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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JfVHWVVwL6VkJgvS4TMZbbz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O &#8220;Valor do 0&#8221;: Existir&#225; Mais-Valia no Uso do Escore de C&#225;lcio na Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Indiv&#237;duos Sintom&#225;ticos com Escore de Zero?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4367-1686</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Real</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">S. Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade da Beira Interior</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Covilh&#227;</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh&#227; &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Catarina Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Tras-os-montes e Alto Douro EPE &#8211; Av. da Noruega, S/N Vila Real <postal-code>5000-508</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>catarina.m.ferreira.cf@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230105</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio Coronariano</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (ECC) &#233; um bom marcador de risco cardiovascular, com valor progn&#243;stico independente e incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> &#201; realizado por meio de tomografia computadorizada sem contraste com baix&#237;ssima exposi&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Seu uso agora &#233; recomendado em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos selecionados para refinar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e ajudar a iniciar ou prolongar farmacoterapias preventivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Diferentes estudos relataram taxas anuais de eventos t&#227;o baixas quanto 0,06&#8211;0,16% em adultos assintom&#225;ticos sem ECC detect&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora existam muitas evid&#234;ncias sobre a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, o interesse crescente tem aumentado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento do ECC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, nos quais a exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva pode ser primordial e, por outro lado, pode ter diferentes abordagens e custos, que podem variar entre os pa&#237;ses.</p>
    <p>O amplo e crescente uso da tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, atingindo tamb&#233;m os departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia, e seu valor bem estabelecido na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica tamb&#233;m aumentaram o interesse neste campo. Diferentes estudos t&#234;m analisado esta quest&#227;o, relatando baixas taxas de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva entre pacientes com ECC de zero e baixa incid&#234;ncia de MACE no seguimento neste cen&#225;rio de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Mas tamb&#233;m, outros dados da literatura mostram algumas discord&#226;ncias ou levantam debates sobre o valor de ECC zero em todos os pacientes, especialmente em sintom&#225;ticos mais jovens com presen&#231;a de fatores de risco pr&#233;-teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um estudo recente avaliando o valor do ECC para descartar estenose coronariana em 23.759 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos descobriu que o valor diagn&#243;stico adicional de um ECC de zero variava de acordo com a idade. Embora os pacientes com ECC de zero geralmente tivessem uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (de 3% a 8% nas diferentes faixas et&#225;rias), uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva em idade mais jovem tamb&#233;m apresentava ECC zero. Os autores referem que uma das explica&#231;&#245;es &#233; que as les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas precoces s&#227;o geralmente n&#227;o calcificadas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses resultados, os autores conclu&#237;ram que o valor diagn&#243;stico adicional de um ECC de zero &#233; altamente dependente da idade, com menor valor para pacientes mais jovens do que para pacientes mais velhos, sendo esse achado observado tanto em homens quanto em mulheres; mas, em todo o espectro de idade, uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancialmente maior de mulheres com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva apresentou um ECC de zero em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No artigo &#8220;Predi&#231;&#227;o de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Significativa em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o com Suspeita de Doen&#231;a Coronariana e Aus&#234;ncia de C&#225;lcio Coronariano: Estudos CORE-64/CORE320&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> os autores procuraram identificar preditores de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com ECC zero. Um total de 4.258 indiv&#237;duos de tr&#234;s coortes foram selecionados para inclus&#227;o no estudo. No total, foram inclu&#237;dos 509 participantes do CORE, dos quais 117 (23%) tinham ECC zero. Desses 509 pacientes, 49% tinham doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva de pelo menos um vaso; 11% dos pacientes com ECC zero tamb&#233;m apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva de pelo menos um vaso (11 pacientes). Al&#233;m do tabagismo, outros fatores de risco cardiovascular n&#227;o se relacionaram significativamente com ECC de zero em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva significativa; ser fumante atual associou-se a um aumento de cerca de 3,5 vezes na chance de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa nesses pacientes. Neste estudo, uma idade mais jovem, sexo feminino e perfil de risco cardiovascular mais baixo foram associados a um ECC zero no cen&#225;rio de pacientes de alto risco encaminhados para cateterismo card&#237;aco invasivo. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, ter um ECC zero foi associado a um risco 83% menor de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva do que aqueles com qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Tabagismo atual foi o preditor mais forte de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano. Os autores combinaram o tabagismo com a idade e outros fatores de risco para desenvolver um algoritmo que poderia ser proposto para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa em pacientes com ECC zero. No entanto, os resultados mostraram que o valor de discrimina&#231;&#227;o deste algoritmo teve um desempenho limitado, com um poder discriminat&#243;rio que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o (AUC 0,58, IC 95% 0,43-0,72).</p>
    <p>Neste estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> os autores tentaram desenvolver um algoritmo para prever doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva significativa em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com ECC zero, mostrando que, apesar de seu potencial interesse, pode ser uma meta desafiadora, possivelmente porque muitos fatores contribuem para sua complexidade e intera&#231;&#227;o entre eles mesmos. O peso da gen&#233;tica, g&#234;nero, idade e cada fator de risco cardiovascular (bem como o potencial papel da sua &#8220;intensidade&#8221; individual) podem contribuir para essa &#225;rdua tarefa de refinar o uso do ECC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar um potencial papel neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Predi&#231;&#227;o de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Significativa em Popula&#231;&#227;o com Suspeita de Doen&#231;a Coronariana e Aus&#234;ncia de C&#225;lcio Coronariano: CORE-64 e CORE320</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The &#8220;Value of 0&#8221;: Is There an Added Value in Using the Calcium Score in the Stratification of Symptomatic Individuals with a Zero Score?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4367-1686</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Real</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">S. Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Covilh&#227;</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh&#227; &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Catarina Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Tras-os-montes e Alto Douro EPE - Av. da Noruega, S/N Vila Real <postal-code>5000-508</postal-code> - Portugal. E-mail: <email>catarina.m.ferreira.cf@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>X-Ray</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Coronary calcium score (CCS) is a good marker of cardiovascular risk, with an independent prognostic value that is incremental over traditional clinical risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is performed using non-contrast computed tomography with very low radiation exposure to patients.</p>
      <p>Its use is now recommended in selected asymptomatic individuals to refine risk assessment and help initiate or prolong preventive pharmacotherapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Different studies reported annual event rates as low as 0.06&#8211;0.16% in asymptomatic adults without detectable CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>While there is much evidence regarding risk stratification in asymptomatic patients, growing interest has been raised regarding CCS behavior in symptomatic patients, in whom excluding obstructive coronary artery disease can be paramount and, on the other hand, may have different approaches and costs, which can vary across countries.</p>
      <p>The widespread and growing of cardiac computed tomography reaching the emergency departments and its well-established value in the stratification of patients with chest pain has also raised interest in this field. Different studies have analyzed this issue, reporting low rates of obstructive coronary artery disease among patients with CCS of zero and low MACE incidence at follow-up in this setting of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> But also, different data from the literature show some disagreements or raise different debates regarding the value of zero CCS in all patients, especially in younger symptomatic with the presence of pre-test risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A recent study evaluating the value of CCS for ruling out coronary stenosis in 23759 symptomatic patients found that the added diagnostic value of a CCS of zero varied according to age. Although patients with a CCS score of zero generally had a low prevalence of obstructive coronary disease (from 3% to 8% across the different age groups), a substantial proportion of patients with obstructive coronary artery disease at a younger age also had a zero CCS. The authors refer that one of the explanations is that early atherosclerotic lesions are usually non-calcified. Regarding these results, the authors concluded that the added diagnostic value of a CCS of zero is highly dependent on age, with less value for younger than for older patients, being this finding observed in both men and women; but, throughout the age spectrum, a substantially higher proportion of women with obstructive coronary artery disease had a CCS of zero as compared with men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the article &#8220;Predicting Significant Coronary Obstruction in a Population with Suspected Coronary Disease and Absence of Coronary Calcium: CORE-64 / CORE320 Studies&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the authors seek to identify predictors of significant coronary obstruction in symptomatic patients with a CCS of zero. A total of 4,258 individuals from three cohorts were screened for study inclusion. In total, 509 CORE participants were included, of whom 117 (23%) had a zero CCS. Of these 509 patients, 49% had at least one obstructive coronary artery disease; 11% of the patients with a zero CCS also had at least one obstructive coronary artery disease (11 patients). Besides smoking, other cardiovascular risk factors did not relate significantly to CCS of zero in patients with significant obstructive coronary artery disease; being a current smoker was associated with an increase of about 3.5 fold the chance for a significant coronary obstruction in these patients. In this study, a younger age, female gender, and lower cardiovascular risk profile were associated with a zero CCS in the setting of high-risk patients referred for invasive cardiac catheterization. In this population, having a zero CCS was associated with an 83% lower risk of obstructive coronary disease than those with any coronary calcification. Current smoking status was the strongest predictor of obstructive coronary disease in patients without coronary calcium. The authors combined the smoking status with age and the other risk factors to develop an algorithm that could be proposed for risk stratification of significant coronary obstruction in patients with a zero CCS. Nevertheless, the results showed that the discrimination value of this algorithm had a limited performance, with a discriminatory power that did not reach statistical significance in the validation cohort (AUC 0.58, 95% CI 0.43-0.72).</p>
      <p>In this study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the authors tried to develop an algorithm to predict significant obstructive coronary disease in symptomatic patients with a zero CCS, showing that, despite its potential interest, it can be a challenging goal, possibly because many factors contribute to its complexity and interaction between themselves. The weight of genetics, gender, age, and each cardiovascular risk factor (as the potential role of its individual &#8220;intensity&#8221;) can contribute to this hard task of refining the CCS use in symptomatic patients. Further studies are needed to assess a potential role in this setting.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Predicting Significant Coronary Obstruction in a Population with Suspected Coronary Disease and Absence of Coronary Calcium: CORE-64 / CORE320 Studies</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
