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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pnV3w3NTbtgySHv4kpVS4Yx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sepse, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Envelhecimento: Uma Associa&#231;&#227;o Perigosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1672-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesarino</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5158-485X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Restini</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Baraldi Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso - AREPAH</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso - AREPAH, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Michigan State University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept.</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">College of Osteopathic Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">MI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., Michigan State University, MI &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Evandro Jos&#233; Cesarino</bold> &#8226; Rua Floriano Peixoto, 841- CEP <postal-code>14010-200</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>cesarino@fcfrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230095</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepse</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio comum do ritmo card&#237;aco frequentemente identificado durante a progress&#227;o da sepse.</p>
    <p>Sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com a idade, chegando a 18% nos idosos acima de 85 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pacientes com FA apresentam pior qualidade de vida, maior risco de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), acidente vascular cerebral, decl&#237;nio cognitivo, depress&#227;o, maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e maior taxa de mortalidade do que aqueles sem FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A sepse &#233; a principal causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). Segundo o <italic>Latin American Institute for Sepsis Studies</italic> (ILAS), a sepse afeta de 20 a 30 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, 1000 pessoas morrem por hora, e a taxa de ocupa&#231;&#227;o da UTI &#233; de 25%, com taxa de mortalidade de 28%-54%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Segundo o Estudo Epidemiol&#243;gico de Sepse no Brasil (BASES), um estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico realizado em 5 UTIs de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados brasileiros, a incid&#234;ncia de sepse &#233; de 57,9 por 1.000 pacientes-dia (IC 95% 51,5-65,3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, com metan&#225;lise, avaliaram 225.841 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente (NOAF) na presen&#231;a de sepse. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi encontrada entre sepse, mau progn&#243;stico e aumento da mortalidade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem FA, maior taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI/hospitais e, consequentemente, aumento de custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente, com metan&#225;lise desenvolvida por Corica et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostrou que a NOAF &#233; comumente encontrada durante a sepse, estando presente em 1 em cada 7 indiv&#237;duos. Pacientes com FA t&#234;m maior risco de eventos adversos durante a sepse e necessitam de terapias espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devido ao aumento da gravidade dos pacientes, o aparecimento da FA pode ser um divisor de &#225;guas/ponto de viragem entre a vida e a morte.</p>
    <p>O estudo AFSEMA evidenciou que a FA aumentou a mortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes em uma taxa de 34,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo revelou fatores de risco (FR) para FA, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FA pr&#233;via e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ICFEr). Al&#233;m disso, valores mais elevados do escore Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) e maior risco de arritmias, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C-reativa, refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um gatilho essencial para a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a FA esteja associada a pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de alta gravidade durante a doen&#231;a cr&#237;tica, essa arritmia parece aumentar a gravidade da sepse, per se, como vari&#225;vel independente. A predi&#231;&#227;o precoce de FA durante a sepse permitiria testar interven&#231;&#245;es na UTI para preveni-la e evitar complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, com metan&#225;lise, analisou FRs para NOAF em pacientes com sepse. Os dados revelaram que as arritmias atriais de in&#237;cio recente est&#227;o associadas &#224; sepse aguda e n&#227;o s&#227;o FR para FA associada &#224; comunidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outros fatores de risco relevantes para FA que devem ser considerados s&#227;o doen&#231;as card&#237;acas pr&#233;-existentes (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, valvulopatias, cardiomiopatias, obesidade, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, apneia do sono, hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico, dislipidemia, tabagismo, alcoolismo, sedentarismo), fatores relacionados &#224; IC ou ICFEr, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e a gravidade da doen&#231;a sepse per se. Al&#233;m disso, o envelhecimento masculino, a ra&#231;a e os fatores gen&#233;ticos s&#227;o considerados FR independentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A etiologia da FA &#233; multifatorial e pode ser desencadeada por fatores que perturbam a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca normal, como hipocalemia, hipomagnesemia e hipovolemia, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade parassimp&#225;tica e simp&#225;tica, levando focos atriais a desenvolver automaticidade anormal, a&#231;&#227;o autossustent&#225;vel potenciais ou circuitos reentrantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A sepse &#233; um estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico e a FA pode se desenvolver por infiltra&#231;&#227;o direta de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e dano oxidativo aos mi&#243;citos atriais. Os agentes vasoativos frequentemente utilizados na UTI, como a dopamina e a norepinefrina, podem levar ao aumento das descargas atriais ect&#243;picas, desencadeando o aparecimento da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a FA induzida por doen&#231;a cr&#237;tica tamb&#233;m siga o desenvolvimento de um substrato atrial suscet&#237;vel combinado com um evento desencadeador, fatores espec&#237;ficos que contribuem para o substrato arritmog&#234;nico podem diferir da FA adquirida na comunidade.</p>
    <p>A perda aguda da s&#237;stole atrial e a frequ&#234;ncia ventricular r&#225;pida que caracterizam o in&#237;cio da FA levam &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e ao comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, piorando o quadro cl&#237;nico e o progn&#243;stico do paciente.</p>
    <p>Exames de imagem demonstram que pacientes com sepse apresentam dilata&#231;&#227;o biventricular com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a perfus&#227;o coronariana. Sugere-se que as citocinas circulantes e a produ&#231;&#227;o local de fatores depressores card&#237;acos sejam as causas subjacentes dessa &#8220;cardiomiopatia s&#233;ptica&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A NOAF pode ser uma resposta card&#237;aca disfuncional &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o com fortes implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas conforme descrito no estudo AFSEMA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e pode representar uma disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica subestimada definidora de sepse, principalmente em idosos.</p>
    <p>Identificar, diagnosticar e tratar a sepse em idosos permanece um desafio devido &#224;s suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas. As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do envelhecimento e as m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades dificultam o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos devem estar cientes de que o NOAF na sepse n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma arritmia tempor&#225;ria, mas um marcador de mau progn&#243;stico e deve ser tratado adequadamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Sepse em Pacientes Idosos e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Mortalidade Intra-hospitalar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sepsis, Atrial Fibrillation, and Aging: A Dangerous Association</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1672-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesarino</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5158-485X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Restini</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Baraldi Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Ribeir&#227;opretana de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia ao Hipertenso - AREPAH, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">MI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., Michigan State University, MI &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Evandro Jos&#233; Cesarino</bold> &#8226; Rua Floriano Peixoto, 841- Postal Code <postal-code>14010-200</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>cesarino@fcfrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepsis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common heart rhythm disorder often identified during sepsis's progression.</p>
      <p>Its prevalence increases in the general population with age, reaching 18% in the elderly over 85 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patients with AF present a poor quality of life, a higher risk of developing heart failure (HF), stroke, cognitive decline, depression, higher hospitalizations, and a higher mortality rate than those without AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (ICU). According to the Latin American Institute for Sepsis Studies (ILAS), sepsis affects 20 to 30 million people worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Brazil, 1000 people die per hour, and the ICU occupancy rate is 25%, with a mortality rate of 28 %-54%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to the Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES), a multicenter cohort study conducted in 5 ICUs from public and private Brazilian hospitals, the incidence of sepsis is 57.9 per 1000 patient-days (95% CI 51.5-65.3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Systematic reviews, with meta-analysis, have evaluated 225,841 patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in the presence of sepsis. A positive correlation was found between sepsis, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. Compared to patients without AF, higher FA recurrence rate, a longer length of stay in ICU/hospitals, and consequently increased costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup><sup>-</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A recent systematic review, with meta-analysis developed by Corica et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> showed that NOAF is commonly found during sepsis, being present in 1 in 7 individuals. Patients with AF are at higher risk of adverse events during sepsis and need specific therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Due to the increased severity of patients, the onset of AF can be a watershed /turning point between life and death.</p>
      <p>The AFSEMA study evidenced AF as increasing hospital mortality of patients at a rate of 34.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The study revealed risk factors (RF) for AF, such as heart failure with previous AF and echocardiographic findings with enlarged left atrium and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). Moreover, higher values of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and increased risk of arrhythmias, in addition to high levels of C-reactive protein, support the hypothesis that inflammation is an essential trigger for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although AF is associated with patients with high-severity clinical conditions during critical illness, this arrhythmia seems to increase the severity of the sepsis, per se, as an independent variable. Early prediction of AF during sepsis would allow testing interventions in the ICU to prevent it and avoid complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another systematic review, with a meta-analysis, analyzed RFs for NOAF in patients with sepsis. The data revealed that new-onset atrial arrhythmias are associated with acute sepsis and are not RF for community-associated AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Other relevant risk factors for AF that must be considered are pre-existing heart diseases (coronary artery disease, subclinical atherosclerosis, valvulopathies, cardiomyopathies, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, subclinical hyperthyroidism, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle), factors related to HF or HFrEF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and the severity of the disease sepsis <italic>per se</italic>. In addition, aging male gender, race, and genetic factors are considered independent RF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The etiology of AF is multifactorial and may be triggered by factors that disturb normal cardiac electrical conduction, such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypovolemia, in addition to changes in parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, leading atrial foci to develop abnormal automaticity, self-sustaining action potentials or reentrant circuits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory state, and AF can develop by direct infiltration of inflammatory cells and oxidative damage to atrial myocytes. Vasoactive agents often used in the ICU, such as Dopamine and Norepinephrine, can lead to an increase in ectopic atrial discharges, triggering the onset of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although critical illness-induced AF also follows the development of a susceptible atrial substrate combined with a triggering event, specific factors that contribute to the arrhythmogenic substrate may differ from community-acquired AF.</p>
      <p>The acute loss of atrial systole and the rapid ventricular rate that characterize the onset of AF lead to a decrease in cardiac output and hemodynamic impairment, worsening the patient's clinical condition and prognosis.</p>
      <p>Imaging tests demonstrate that patients with sepsis have biventricular dilatation with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, which are unrelated to coronary perfusion. It is suggested that circulating cytokines and local production of cardiac depressant factors are the underlying causes of this &#8220;septic cardiomyopathy&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>NOAF may be a dysfunctional cardiac response to infection with strong prognostic implications as described in the AFSEMA Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and may represent an underestimated sepsis-defining organ dysfunction, mainly in the elderly.</p>
      <p>Identifying, diagnosing, and treating sepsis in the elderly remains challenging due to its atypical manifestations. Physiological alterations of aging and multiple comorbidities make early diagnosis and treatment difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Physicians should be aware that NOAF in sepsis is not just a temporary arrhythmia but a marker of poor prognosis and should be treated appropriately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Atrial Fibrillation and Sepsis in Elderly Patients and Their Associaton with In-Hospital Mortality</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
