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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fT7Kps4NyBxsQrn4hQmphxb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220649</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>As &#8220;Cinco Ondas Malignas&#8221; da Eletrocardiografia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1056-5083</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Mitermayer Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa - Arritmias/Eletrofisiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mitermayer Reis Brito &#8226; Hospital Madre Teresa - Arritmias/Eletrofisiologia - Avenida Raja Gabaglia, 1002. CEP 30380-090, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>miter@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220649</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As &#8220;Cinco Ondas Malignas da Eletrocardiografia&#8221; s&#227;o na sua maioria causadas por um substrato gen&#233;tico n&#227;o bem conhecido, que s&#227;o definidas como um novo subgrupo de condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, classificadas como doen&#231;as arritmog&#234;nicas heredit&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>Algumas das s&#237;ndromes arritmog&#234;nicas heredit&#225;rias apresentam uma onda cl&#225;ssica no eletrocardiograma (ECG), as quais podem ser uma das principais anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas para o seu diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>A inten&#231;&#227;o deste ponto de vista &#233; ressaltar a import&#226;ncia de agrupar estas ondas em um conceito ainda n&#227;o descrito, e mais did&#225;tico, demonstrando as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas presentes nestas doen&#231;as, que ocorrem no complexo QRS, segmento ST e onda T. Seria como surfar nestas ondas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura1</xref> -Ilustrativa) e assim facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o das suas principais caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em deriva&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas no plano frontal e horizontal do ECG.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Cinco Ondas Malignas da Eletrocardiografia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220649-20649-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas das s&#237;ndromes relacionadas &#224;s Cinco Ondas Malignas podem ocorrer em v&#225;rios fen&#243;tipos e apresentarem um car&#225;ter lento e progressivo de suas evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, assim como suas respectivas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, dificultando suas identifica&#231;&#245;es e diferencia&#231;&#245;es com outros fen&#243;tipos n&#227;o card&#237;acos (ex: miopatia esquel&#233;tica, outras patologias sist&#234;micas) cujas doen&#231;as subjacentes podem ter causas gen&#233;ticas (ex: miopatia gen desmin) e n&#227;o gen&#233;ticas (ex: Doen&#231;a Chagas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>As &#8220;Cinco Ondas Malignas&#8221; podem ter como principal desfecho cl&#237;nico arritmias com risco de vida como taquicardia ventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como s&#237;ncope e morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
    <sec>
      <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas ECG das cinco ondas malignas e suas s&#237;ndromes</title>
      <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas ECG das Cinco Ondas Malignas e suas s&#237;ndromes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais caracter&#237;sticas ECG das cinco ondas malignas. SWPW: S&#237;ndrome Wolff Parkinson White; DAVD: displasia arritmog&#234;nica ventr&#237;culo direito; SBr: S&#237;ndrome Brugada; SRP: S&#237;ndrome Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce; SQTL: S&#237;ndrome QT Longo; SQTC: S&#237;ndrome QT Curto, *ondas T negativas, &#8601;onda Epsilon.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220649-20649-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Onda Delta e a S&#237;ndrome de Wolff Parkinson White (SWPW)</title>
        <p>As principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da SWPW s&#227;o decorrentes da pr&#233; excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s de uma via acess&#243;ria &#225;trio ventricular e consistem no encurtamento do intervalo PR (&#8804;0,12s), empastamento na por&#231;&#227;o inicial do QRS (onda delta), alargamento do QRS (&#8805;0,12s) e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias do segmento ST/T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Onda Epsilon e a Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (DAVD)</title>
        <p>As ondas &#233;psilon refletem o atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o no VD devido &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por tecido fibr&#243;tico gorduroso e s&#227;o potenciais el&#233;tricos p&#243;s-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular de pequena amplitude em V1a V3, que ocorrem entre o final do QRS e in&#237;cio do segmento ST e s&#227;o observados em at&#233; 25% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>A despolariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; anormal e consiste na dura&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o terminal, que &#233; o mais longo valor nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3, do nadir da onda S ao final de todas as deflec&#231;&#245;es da despolariza&#231;&#227;o (&#8805;55ms), portanto incluindo a por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da onda S, os potenciais fracionados tardios e a onda epsilon. Al&#233;m da onda epsilon, pode ocorrer presen&#231;a de ondas T invertidas em V1, V2 V3, acima da idade de 14 anos (com BRD incompleto) at&#233; 67% dos casos. A presen&#231;a da dura&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o terminal anormal e de ondas T invertidas s&#227;o consideradas anormalidades de maior risco para arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>A onda J e suas S&#237;ndromes</title>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes da onda J incluem a S&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) e a S&#237;ndrome da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce (SRP) e s&#227;o caracterizadas pela manifesta&#231;&#227;o de uma proeminente onda J no ECG, ocorrendo como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e surgimento de arritmias com risco de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup> A SBr e a SRP diferem em rela&#231;&#227;o a magnitude e localiza&#231;&#227;o das deriva&#231;&#245;es da onda J anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estas anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas tem sido descritas por estudos como um potente gradiente da repolariza&#231;&#227;o localizado sobre as regi&#245;es &#237;nfero lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com a SRP associados a uma ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal. Contrariamente, foram registrados uma atividade fragmentada do eletrograma devido &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o lenta por descontinuidade na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito de pacientes com a SBr somados a uma significativa dispers&#227;o de gradiente da repolariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Onda J e a S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</title>
        <p>A &#250;nica forma diagn&#243;stica ECG da SBr &#233; o Tipo I (&#8220;tipo Coved&#8221;) caracterizado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 2mm (0,2mV) com uma onda J larga e elevada em uma ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, posicionadas no quarto espa&#231;o intercostal (V1e/ou V2) ou em posi&#231;&#245;es mais craniais (2&#186;, 3&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Onda J e a S&#237;ndrome da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</title>
        <p>A SRP &#233; reconhecida por uma onda J distinta, com in&#237;cio elevado, entalhe ou empastamento da por&#231;&#227;o terminal do QRS e o segmento ST em 2 ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;nuas excluindo V1-V3; o final da onda J &#233; elevado (&#8805; 0,1mV) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais (Tipo I), infero lateral (Tipo II) ou infero lateral mais as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (Tipo III). Pacientes com a onda J muito proeminente e o segmento ST horizontalizado ou descendente, est&#227;o associados com pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Onda T e as S&#237;ndromes do QT longo/Curto</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da S&#237;ndrome do QT longo (SQTL) &#233; baseado no ECG e nas medidas do intervalo QT corrigido para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (QTc). Os valores de corte t&#234;m sido estabelecidos baseados no uso da F&#243;rmula de Bazett. Normalmente, o QTc anormal &#233; maior ou igual a 460ms nas mulheres e 440ms nos homens. Adicionalmente, pacientes afetados pela SQTL cong&#234;nita demonstram frequentes anormalidades na morfologia da onda T, como ondas T dif&#225;sicas, entalhes, baixa amplitude, ou in&#237;cio da sua inscri&#231;&#227;o muito lento. A altern&#226;ncia das ondas T &#233; raro, mas isto est&#225; correlacionado com pior progn&#243;stico. O intervalo QT &#233; o mais importante indicador de risco. Pacientes que apresentam com QTc &gt; 500ms repetitivamente s&#227;o considerados de alto risco para arritmias e morte s&#250;bita1. O ponto de corte de limite para defini&#231;&#227;o da SQT curto tem sido considerado entre 340 a 360ms. A maioria dos pacientes apresentam ondas T apiculadas, de maior amplitude e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e praticamente uma aus&#234;ncia do segmento ST e o intervalo Tpeak-Tend relativamente longo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Como explicar as arritmias card&#237;acas das Cinco Ondas Malignas e suas S&#237;ndromes?</title>
      <p>As muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas dos canais i&#244;nicos, que ocorrem nas canolopatias (SBr, SQTL/Curto) e na SRP, alteram o fluxo i&#244;nico, com modifica&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e podem levar a arritmias malignas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Os danos ao mioc&#225;rdio com substitui&#231;&#227;o por tecido fibroso/gorduroso na DAVD, podem induzir arritmias com risco de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>O risco de morte s&#250;bita na SWPW &#233; raro e deve-se &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial pr&#233;-excitados pela via acess&#243;ria com parada card&#237;aca como mecanismo documentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a SWPW e a hipertrofia ventricular tem sido descrita como uma variante gen&#233;tica, podendo estar associado a doen&#231;as do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, caracterizando a S&#237;ndrome PRKAG2, com presen&#231;a de taquiarritmias frequentes, morte s&#250;bita e BAV total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cen&#225;rio das mudan&#231;as das s&#237;ndromes arritmog&#234;nicas heredit&#225;rias</title>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes arritmog&#234;nicas que ocorrem nas Cinco Ondas Malignas s&#227;o heredit&#225;rias e tem sido normalmente atribu&#237;da na sua maioria, a uma heran&#231;a dominante autoss&#244;mica, devido a anormalidades monogenicas.</p>
      <p>Estas doen&#231;as podem ser geneticamente mais complexas e oligogenicas, especialmente na SBr. A simples equa&#231;&#227;o de gen&#243;tipo &#233; igual fen&#243;tipo/doen&#231;a tem sido tamb&#233;m progressivamente questionada. Isto foi inicialmente evidenciado pela superposi&#231;&#227;o do gene SCN5A n&#227;o somente &#224; SBr, como tamb&#233;m a doen&#231;a progressiva da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (DPCC) e SQTL acompanhados da associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fen&#243;tipos, como a miocardiopatia dilatada e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios para determinar a patogenecidade da maioria destas doen&#231;as t&#234;m sido bastante rigorosos, n&#227;o mais considerando uma vari&#225;vel binaria (gen&#243;tipo &#233; igual a fen&#243;tipo), mas ao inv&#233;s, um espectro amplo de patogenecidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Isto significa que sob um gene (exemplo: SCN5A) podem estar presentes outras s&#237;ndromes al&#233;m da SBr, cujas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poderiam ocorrer em diferentes est&#225;gios das suas evolu&#231;&#245;es devido a muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas. A implica&#231;&#227;o destes crit&#233;rios na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica destas s&#237;ndromes &#233; relevante, uma vez que a preval&#234;ncia destas cinco entidades clinicas &#233; baixa como um todo, os seus diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o s&#227;o geralmente simples, mas os seus desfechos cl&#237;nicos podem ser fatais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(3):e20220649</p>
        <p>No Ponto de Vista &#8220;As &#8220;Cinco Ondas Malignas&#8221; da Eletrocardiografia&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220649, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(3):e20220649, na p&#225;gina 1, corrigir o t&#237;tulo do artigo em ingl&#234;s para: The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; of the Electrocardiography.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; of the Electrocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1056-5083</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Mitermayer Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa - Arritmias/Eletrofisiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mitermayer Reis Brito &#8226; Hospital Madre Teresa - Arritmias/Eletrofisiologia - Avenida Raja Gabaglia, 1002. Postal Code 30380-090, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: miter@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Death Sudden</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves of Eletrocardiography <bold>&#8221;</bold> are in their majority due a genetic substrate not well known, which are considered as a new subgroup of cardiac conditions, classified as inherited arrhythmogenic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Some of the inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes present a classical wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which may be one of the main ECG abnormalities for their diagnostics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>The aim of this point of view is to highlight the importance to gather these waves in a new concept not described before and more didactic, presenting the ECG abnormalities which occur on QRS complex, ST segment and T wave.</p>
      <p>It would be as to surf over these waves along QRS complex, ST segment and T wave and so facilitate the identification of their main ECG features, in specific leads in the frontal/horizontal planes.</p>
      <p>The ECG manifestations of the syndromes related to &#8220;Five Malignant Waves &#8220; ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> Ilustrative) may occur in several phenotypes, present slow and progressive clinical evolutions as well their respectives ECG changes, making more difficult their identifications and diferentiations with others noncardiac phenotypes (e.g.skeletal myopathy, other organ patologies) which underlying diseases may have genetic (e.g. desmin gen myopathy) and non genetic (e.g. Chagas disease) causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Five Malignant Waves of Eletrocardiography.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220649-20649-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; may have as clinical outcomes life-threatening arrhythmias as polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and clinical manifestations as syncope and sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>The main ECG features of the five malignant waves and their syndromes</title>
        <p>The Main ECG features of the &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; and their syndromes are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Main ECG features of the five malignant waves. WPWS: Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome; RVAD: Right Ventricle Arrhythmogenic Displasia; BrS: Brugada Syndrome; ERS: Early Repolarization Syndrome; LQTS: Long QT Syndrome; SQTS: Short QT Syndrome, *negative T waves, &#8601;Epsilon wave.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220649-20649-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Delta Wave and Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPWS)</title>
          <p>The main ECG features of WPWS are due to the ventricle pre excitation by the presence of an atrio-ventricular accessory pathway and consist the shortening of PRinterval(&#8804;0,12s), slurring in the initial portion of QRS (delta wave), widening of QRS(&#8805;0.12s) and secondary of ST/T segment changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Epsilon wave and the Right Ventricle Arrhythmogenic Displasia (RVAD)</title>
          <p>The epsilon waves reflect delay conduction in RV due to replacement of myocardial by fibrotic fatty tissue and are electrical deflections pos ventricular excitation, of low amplitude in V1 to V3, which occur between the end of the QRS and the onset of ST segment and are observed up to 25% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>The depolarization is abnormal and consists on duration of terminal activation, which is the longest value in leads V1-V3, from the nadir of the S wave to the end of all depolarization deflections (&#8805;55ms), therefore including not only the ascendent portion of S wave, but as well the late fractioned potentials and the epsilon wave.</p>
          <p>Besides the &#233;psilon wave, may occur inverted T waves in leads V1,V2,V3, &gt;14 years of age (with incomplete RBBB) or in V4,V5,V6 and inverted T wave in V1,V2,V3,V4 in the presence of complete RBBB up to 87% of the cases. The presence of abnormal duration of terminal activation and inverted T wave are considered abnormalities of major risk for arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The J wave and their Syndromes</title>
        <p>The J wave syndromes, including the Brugada Syndrome (BrS) and the early repolarization syndrome(ERS) are caracterized by the manifestation of prominent J waves on the ECG and the development of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The BrS and the ERS differ with respect to the magnitude and lead location of abnormal J waves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These ECG abnormalities have been reported by studies as very steep localized repolarization gradients across the inferior/lateral regions of LV of ERS patients, in conjuction with normal ventricular activation. In contrast, fractionated electrogram activity due to slow discontinuous conduction was recorded in the right ventricle outflow tract of BrS patients in addition to a steep dispersion of repolarization gradientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>J wave and Brugada Syndrome</title>
          <p>The only ECG form diagnostic of BrS is a Type 1 (&#8220;coved type&#8221;) ST segment elevation of &#8805; 2mm (0.2mV) with a broad and elevated J wave, in one or + right precordial leads positioned in the 4 th intercostal space (V1 and/or V2) or in more cranial positions (2nd or 3rd intercostal space).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>J Wave and the Early Repolarization Syndrome</title>
          <p>The ERS is recognized with the appearance of distint J wave with elevated onset, notch or slur on the terminal part of QRS and the ST segment in two or more contiguous ECG leads, excluding V1-V3; the end of the J wave are elevated (&gt;=0.1mV) in the lateral (Type 1), infero-lateral (Type II) or in infero-lateral + right precordial leads (Type III). Patients with a very prominent J wave and horizontal or descending ST segment are associated with worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T Wave and LQTS / SQTS</title>
          <p>The diagnosis of LQTS is based on the ECG and the measurement of the heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc). Cut-off values have been established based on the use of Bazett formula. Normally, an abnormal QTc are greater than or equal to 460ms in females and 440ms in males. Furthermore, patients affected by congenital LQTS show frequent abnormalities in the T wave morphology, as diphasic T waves, notches, low amplitude, or very slow onset. The alternation of T wave is rare, but it correlates with poor prognosis.</p>
          <p>The QT interval is the most important indicator of risk. Patients who present with QTc &gt;500ms repetitively are considered at high risk for arrhythmias and SCD.</p>
          <p>The cut-off for the definition of SQTS has been raised to values between 340 to 360ms. Most patients show tall, peaked, and narrow T waves, with an almost absent ST segment and a relative long Tpeak-Tend interval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>How to explain the Cardiac Arrhythmias of &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; and their Syndromes?</title>
        <p>The genetics mutations of the ionic channel which are present in the canelopathies (BrS, LQTS, SQTS) and ERS lead to the ionic flow alterations, with ventricular depolarization and repolarization changes and may lead to malignant arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> </sup>The injuries to the myocardial by fatty/fibrotic tissue replacement in RVARD, may induce life-threatening arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </sup>The sudden death risks in the WPWS are rare and are due to the presence of pre-excited atrial fibrillation/flutter by the accessory pathway with cardiac arrest as the documented mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>The association between WPWS and ventricular hypertrophy has been described as a genetic variant, and may been associated to the presence of frequent tachyarrhythmias, sudden death and complete AV Block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The Landscape of the Inherited Arrhythmogenic Syndromes Changes</title>
        <p>The arrhythmogenic syndromes which occur in the Five Malignant Waves are inherited and are normally assigned in their majority to autosomal dominant inheretance because of monogenic abnormalities.</p>
        <p>These diseases may be genetically more complex and oligogenic, particularly in BrS. The simple genotype equals fenotype/disease equation is also increasingly questioned. This was first evidenced by SCN5A overlap not only of BrS, as well as progressive cardiac conduction disease (PCCD), and LQTS followed by association with other fenotypes, as dilated cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation</p>
        <p>The criteria to determine the pathogeneticy of the majority of these diseases have been stringent, and no longer considered as a binary variable (genotype equals fenotype), but instead a wide spectrum of pathogeneticy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>It means that under one gen (i.e. SC5NA) may be present others syndromes beyond BrS which the clinical manifestions may occur in different stages of their evolutions due to genes mutations. The implication of these criteria on the clinical decision of these syndromes is relevant, once the overall prevalence of these five clinical entities is low, their diagnosis are not always simple but the clinical outcomes can be fatal.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(3):e20220649</p>
          <p>In the Viewpoint &#8220;The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; of the Eletrocardiography&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220649, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(3):e20220649, on page 1, correct the title of the article in English to: The &#8220;Five Malignant Waves&#8221; of the Electrocardiography.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
