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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9trj6BTqDNyhqC4BK6DxpYb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Enxerto Multiarterial na Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria. A Busca Renovada por Resultados Aprimorados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3385-0215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina e Hospital S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina e Hospital S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Walter J. Gomes</bold> &#8226; Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Escola Paulista de Medicina e Hospital S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Botucatu, 740. CEP <postal-code>04023-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>wjgomes1012@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230094</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/enxerto</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Com uma crescente s&#233;rie de evid&#234;ncias contempor&#226;neas e hist&#243;ricas fortalecendo a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) como o procedimento mais eficaz para o tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) ateroscler&#243;tica avan&#231;ada, a busca por melhores resultados e aprimoramento da qualidade est&#225; se acelerando.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A pat&#234;ncia do enxerto a longo prazo &#233; fundamental para os benef&#237;cios da cirurgia, evitando o desencadeamento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) espont&#226;neo e aumentando a sobrevida a longo prazo, o que &#233; demonstrado com o emprego de condutos da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) anastomosados &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que os enxertos arteriais demonstraram superioridade sobre os enxertos convencionais de veia safena (EVS) em termos de perviedade a longo prazo, torna-se intuitivo empregar outros enxertos arteriais para benef&#237;cio incremental.</p>
    <p>Isso se alinha e apoia a compreens&#227;o contempor&#226;nea da fisiopatologia da DAC, onde o conceito desatualizado, mas ainda vigente, de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica como a principal causa de resultado adverso na DAC foi sepultado.A ruptura e a eros&#227;o da placa associada &#224; estenose n&#227;o cr&#237;tica, comumente localizada na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, longe da placa est&#225;vel, s&#227;o as causas da maioria dos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio, com a evid&#234;ncia da carga ateroscler&#243;tica como o principal determinante dos resultados em DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A CRM anastomosa um enxerto coron&#225;rio &#224; por&#231;&#227;o distal do vaso doente, contornando suas numerosas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas espalhadas a montante que formam o substrato para ruptura da placa, trombose e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, levando &#224; morte e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Paredes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> relatam os resultados precoces de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com m&#250;ltiplos enxertos arteriais (MEA) em compara&#231;&#227;o com um &#250;nico enxerto arterial (UEA) em um estudo de coorte do REPLICCAR II (Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II). De uma coorte original de 3.122 pacientes, 531 (17%) receberam m&#250;ltiplos enxertos arteriais. Ap&#243;s pareamento pelo escore de propens&#227;o, os pacientes do grupo UEA apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, com maior taxa de procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia, pneumonia recente e eventos coronarianos agudos. Em contraste, os pacientes do grupo UEA eram mais velhos e apresentavam maior taxa de diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Reiterando achados de relat&#243;rios anteriores, o uso de MEA foi associado a uma taxa mais alta de infec&#231;&#227;o profunda da ferida esternal (IPFE). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas com acidente vascular cerebral p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, les&#227;o renal, tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o &gt; 14 dias. &#201; digno de nota que a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 1,8% em ambos os grupos, tornando-se uma conquista not&#225;vel em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com DAC avan&#231;ada, favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#250;meros de um banco de dados nacional brasileiro, o registro BYPASS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora seja instintivo que os enxertos de m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias possam fornecer perviedade superior a longo prazo e resultados cl&#237;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o EVS, as evid&#234;ncias permanecem controversas e a prova de conceito est&#225; faltando at&#233; o momento. V&#225;rios estudos observacionais e meta-an&#225;lises sugeriram a associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos enxertos arteriais com benef&#237;cios superiores de sobrevida a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, o Arterial Revascularization Trial (ART), o &#250;nico estudo randomizado a comparar pacientes recebendo enxertos bilaterais versus &#250;nicos de ATI, n&#227;o encontrou nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa de sobrevida de 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, uma an&#225;lise post-hoc do estudo ART sugeriu um benef&#237;cio do enxerto de ATI bilateral em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto de ATI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#250;nico quando a an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar foi restrita a pacientes com idades entre 50 e 70 anos, com uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente menor de eventos adversos maiores (mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
    <p>Uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a dos achados do REPLICCAR II est&#225; relacionada &#224; taxa mais alta de IPFE, que ficou em 5,6% no bra&#231;o MEA e 2,26% no bra&#231;o UEA. O risco de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o prejudicada pode ser minimizado com a sele&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa do paciente e modifica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o da ATI para esqueletizada em vez de pediculada, o que preserva a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e o suprimento sangu&#237;neo esternal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias do estudo ART e outros demonstraram que, quando a t&#233;cnica esqueletizada &#233; usada para a coleta de ATIB, nenhuma diferen&#231;a &#233; observada uma vez em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo ATI &#250;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A taxa de esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o ATI de 52% no bra&#231;o REPLICAR II MEA fica abaixo da margem padr&#227;o para seguran&#231;a, provavelmente justificando a diferen&#231;a obtida.</p>
    <p>No entanto, al&#233;m do est&#237;mulo para o uso de MEA em CRM, o EVS tamb&#233;m est&#225; fazendo progressos significativos em resultados em longo prazo. A t&#233;cnica no-touch de dissec&#231;&#227;o de EVS, que envolve a remo&#231;&#227;o de um EVS pediculado com o tecido perivascular intacto sem manipula&#231;&#227;o direta ou distens&#227;o de alta press&#227;o, preservando a integridade do endot&#233;lio e da parede do vaso, demonstrou melhora da perviedade do conduto VS a longo prazo, compar&#225;vel &#224; perviedade do enxerto de ATI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Finalmente, os autores devem ser enaltecidos pelo enorme esfor&#231;o para construir o registro REPLICCAR II, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para os sistemas de sa&#250;de e sinalizando a pr&#225;tica nacional de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica coronariana.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resultados Imediatos ap&#243;s M&#250;ltiplos Enxertos Arteriais em Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo: Estudo de Coorte</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multi-Arterial Grafting in Surgical Coronary Revascularization. The Renewed Quest for Enhanced Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3385-0215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina e Hospital S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Walter J. Gomes</bold> &#8226; Disciplina de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Escola Paulista de Medicina e Hospital S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Botucatu, 740. Postal Code <postal-code>04023-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>wjgomes1012@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization/transplant</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Mammary Arteries/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>With a large body of contemporary and historic evidence strengthening coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) as the most effective procedure for treating advanced atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), the quest for enhanced outcomes and quality improvement is steadily underway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Long-term graft patency is crucial for the benefits afforded by surgery, averting spontaneous myocardial infarction rate (MI) and increasing long-term survival, which is demonstrated with the employment of internal thoracic artery (ITA) conduits anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery.</p>
      <p>Since arterial grafts have demonstrated superiority over conventional saphenous vein grafts (SVG) in terms of long-term patency, it becomes intuitive to employ other arterial grafts for incremental benefit.</p>
      <p>It aligns with and supports the contemporary understanding of CAD pathophysiology, where the outdated but still-running concept of chronic myocardial ischemia as the leading cause of adverse outcome in CAD have been laid to rest. Plaque rupture and erosion associated with noncritical stenosis commonly located in the coronary artery away from the stable plaque are causatives of most MI, with the evidence of the atherosclerotic burden as the primary determinant of outcomes in CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CABG attaches a coronary graft to the distal portion of the diseased vessel bypassing its numerous atherosclerotic plaques scattered upstream that form the substrate for plaque disruption, thrombosis, and MI, ultimately leading to death and heart failure.</p>
      <p>Paredes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> report the early outcomes of patients who underwent CABG using multiple arterial grafts (MAG) compared to a single arterial graft (SAG) in a cohort study of the REPLICCAR II (Paulista Cardiovascular Surgery Registry II). From an original cohort of 3122 patients, 531 (17%) received multiple arterial grafting. After propensity score matching, the patients in the SAG group had a higher prevalence of males and familiar history of CAD, with an increased rate of urgent procedures, recent pneumonia, and acute coronary events. In contrast, the patients in the SAG group were older and had a higher rate of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, and smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Reiterating findings of prior reports, the use of MAG was associated with a higher rate of deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). No statistically significant differences were observed with postoperative stroke, kidney injury, intubation time, mortality, and length of hospital stay &gt; 14 days. Of note, the hospital mortality rate was 1.8% in both groups, making it an outstanding achievement in such a population with advanced CAD, favorable compared to figures of a Brazilian national database, the BYPASS registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although instinctive that multiple artery grafts may provide superior long-term patency and clinical outcomes compared to SVG, evidence remains controversial, and proof of concept is lacking thus far. Several observational studies and meta-analyses suggested the association of multiple arterial grafts with superior long-term survival benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the Arterial Revascularization Trial (ART), the sole randomized trial ever to compare patients receiving bilateral versus single ITA grafts, found no significant difference in the 10-year survival rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, a post-hoc analysis of the ART trial suggested a benefit of bilateral ITA over single ITA grafting when the intention-to-treat analysis was restricted to patients between ages 50 and 70 years, with a significantly lower incidence of major adverse events (all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in the BITA arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization recommends the consideration of a second arterial graft (RITA or radial artery) as an adjunct to LITA in appropriate patients (class IIA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A safety concern from the REPLICCAR II findings is related to the higher rate of DSWI, which stood at 5.6% in the MAG arm and 2.26% in the SAG arm. The risk of impaired wound healing can be minimized with careful patient selection and modification of the ITA dissection technique to skeletonized rather than pedicled, which preserves collateral circulation and sternal blood supply.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Evidence from the ART trial and others demonstrated that when the skeletonized technique is used for BITA harvesting, no difference is seen once compared to the single ITA group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The 52% ITA skeletonization rate in the REPLICAR II MAG arm falls below the standard margin for safety, likely accounting for the difference attained.</p>
      <p>However, aside from the push for MAG usage in CABG, the SVG is also making significant strides in performance. The no-touch SVG harvesting technique, which involves removing a pedicled SVG with the intact perivascular tissue without direct manipulation or high-pressure distension, preserving the endothelium and vessel wall integrity, has demonstrated improved long-term SV conduit patency, comparable to ITA graft patency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, the authors should be commended for the tremendous effort to build up the REPLICCAR II registry, providing invaluable information for health systems and signaling the national practice on surgical coronary revascularization.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Immediate Results after Multiple Arterial Grafts in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in the S&#227;o Paulo State: Cross Cohort Stud</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
