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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TTMjLtbPj8CbMrfj7qZTs3J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr Confere Pior Progn&#243;stico em Todos os Espectros de Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: : <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230107</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrog&#234;nio da Ureia Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Renais/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas fisiopatol&#243;gicas mais relevantes na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), promovendo efeitos delet&#233;rios em longo prazo que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal. Essa hiperativa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada ao progn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda; portanto, &#233; plaus&#237;vel supor que sua atividade esteja associada ao progn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A atual classifica&#231;&#227;o universal da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, atualizada em 2021, modificou a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IC de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), substituindo a FE intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEmr) pela FE levemente reduzida para aqueles com FE de 41% a 49%, mantendo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) para aqueles com FE menor que 40% e preservada (ICFEp) para pacientes com FE acima de 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o mais utilizado atualmente &#233; baseado nessa categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em grupos com base na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), e esse modelo tornou-se o principal modelo utilizado pelas diretrizes para fornecer recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal frequentemente coexistem, compartilhando muitos fatores de risco (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia), contribuindo para piorar o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal &#233; caracterizada pela piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ou logo ap&#243;s a alta, apesar da melhora sintom&#225;tica com tratamento com diur&#233;ticos e manuten&#231;&#227;o de volume intravascular adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A creatinina, o nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (NUS) e a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) s&#227;o os marcadores tradicionalmente utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para avaliar a IC descompensada. A atividade neuro-hormonal na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca afeta muito a magnitude da reabsor&#231;&#227;o do NUS. Portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o NUS para creatinina (NUS/Cr) &#233; geralmente considerada uma m&#233;trica de atividade neuro-hormonal relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, o estudo &#8220;Rela&#231;&#227;o entre NUS/Cr e progn&#243;stico da IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre esse tema. Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 2.255 pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica (NYHA classe III-IV) que mediram NUS e creatinina na admiss&#227;o. A rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr foi avaliada de forma dicotomizada (ponto de corte = 25,5) em subgrupos de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE). Os resultados do estudo foram definidos como reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC, morte cardiovascular e morte por todas as causas, avaliadas em 3, 12 e 24 meses, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de FE reduzida, os pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/creatinina elevada (&gt;25,5) exibiram um risco aumentado de morte cardiovascular em 3, 12 e 24 meses e morte por todas as causas em 3 meses. Por outro lado, em pacientes com ICFEmr, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos resultados. Finalmente, em pacientes com ICFEp, uma alta rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr aumentou o risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC aos 12 e 24 meses e o risco de morte por todas as causas.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores j&#225; demonstraram o valor progn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/creatinina em pacientes com IC, principalmente naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Parrinelo demonstrou que essa rela&#231;&#227;o pode estar correlacionada com o grau de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, justificando seu aumento em pacientes internados com IC descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por fim, nesse mesmo cen&#225;rio, a presen&#231;a de rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr elevada na admiss&#227;o identifica pacientes com probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com o tratamento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrando que diversos mecanismos podem explicar como essa rela&#231;&#227;o impactar&#225; na mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a na mortalidade de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, sabemos que existem diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas nesses espectros de FE, o que pode justificar o valor progn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr, principalmente na IC com FE reduzida, uma vez que esses pacientes apresentam maior congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Esse fator justificaria o aumento dessa rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O papel da rela&#231;&#227;o NUS/Cr como uma m&#233;trica da atividade neuro-hormonal, portanto, precisa ser mais estudado. &#201; necess&#225;rio entender seu papel no espectro de classifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e toda a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, justificando assim seu uso rotineiro na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Raz&#227;o Nitrog&#234;nio Ureico/Creatinina e Progn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Todo o Espectro da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does the BUN/Cr Ratio Confer a Worse Prognosis in All Ejection Fraction Spectra?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: : <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Ureia Nitrogen</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume/pysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Neurohormonal activation is one of the most relevant pathophysiological features in Heart Failure (HF), promoting long-term deleterious effects that contribute to the development of cardiorenal syndrome. This hyperactivation is associated with the prognosis of acute heart failure; therefore, it is plausible to hypothesize that its activity is associated with the prognosis of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The current universal classification of heart failure, updated in 2021, modified the classification of HF according to ejection fraction (EF), replacing the mid-range EF (HFmrEF) with mildly reduced EF for those with an EF of 41% to 49%, maintaining the classification of reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) for those with EF less than 40% and preserved (HFpEF) for patients with EF above 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The most used classification system today is based on this categorization of patients into groups based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and this model has become the main model used by guidelines to provide recommendations for treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>HF and renal dysfunction frequently coexist, sharing many risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia), contributing to worsening the prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The cardiorenal syndrome is characterized by worsening renal function during hospitalization for heart failure, or soon after discharge, despite symptomatic improvement by treatment with diuretics and maintenance of adequate intravascular volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the markers traditionally used in clinical practice to assess decompensated HF. Neurohormonal activity in heart failure greatly affects the magnitude of BUN reabsorption. Therefore, the BUN to creatinine ratio (BUN/Cr) is generally regarded as a relevant neurohormonal activity metric.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, the study &#8220;Relationship between BUN/Cr and prognosis of HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> provided important information on this topic. This retrospective study included 2255 patients with symptomatic HF (NYHA class III-IV) who measured BUN and creatinine on admission. The BUN / Cr ratio was evaluated dichotomized (cutoff point = 25.5) in subgroups according to the ejection fraction (EF). Study outcomes were defined as HF readmission, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death, assessed at 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively.</p>
      <p>In the reduced EF population, patients with an elevated BUN/creatinine ratio (&gt;25.5) exhibited an increased risk of cardiovascular death at 3, 12, and 24 months and all-cause death at 3 months. On the other hand, in patients with HFmrEF, no significant difference was observed in outcomes. Finally, in patients with HFpEF, a high BUN/Cr ratio increased the risk of re-hospitalization for HF at 12 and 24 months and the risk of death from all causes.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have already demonstrated the prognostic value of the BUN/creatinine ratio in patients with HF, especially those with renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, Parrinelo demonstrated that this relationship might be correlated with the degree of systemic congestion, justifying its increase in patients hospitalized with decompensated HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Finally, in this same scenario, the presence of a high BUN/Cr ratio on admission identifies patients likely to show recovery of renal function with treatment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrating that several mechanisms can explain how this ratio will impact mortality.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown no difference in mortality according to the classification based on the ejection fraction in the short and long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, we know that pathophysiological differences exist in these EF spectra, which may justify the prognostic value of the BUN/Cr ratio, especially in HF with reduced EF, since these patients exhibit greater systemic congestion. This factor would justify the increase in this ratio.</p>
      <p>The role of the BUN/Cr ratio as a metric of neurohormonal activity, therefore, needs further study. It is necessary to understand its role in the spectrum of ejection fraction classification and all clinical practice, thus justifying its routine use in clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between BUN/Cr and Prognosis of HF Across the Full Spectrum of Ejection Fraction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
