pode-se ent&#227;o considerar que, al&#233;m da a&#231;&#227;o viral inflamat&#243;ria, existe um componente autoimune subjacente relacionado &#224; s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID. Tanto sintomas de POTS quanto de neuropatias perif&#233;ricas de pequenas fibras s&#227;o muito frequentes na s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID. A s&#237;ndrome de ativa&#231;&#227;o mastocit&#225;ria (SAM) tamb&#233;m tem sido mais observada. Manifesta-se com erup&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas associadas a prurido e c&#243;licas abdominais. Estudos relatam aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia e maior gravidade dos sintomas de SAM em pacientes com COVID longa em compara&#231;&#227;o com os mesmos indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-COVID e com grupos controle.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Disautonomias s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es bastante desafiadoras. Os sintomas costumam ser diversos e de dif&#237;cil correla&#231;&#227;o uns com os outros. Por isso, a maioria dos pacientes &#233; interpretada como portadora de dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos ou psicossom&#225;ticos. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es, potencialmente disfuncionais, causam grande preju&#237;zo na qualidade de vida, restri&#231;&#245;es sociais, impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, alimentando o ciclo vicioso e gerando cada vez maior incapacidade funcional. Essa incapacidade, por sua vez, desencadeia inseguran&#231;a e, consequentemente, dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos secund&#225;rios.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por todos esses motivos, o reconhecimento precoce da s&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia tanto para o seu portador, como para familiares, seu c&#237;rculo profissional e social de conviv&#234;ncia. Todos os indiv&#237;duos, ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o ao SARS COV-2 e &#224; imuniza&#231;&#227;o, que apresentem um ou mais sintomas relatados previamente, devem ser avaliados com aten&#231;&#227;o. A correla&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio dos sintomas com exposi&#231;&#227;o ao v&#237;rus ou &#224; vacina, mesmo que o paciente tenha sido oligo ou assintom&#225;tico, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, j&#225; que sintomas da s&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID podem se iniciar entre dias e semanas ap&#243;s o contato com o v&#237;rus e durar muitos meses.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um exame f&#237;sico completo, cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio e neurol&#243;gico &#233; mandat&#243;rio. Aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dirigida ao estado nutricional, grau de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, colora&#231;&#227;o de mucosas, frequ&#234;ncia e padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rios, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, presen&#231;a de sarcopenia e acrocianose. Deve-se observar a postura, o equil&#237;brio, marcha, for&#231;a muscular e cogni&#231;&#227;o. Medidas da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devem ser realizadas em dec&#250;bito dorsal, imediatamente ap&#243;s o paciente assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e depois de 3 minutos em p&#233; para identifica&#231;&#227;o de hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e taquicardia postural inapropriada.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Eletrocardiograma, laborat&#243;rio bioqu&#237;mico geral, provas de atividade inflamat&#243;ria e exames de imagem s&#227;o importantes na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pneumonites, embolia pulmonar, altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais encef&#225;licas e miocardiopatias estruturais. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter, MAPA, dosagem de catecolaminas s&#233;ricas fracionadas em DDH e em ortostase, de anticorpos anti-receptores muscar&#237;nicos e anti-adrenoceptores s&#227;o indicados para confirma&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios auton&#243;micos e identifica&#231;&#227;o de sua fisiopatologia.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o (Tilt Table Test) &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha para diagn&#243;stico de disautonomias neurog&#234;nicas e cardiovasculares. &#201; um bom m&#233;todo quando o paciente n&#227;o &#233; diagnosticado durante exame f&#237;sico em caso de suspeita e tamb&#233;m para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Um protocolo ampliado - <italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica</italic><bold> - </bold>deve ser realizado, com sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de sinais cont&#237;nuos e softwares especiais para medidas hemodin&#226;micas e c&#225;lculos da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica completa (volume e &#237;ndice sist&#243;licos, d&#233;bito e &#237;ndice card&#237;acos, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, variabilidade do RR e a sensibilidade do Barorreflexo). Esses testes s&#227;o importantes para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos da intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> O Doppler Transcraniano com medidas da velocidade do fluxo cerebral em DDH e ortostase pode demonstrar falhas dos mecanismos de autorregula&#231;&#227;o cerebrovascular, al&#233;m de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es da resist&#234;ncia microvascular e obstru&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Escuta e acolhimento s&#227;o os principais pilares do tratamento desses pacientes, na maioria das vezes estigmatizados e comprometidos por longos per&#237;odos. O apoio psicol&#243;gico &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia, especialmente e pela demora que experimentam para que o diagn&#243;stico seja estabelecido. Devem ser feitas na primeira consulta orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto a medidas comportamentais e diet&#233;ticas, higiene do sono e aconselhamento para evitar os gatilhos.</p>
    <p>Corrigir a hipovolemia &#233; a forma mais eficiente de evitar a hipotens&#227;o postural. &#201; recomendada a hidrata&#231;&#227;o de em m&#233;dia 2-3 litros de l&#237;quidos por dia, incluindo isot&#243;nicos e aumentando-se o sal da alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Essas medidas garantem incremento do volume plasm&#225;tico, al&#233;m de melhorar a vasorreatividade perif&#233;rica e o bombeamento vascular.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Medicamentos hipotensores e diur&#233;ticos devem ser descontinuados se poss&#237;vel, assim como antidepressivos inibidores da recapta&#231;&#227;o da norepinefrina em casos de POTS.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>Um programa regular de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e de resist&#234;ncia muscular deve ser elaborado individualmente, depois de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica detalhada. No in&#237;cio dos sintomas prodr&#244;micos de baixo d&#233;bito, o paciente pode realizar contra&#231;&#245;es musculares isom&#233;tricas. Denominadas manobras de contrapress&#227;o muscular, t&#234;m como objetivo aumentar o retorno venoso.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Se os sintomas persistirem apesar das medidas conservadoras, a terapia farmacol&#243;gica deve ser considerada. A fludrocortisona, um expansor vol&#234;mico e alfa agonista, pode ser usada se a hipovolemia e baixa resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica forem observadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, como fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos. &#201; um medicamento seguro, com m&#237;nimos efeitos colaterais e muito bem tolerado. Deve-se monitorar hipocalemia, incomum nas doses recomendadas. A midodrina, um agonista &#945;-adren&#233;rgico perif&#233;rico, infelizmente n&#227;o &#233; comercializada no Brasil, mas pode ser adquirida por importa&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo dessas medidas &#233; melhorar o retorno venoso e a volemia central.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para pacientes hiperadren&#233;rgicos, recomenda-se a clonidina e a metildopa, assim como betabloqueadores, preferencialmente com a&#231;&#227;o central. Em casos de comprovada neuropatia auton&#244;mica autoimune, o uso adjuvante de piridostigmina e imunoglobulina endovenosa pode ser indicado.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esses medicamentos prescritos individualmente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o, permitem que o paciente se engaje em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e auton&#244;mica, que configura o principal tratamento para o resgate e impedimento de sequelas permanentes.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo que pode particularmente ser denominado de &#8220;<italic>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica</italic>&#8221; leva em considera&#231;&#227;o as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas que contribuem para a melhora da sensibilidade do barorreflexo, do retorno venoso e, consequentemente, do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e press&#227;o arterial em ortostase e durante atividades da vida di&#225;ria, tanto em situa&#231;&#245;es est&#225;ticas quanto din&#226;micas.</p>
    <p>Dormir com a cabe&#231;a da cama em aclive de 10 cm ajuda na adapta&#231;&#227;o vasomotora e diminui a perda vol&#234;mica noturna, minimizando hipotens&#245;es nos primeiros momentos de vig&#237;lia. A inclina&#231;&#227;o do corpo, quando realizada repetidamente, equilibra o volume plasm&#225;tico central. A ingesta h&#237;drica e de sal (at&#233; 10 gramas por dia, salvo contraindica&#231;&#245;es), melhora a press&#227;o arterial, a disposi&#231;&#227;o e facilita a ades&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica em tempo e qualidade. Recomenda-se o uso de meias el&#225;sticas de m&#233;dia compress&#227;o (com 30-40 mmHg) para minimizar o sequestro venoso perif&#233;rico e aumentar o retorno venoso (idealmente aquelas que abranjam todo o membro inferior e o abd&#244;men inferior) e tem seus efeitos otimizados principalmente com caminhadas di&#225;rias.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>-<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta auton&#244;mica mediada pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ser mensurada pela variabilidade da FC e n&#237;veis de catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>-<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> Esse reequil&#237;brio afeta positivamente o progn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em geral.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> O treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio moderado e supervisionado, associado a exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia muscular, promovem melhora na sensibilidade barorreflexa, com consequente aumento da toler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica. A a&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio sobre o sistema cardiovascular inclui aumento do volume de plasma circulante, aumento do tono e massa muscular e aprimora a redistribui&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica e a resposta hemodin&#226;mica &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. O efeito de &#8220;bomba muscular&#8221; promovido pela contra&#231;&#227;o da musculatura esquel&#233;tica das pernas auxilia no retorno venoso, impedindo o sequestro de sangue nas extremidades, aumentando a press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular, o volume sist&#243;lico e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; indiscut&#237;vel seu papel na qualidade de vida e autoconfian&#231;a dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos esfor&#231;os e sistematiza&#231;&#245;es do manejo n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico, a ades&#227;o &#224;s mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos e &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios de pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica, depress&#227;o, dor cr&#244;nica, sarcopenia e doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas concomitantes, &#233; um grande desafio. A hipotens&#227;o, fadiga, mialgia, dores articulares, dificuldade na coordena&#231;&#227;o motora e instabilidades do humor s&#227;o os principais fatores limitantes para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios domiciliares, j&#225; que os pacientes se tornam incapazes de controlar as intensidades de contra&#231;&#227;o muscular e fazer ajustes posturais necess&#225;rios para a sua efic&#225;cia. Por isso, no in&#237;cio, s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis o acompanhamento presencial supervisionado e o tratamento concomitante das comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia personalizada de reabilita&#231;&#227;o utilizando a estimula&#231;&#227;o sens&#243;rio-motora interfere diretamente no eixo c&#233;rebro-cora&#231;&#227;o e no balan&#231;o simpato-vagal do paciente. A estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal resulta em resposta anti-inflamat&#243;ria e antagonista adren&#233;rgica, sendo um alvo terap&#234;utico promissor do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo acometido nessas e em outras circunst&#226;ncias.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os primeiros relatos da a&#231;&#227;o da neuromodula&#231;&#227;o ou estimula&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica transcraniana (TMS) nas fun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas foram observados em pacientes deprimidos, submetidos a estimula&#231;&#227;o cerebral repetitiva em regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas cerebrais, especialmente o c&#243;rtex pr&#233;-frontal dorsal esquerdo. A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do c&#243;rtex temporal tamb&#233;m promove redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, aumento da sensibilidade dos barorreceptores e redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo. Essas interven&#231;&#245;es influenciam diretamente o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico e neuroend&#243;crino. Assim, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de TMS &#233; capaz de atenuar o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e aumentar o parassimp&#225;tico, demostrando que o sistema c&#233;rebro-cora&#231;&#227;o pode ser diretamente modulado. Ainda, a estimula&#231;&#227;o eletromagn&#233;tica do c&#243;rtex motor suplementar melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o do diafragma e a amplitude ventilat&#243;ria em pacientes fr&#225;geis.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>-<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o transcut&#226;nea do nervo vago (a n&#237;vel do pavilh&#227;o auricular) representa uma outra oportunidade terap&#234;utica para disautonomias e outras condi&#231;&#245;es, por sua a&#231;&#227;o bidirecional na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, na reatividade cerebral e perif&#233;rica e no sistema cardiovascular, interferindo especialmente na regula&#231;&#227;o da FC e na press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>-<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sua utilidade j&#225; est&#225; bem demonstrada no tratamento da depress&#227;o refrat&#225;ria e de dores cr&#244;nicas, comorbidades frequentes em pacientes disauton&#244;micos, com dificuldade de ades&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica. Seus resultados foram validados pelo FDA. &#201; importante ressaltar que crit&#233;rios de seguran&#231;a s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da neuromodula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, respeitando-se regulamenta&#231;&#227;o para o uso deste recurso por profissionais de sa&#250;de treinados e capacitados.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se as caracter&#237;sticas dos disauton&#244;micos, especialmente na s&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID, a abordagem deve ser realizada por equipe multidisciplinar, com expertise nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos existentes e no manejo do paciente cr&#244;nico. Esses pacientes, cujo n&#250;mero &#233; crescente e imprevis&#237;vel, t&#234;m condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas complexas e exigem cuidados integrativos. Servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria com experi&#234;ncia nessa &#225;rea s&#227;o raros em nosso meio, gerando longos atrasos no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. A comunidade cardiol&#243;gica deve estar atenta para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e trabalhar para que programas especializados de recupera&#231;&#227;o sejam implementados, a fim de interromper a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou ao menos amenizar o desconforto dos pacientes.</p>
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          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <elocation-id>8920227303</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2022.897303</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Ahmed U, Chang YC, Zafeiropoulos S, Nassrallah Z, Miller L, Zanos S. Strategies for precision vagus neuromodulation. Bioelectron Med. 2022;8(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s42234-022-00091-1</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zafeiropoulos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nassrallah</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies for precision vagus neuromodulation</article-title>
          <source>Bioelectron Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>9</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s42234-022-00091-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Instituto Neuroheart - Diagn&#243;stico e Tatamento das Disautonomias, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Post-COVID Dysautonomias: The Importance of Early Recognition and Implementation of Recovery Programs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Denise Hachul &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: denise.hachul@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Post-Covid/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Dysautonomias/post-covid</kwd>
        <kwd>Memory/deficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-COV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Physiotherapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The international scientific community has devoted all its efforts over the last three years to a better understanding and treatment of the SARS-COV-2 infection, which initially seemed to be limited to a severe acute respiratory syndrome. However, as time goes by, we are faced with a growing number of patients with multisystemic, persistent, intermittent, or late symptoms, which generate significant psycho-functional impairment of those affected and reveal to us the chronic and unpredictable nature of the disease.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The recognized Post-COVID Syndrome courses with a significant number of complaints described in case reports, population studies, and meta-analyses. Myocarditis, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, endocrinological, central, and peripheral neurological disorders of varying severities have been described in the subacute and chronic phases after contact with the virus.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A first case series was published on Italian patients evaluated on average 60 days after hospital discharge. The authors noted that 87% had persistence of at least one symptom, 32% two symptoms, and 55% three or more. Fatigue was the most frequent complaint (53.1%), followed by dyspnea (43.4%), joint pain (27.3%), and chest pain (21.7%).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In another study, Huang et al. reported that 6 months after discharge, 76% of individuals still had at least one symptom, especially fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, sleep disorders, impaired memory, and concentration capacity.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recently, three years after the start of the pandemic, a detailed review published in Nature Reviews Microbiology estimates that at least 65 million individuals around the world remain symptomatic, and this incidence continues to increase, despite the cooling of acute infection, lower mortality, and the increase in immunizations in the population. This number may be even higher, considering that many cases are not diagnosed or documented in the acute phase of the disease.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Post-COVID syndrome affects all ages but predominates between 30 and 50 years old, and the highest number of patients affected are among those who had mild acute symptoms. These data reflect the epidemiological distribution pattern of the infection in the world population.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Research on patients&#8217; quality of patients who had mild or moderate acute symptoms revealed that many evolved with psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and panic disorder. Compared to hospitalized patients who required oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, the latter had three times more psychiatric complaints, demonstrating a traumatic correlation with the severity of the acute illness.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the time elapsed between the first cases of SARS-COV-2 infection and the present day, the evolution and significance of these late complications remain uncertain.</p>
      <p>The action of SARS-COV-2 on the nervous system is highly prevalent, and its mechanisms have been the subject of numerous studies. It is postulated that the virus reaches the central nervous system, mainly via olfactory sensory receptors, and persists in the region for long periods, causing changes in the speed propagation of electrical impulses in the neural synapses, modifying the central control circuits of pain, mood, and strategic capacity, in addition to general coordination and autonomic reflexes. Psycho-cognitive and autonomic alterations are the most prevalent neurological manifestations, reaching 2/3 of the patients who remain compromised for an indefinite period.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to the brain, COVID-19 infection affects the autonomic nervous system through diverse and complex mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm is accompanied by sympathetic hyperactivity. The exacerbated release of catecholamines causes tachycardia, dyspnea, and exertion intolerance, and chest pain. High levels of catecholamines in prolonged standing or after physical activities can trigger the Bezold Jarisch or vasovagal reflex: a suppression of sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activation, causing paradoxical vasodilation, hypotension, and consequently, syncope.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>-<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From the cardiovascular point of view, in addition to the direct inflammatory action of the virus on the myocardium and the heart&#8217;s intrinsic neural system, there is evidence of a reduction in blood volume and vasomotor control, which also generate fatigue, myalgia, hypotension, and syncope. Orthostatic intolerance syndromes are exacerbated by hypovolemia, loss of muscle mass, and the resulting physical deconditioning. Prolonged bed rest contributes to the reduction of systolic volume and cardiac output and compromises baroreflex sensitivity.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recent studies have observed low cortisol levels in the blood of patients with long-term COVID, lasting more than 1 year, compared to the normal population. The increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone production should compensate for the adrenal&#8217;s low production of cortisol. In these patients, however, this compensation does not occur, corroborating the existence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, possibly due to global encephalic involvement caused by the virus.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Autonomic dysfunction related to COVID-19 may also be mediated through the indirect action of the virus. The literature has already described numerous immune-mediated neurological syndromes as consequences of viral and bacterial infections.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Fatigue and orthostatic intolerance are undervalued and stigmatizing manifestations. The patients&#8217; main complaints are reduced ability to perform daily activities compared to the pre-infectious period for variable periods, accompanied by adynamia at rest, muscle weakness on light exertion, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive impairment, tachycardia, and orthostatic intolerance. Another frequent symptom is greater sensitivity to sensory stimuli, the mechanism of which is little known.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There is a great similarity between these already known post-infectious conditions and Post-COVID syndrome. The expressive number of individuals infected by SARSCOV-2 provoked a substantial increase in patients with these characteristics, previously more rarely observed and neglected, provoking an alert to the scientific community about the importance of recognizing these symptoms, which are extremely limiting.</p>
      <p>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), very common in Post-COVID Syndrome, is characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance (in the absence of significant hypotension) and associated with a persistent increase in sinus heart rate greater than or equal to 30 beats per minute when the patient remains standing for more than 30 seconds, or at least 40 beats per minute in patients between 12 and 19 years of age.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cohort studies have already reported a high frequency of previous infections in patients who developed POTS and its relationship with autoimmune biomarkers, such as anti-&#945; and &#946;-adrenoceptor autoantibodies and anti-muscarinic receptors. It can then be considered that, in addition to the inflammatory viral action, there is an underlying autoimmune component related to the post-COVID syndrome. POTS and small peripheral fiber neuropathy symptoms are very common in post-COVID syndrome. Mast cell activation syndrome (MAS) has also been more frequently observed. It manifests with skin eruptions associated with itching and abdominal cramps. Studies report the increased occurrence and greater severity of MAS symptoms in patients with long-standing COVID compared to the same pre-COVID individuals and with control groups.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dysautonomias are quite challenging conditions. Symptoms are often diverse and difficult to correlate with each other. Therefore, most patients are interpreted as having psychiatric or psychosomatic disorders. These potentially dysfunctional conditions cause significant impairment in quality of life, social restrictions, and the impossibility of performing physical activity, feeding the vicious cycle and generating increasing functional disability. This inability, in turn, triggers insecurity and, consequently, secondary psychiatric disorders.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For all these reasons, early recognition of the Post-COVID syndrome is of fundamental importance for the carrier and family members, as their professional and social circle. After exposure to SARS-COV-2 and immunization, all individuals who present with one or more previously reported symptoms should be carefully evaluated. The correlation between the onset of symptoms and exposure to the virus or vaccine, even in patients with mild acute symptoms or asymptomatic, is extremely important, as symptoms of Post-COVID syndrome can begin days and weeks after contact with the virus and last for many months.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A complete physical examination of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological is mandatory. Special attention should be given to the nutritional status, degree of hydration, the color of mucous membranes, respiratory rate and pattern, O<sub>2</sub> saturation, sarcopenia, and acrocyanosis. Posture, balance, gait, muscle strength, and cognition should be observed. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements should be performed in the supine position immediately after the patient assumes the orthostatic position, and after 3 minutes of standing, to identify orthostatic hypotension and inappropriate postural tachycardia.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Electrocardiograms, general biochemical laboratory, tests of inflammatory activity, and imaging tests are important in identifying pneumonitis, pulmonary embolism, brain structural alterations, and structural cardiomyopathies. Monitoring with Holter, ABPM, measurement of fractionated serum catecholamines in supine and orthostasis, anti-muscarinic receptors, and anti-adrenoceptors antibodies are indicated for confirmation of autonomic disorders and identification of their pathophysiology.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Tilt Table Test is the method of choice for diagnosing neurogenic and cardiovascular dysautonomias. It is a good method when the patient is not diagnosed during physical examination in case of suspicion and for diagnostic confirmation. An expanded protocol - Autonomic Assessment - should be performed, with a monitoring system and acquisition of continuous signals and special software for hemodynamic measurements and calculations of complete autonomic function (systolic volume and index, cardiac output and index, peripheral vascular resistance, RR variability, and baroreflex sensitivity). These tests are important for identifying the patient&#8217;s orthostatic intolerance mechanisms.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Transcranial Doppler with measurements of cerebral flow velocity in supine and orthostasis can demonstrate failures in cerebrovascular autoregulation mechanisms, in addition to detecting changes in microvascular resistance and dynamic obstructions to blood flow.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Listening and welcoming are the main pillars of treating these patients, who are most often stigmatized and compromised for long periods. Psychological support is paramount, especially due to the delay they experience in the diagnosis to be established. The first appointment should provide guidance on behavioral and dietary measures, sleep hygiene, and counseling to avoid triggers.</p>
      <p>Correcting hypovolemia is the most efficient way to prevent postural hypotension. Hydration of an average of 2-3 liters of liquid per day is recommended, including isotonic drinks and increasing the salt in the diet. These measures ensure an increase in plasma volume and improve peripheral vasoreactivity and vascular pumping.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hypotensive drugs and diuretics should be discontinued if possible, as well as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in cases of POTS.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> A regular program of aerobic and muscular resistance exercises must be individually elaborated after a detailed physical evaluation. At the onset of low output prodromal symptoms, the patient can perform isometric muscle contractions. Called muscle counterpressure maneuvers, they aim to increase venous return.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>If symptoms persist despite conservative measures, pharmacologic therapy should be considered. Fludrocortisone, a volume expander and alpha agonist, can be used if hypovolemia and low peripheral resistance are noted on autonomic assessment as pathophysiological factors. It is a safe medication with minimal side effects and is very well tolerated. Monitor for hypokalemia, which is uncommon at recommended doses. Unfortunately, Midodrine, a peripheral &#945;-adrenergic agonist, is not marketed in Brazil but can be purchased by import. The purpose of these measures is to improve venous return and central blood volume.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For hyperadrenergic patients, clonidine and methyldopa are recommended, as well as beta-blockers, preferably with central action. In cases of proven autoimmune autonomic neuropathy, the adjuvant use of pyridostigmine and intravenous immunoglobulin may be indicated.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These medications, prescribed individually or in combination, allow the patient to engage in physical and autonomic rehabilitation programs, which are the main treatment for rescuing and preventing permanent sequelae.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The method that can be particularly called &#8220;Autonomic Rehabilitation&#8221; takes into account the hemodynamic variables that contribute to the improvement of baroreflex sensitivity, venous return, and, consequently, cardiac output and blood pressure in orthostasis and during activities of daily living in both static and dynamic positions.</p>
      <p>Sleeping with the head of the bed at a 10 cm incline helps with vasomotor adaptation and decreases nocturnal volume loss, minimizing hypotension in the first moments of wakefulness. The body tilt, when performed repeatedly, balances the central plasma volume. Water and salt intake (up to 10 grams per day, unless contraindicated) improves blood pressure and disposition and facilitates adherence to physical activity in time and quality. The use of medium compression elastic stockings (with 30-40 mmHg) is recommended to minimize peripheral venous sequestration and increase venous return (ideally those covering the entire lower limb and lower abdomen), and its effects are optimized mainly with daily walks.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>-<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The variability of HR and plasma catecholamine levels can measure the modulation of the autonomic response mediated by physical exercise.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>-<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> This rebalancing positively affects the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases in general.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> Moderate and supervised aerobic physical training, associated with muscular resistance exercises, promotes improved baroreflex sensitivity and consequent increase in orthostatic tolerance. The action of exercise on the cardiovascular system includes increased circulating plasma volume tone, and muscle mass and improves volume redistribution and hemodynamic response to the standing position. The &#8220;muscle pump&#8221; effect promoted by the legs&#8217; skeletal muscles contraction helps venous return, preventing the sequestration of blood in the extremities and increasing ventricular filling pressure, systolic volume, and cardiac output. In addition, its role in patients&#8217; quality of life and self-confidence is indisputable.</p>
      <p>Despite the efforts and systematization of non-pharmacological management, adherence to changing habits and performing exercises in patients with orthostatic intolerance, depression, chronic pain, sarcopenia, and concomitant neurological diseases is a major challenge. Hypotension, fatigue, myalgia, joint pain, difficulty in motor coordination, and mood instabilities are the main limiting factors for performing home exercises, as patients become unable to control muscle contraction intensities and make necessary postural adjustments for its effectiveness. Therefore, supervised face-to-face monitoring and concomitant treatment of associated comorbidities are essential initially.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A personalized rehabilitation strategy using sensorimotor stimulation directly interferes with the brain-heart axis and the patient&#8217;s sympathovagal balance. Vagal stimulation results in an anti-inflammatory and adrenergic antagonist response, being a promising therapeutic target for the affected autonomic nervous system in these and other circumstances.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The first reports of the action of neuromodulation or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on cardiac autonomic functions were observed in depressed patients submitted to repetitive brain stimulation in specific brain regions, especially the left dorsal prefrontal cortex. Autonomic modulation of the temporal cortex also promotes a reduction in sympathetic activity, baroreceptor sensitivity increase, and heart rate reduction during submaximal exercise. These interventions directly influence the autonomic and neuroendocrine balance. Thus, applying TMS can attenuate the sympathetic tone and increase the parasympathetic tone, demonstrating that the heart-brain system can be directly modulated. Furthermore, electromagnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor cortex improves diaphragm function and ventilatory amplitude in frail patients.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>-<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Transcutaneous stimulation of the vagus nerve (at auricular region) represents another therapeutic opportunity for dysautonomia and other conditions due to its bidirectional action on autonomic modulation, cerebral and peripheral reactivity, and the cardiovascular system, interfering especially in the regulation of HR and blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>-<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Its usefulness has already been well demonstrated in treating refractory depression and chronic pain, frequent comorbidities in dysautonomic patients with difficulty in adhering to the practice of physical activity. The FDA has validated its results. It is important to emphasize that safety criteria are essential for using non-invasive neuromodulation, respecting regulations for using this resource by trained and qualified health professionals.</p>
      <p>Considering the characteristics of dysautonomia, especially in Post-COVID syndrome, the approach should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in existing diagnostic methods and the management of chronic patients. These patients, whose numbers are growing and unpredictable, have complex medical conditions and require integrative care. Tertiary care services with experience in this area are rare, generating long delays in diagnosis and treatment. The cardiology community must pay attention to early diagnosis and work, so that specialized recovery programs are implemented to stop the progression of the disease or at least alleviate the discomfort of patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Instituto Neuroheart - Diagn&#243;stico e Tatamento das Disautonomias, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
