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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PBmq6V794jY6gz6nMsGK3th</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220608</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia de Endocardite Infecciosa. An&#225;lise de 328 Pacientes Operados em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio Terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0654-2893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2334-9718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Vilella A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-946X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Roberto B. &#201;vora &#8226; Rua Rui Barbosa, 367, apto 15. CEP 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>prbevora@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220608</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A endocardite infecciosa (EI) refere-se &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica do cora&#231;&#227;o e geralmente ocorre em valvas nativas ou prot&#233;ticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar dados de EI refletindo a terap&#234;utica cir&#250;rgica, em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio do interior do estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Abordagem retrospectiva e observacional de 328 pacientes com EI operados entre 1982 e 2020</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os principais dados (n=121/37%), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (n=114/35%), valvopatia (n=92/28%), diabetes mellitus (n=85/26%), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (n=59/18%) e febre reum&#225;tica (49/15%). A insufici&#234;ncia renal &#233; um dos principais e mais relevantes fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos para um mau progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Para um melhor resultado cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico &#233; necess&#225;rio o diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico e etiol&#243;gico precoce da EI, principalmente em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endocardite Infecciosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Cirurgia de Endocardite Infecciosa. An&#225;lise de 328 Pacientes Operados em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio Terci&#225;rio</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conforme citado por Hubers et al.,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Sir William Osler descreveu a endocardite infecciosa (EI) como &#8220;uma das mais formid&#225;veis afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas&#8221;, j&#225; que todos os pacientes naquela &#233;poca morriam da doen&#231;a. Embora a mortalidade tenha melhorado no &#250;ltimo s&#233;culo, a EI continua sendo uma doen&#231;a mortal, e mais avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para continuar melhorando os resultados.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Seria importante enfatizar sua import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica com base em sua inclus&#227;o em metan&#225;lises. Por exemplo, Urina-Jassir et al.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> em excelente estudo, apresentam o perfil da endocardite na Am&#233;rica Latina. Al&#233;m disso, de 1955 a 2022, foram publicados 185 trabalhos indexados na MEDLINE (PUBMED) ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). H&#225; um &#8220;pico&#8221; de publica&#231;&#245;es nas d&#233;cadas de 80 e 90, seguido de queda num&#233;rica. Tem-se a impress&#227;o de que um novo &#8220;pico&#8221; pode estar em andamento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Linha do tempo das publica&#231;&#245;es dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia sobre endocardite infecciosa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Acreditamos que estes breves dados sejam suficientes para definir o &#8220;racional&#8221; e a motiva&#231;&#227;o para esta apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para destacar a) A preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades pr&#233;vias dos pacientes; b) Indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; c) Os principais fatores de risco que influenciam a mortalidade; e d) O progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com EI submetidos &#224; cirurgia como principal terapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento de estudo</title>
        <p>Realizou-se um estudo observacional retrospectivo. A amostra &#233; caracterizada por pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de EI operados, entre 1982 e 2020, no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), sem distin&#231;&#227;o de sexo, idade, ra&#231;a ou n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico. A amostra populacional foi estabelecida por amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>A pesquisa est&#225; pautada em princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos (Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012, do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (HCRP), com registro na Plataforma CAAE Brasil: 32043720.9.0000.5440. Um termo assinado dispensou a necessidade de os pacientes assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instrumento de coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram classificados como EI pela codifica&#231;&#227;o da alta hospitalar, pois as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Duke n&#227;o foram regularmente documentadas. Os pesquisadores tiveram acesso aos prontu&#225;rios e, consequentemente, &#224; lista de prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes no Servi&#231;o de Arquivo M&#233;dico (SAM) da FMRP-USP no segundo semestre de 2020. Realizou-se uma criteriosa poss&#237;vel metan&#225;lise das informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes de cada paciente que pudessem contribuir ao progn&#243;stico e ao resultado cir&#250;rgico. Esses dados foram considerados comorbidades, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), doen&#231;a coronariana (DC), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), diabetes, insufici&#234;ncia renal e doen&#231;as pulmonares; abuso de &#225;lcool e/ou drogas il&#237;citas; tipo de v&#225;lvula infectada e localiza&#231;&#227;o microrganismo causador; entre outros. Os dados foram coletados e tabulados para a devida an&#225;lise e publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a estrutura&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados, realizou-se uma an&#225;lise descritiva e explorat&#243;ria. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram relatadas frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como porcentagens. Para an&#225;lise de risco de mortalidade utilizou-se o c&#225;lculo de possibilidades ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> ) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para verificar as mudan&#231;as de preval&#234;ncia. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 [Inc. Chicago. IL]). Foram considerados valores significativos de p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As cirurgias foram realizadas eletivamente em 88% dos pacientes devido &#224; m&#225; resposta ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e &#224; imagem ecogr&#225;fica. Os outros 12 pacientes foram operados em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia por choque cardiocirculat&#243;rio grave. No total, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 328 pacientes com EI operados de 1982 a 2020, com idade prevalente entre 41 e 60 anos. A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes, bem como os dados de mortalidade, classifica&#231;&#227;o de EI e principais etiologias. As demais tabelas apresentam dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, comorbidades pr&#233;vias ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ), indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ), progn&#243;stico ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ) e principais riscos de mortalidade ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ) de todos os pacientes operados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Demografia e mortalidade (N=328)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">1.Demografia </th>
                <th>N=328</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Homem</td>
                <td align="center">119 (36%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">209 (64%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>2. Mortalidade global</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">160 (49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade em homens</td>
                <td align="center">100 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade em mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">60 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>3 Classifica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N=328</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Agudas e subagudas</td>
                <td align="center">308 (94%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Valva inespec&#237;fica</td>
                <td align="center">20 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>4. Etiologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Staphylococcus</td>
                <td align="center">121 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Streptococcus</td>
                <td align="center">105 (32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Enterococcus</italic> , gram-negativos e outras esp&#233;cies de fungos</td>
                <td align="center">17 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Cultura negativa</td>
                <td align="center">85 (26%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>5. Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N=328</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Urgente</td>
                <td align="center">39 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Eletiva</td>
                <td align="center">289 (88%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>6. Pr&#243;teses valvares</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">262 (80%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mec&#226;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">92 (35%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Biol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">170 (65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Valvuloplastia</td>
                <td align="center">66 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Comorbidades pr&#233;vias da amostra analisada (N=328). (1) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; (2) Doen&#231;a valvar com pr&#243;tese; (3) Diabetes Mellitus; (4) Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; (5) Febre reum&#225;tica; (6) Endocardite pr&#233;via; (7) Imunocomprometido; (8) Hemodi&#225;lise; (9) Interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada com cateter venoso central; (10) HIV positivo/AIDS (11) Toxicodepend&#234;ncia intravenosa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da amostra analisada (N=328)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica</th>
                <th align="left">N</th>
                <th align="left">Freq.</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td>230</td>
                <td>70%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Falha no Tratamento Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td>187</td>
                <td>57%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vegeta&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10mm</td>
                <td>154</td>
                <td>47%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                <td>102</td>
                <td>31%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Embolia cardiog&#234;nica</td>
                <td>39</td>
                <td>12%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Progn&#243;stico da amostra analisada (N=328)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Progn&#243;stico</th>
                <th align="left">N</th>
                <th align="left">Freq.</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrevida</td>
                <td>168</td>
                <td>51%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td>160</td>
                <td>49%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade Cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>2%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais Riscos de mortalidade (N=328)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Riscos de Mortalidade</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de chances (Odds ratio)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 - 1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</td>
                <td align="center">3,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 - 7,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 - 1,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o Refrat&#225;ria ao Tratamento Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 - 5,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 - 1,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Embolismo</td>
                <td align="center">2,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 - 4,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,533</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As principais comorbidades apresentadas pelos pacientes deste estudo foram: 1) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (35%); 2) Valvulopatia com pr&#243;tese (28%); 3) Diabetes Mellitus (26%); 4) Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (18%) e; 5) Febre reum&#225;tica (15%) ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> , <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> )). As principais indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram: 1) Disfun&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (n=230); decorrentes de ICC e/ou disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares; 2) Falha no tratamento cl&#237;nico (n=187), e; 3) Vegeta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica maior que 10 mm (n=154).</p>
      <p>Revisamos arquivos de 375 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia (69,3 &#243;bitos; 30,7% sobreviventes), entre 1982 e 2020. Encontramos uma vis&#227;o semelhante entre as refer&#234;ncias mundiais, sugerindo uma esp&#233;cie de &#8220;comportamento universal&#8221;. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;am o racioc&#237;nio da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o. A cirurgia foi realizada eletivamente em 88% da amostra. Isso &#233; muito incomum e deve ser especulado, pois a mortalidade &#233; extremamente alta.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise epidemiol&#243;gica revelou que o padr&#227;o etiol&#243;gico da EI mudou nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas, quando o Staphylococcus se tornou mais prevalente (37%) do que o Streptococcus (32%).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Alguns estudos sugerem que a infec&#231;&#227;o por S. aureus pode ser um importante preditor isolado de maior mortalidade em IE.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Este evento &#233; justificado pela associa&#231;&#227;o deste germe com o crescimento de grandes vegeta&#231;&#245;es valvares e abscessos, estando tamb&#233;m relacionado a piores desfechos neurovasculares como acidentes vasculares.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Culturas negativas e, portanto, n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o do pat&#243;geno ocorreu em 26 % de pacientes (n=85). V&#225;rios fatores podem contribuir para que as culturas diagn&#243;sticas sejam negativas, como t&#233;cnicas microbiol&#243;gicas inadequadas e uso pr&#233;vio de antibioticoterapia emp&#237;rica antes da an&#225;lise diagn&#243;stica, o que pode prejudicar o tratamento antimicrobiano guiado adequado, impactando o quadro cl&#237;nico, desfecho e progn&#243;stico do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, cada caso deve ser individualizado, visando o melhor momento cir&#250;rgico para o paciente. Ressalta-se que novas t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m sido descritas, como a plastia da valva a&#243;rtica de Ozaki e a plastia da valva mitral transa&#243;rtica com peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Na endocardite da valva tric&#250;spide, de acordo com as diretrizes da European Society o Cardiology (ESC) e da American Association for Thoracic Surgery, o melhor reparo e preserva&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula do paciente &#233; a primeira escolha. Esses detalhes n&#227;o foram considerados nesta apresenta&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia geral de mortalidade (n=160/49%), sendo a mortalidade maior no sexo masculino (n=100/63%) do que no feminino (n=60/37%). A mortalidade neste estudo (49%) teve maior incid&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos recentes, que indicam taxas de mortalidade em torno de 8-21%.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> As pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas foram prevalentes em 170 (65%) pacientes; pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas foram utilizadas em 92 (35%) pacientes e valvoplastias foram realizadas em 60 (20%) das opera&#231;&#245;es. A prefer&#234;ncia por pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas, levando em conta uma poss&#237;vel suscetibilidade &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; verdadeira. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas.</p>
      <p>O reparo da v&#225;lvula &#233; prefer&#237;vel quando a anatomia o permite. O reparo da valva mitral &#233; mais frequentemente realizado quando comparado ao reparo da valva a&#243;rtica, que raramente &#233; bem-sucedido. No entanto, a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica por uma valva mec&#226;nica ou bioprot&#233;tica &#233; o manejo de escolha. Se o paciente tiver press&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia pulmonar aumentada, n&#227;o &#233; aconselh&#225;vel extirpar a v&#225;lvula e deixar regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave. Em casos complexos com infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada localmente, a excis&#227;o total do tecido infectado e desvitalizado deve ser seguida de troca valvar. As diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) e da American Association for Thoracic Surgery n&#227;o favorecem as v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas ou bioprot&#233;ticas, pois apresentam mortalidade operat&#243;ria semelhante. No entanto, quando h&#225; risco de sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ou transforma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es cerebrais em les&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, as biopr&#243;teses valvares s&#227;o prefer&#237;veis para evitar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do paciente que ao longo do per&#237;odo analisado pelo estudo varia de acordo com o tipo de agente infeccioso, a extens&#227;o do envolvimento do endoc&#225;rdio, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mica antes da cirurgia.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que existem dois principais fatores de risco para maior mortalidade com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, que s&#227;o a Insufici&#234;ncia Renal (OR 3,40; IC 95% 1,65 - 7,07; p=0,081); e a Infec&#231;&#227;o Refrat&#225;ria ao Tratamento Cl&#237;nico (OR 2,35; IC 95% 1,65 - 5,40; p&lt;0,001). Os demais fatores preditivos como Idade, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Diabetes Mellitus e Embolia n&#227;o apresentaram relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada deste estudo ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Embora este estudo n&#227;o seja completo, mostra uma clara necessidade de diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico e etiol&#243;gico precoce da EI, principalmente em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e hospitalizados, para melhor resultado cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico. As taxas de mortalidade s&#227;o altas nesses pacientes, em parte devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia de hemoculturas negativas<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> e em parte pela dificuldade de abordagem cir&#250;rgica em pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular e cir&#250;rgico. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da EI &#233; um desafio associado a significativa morbidade e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica precoce, em pacientes com progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico desfavor&#225;vel, &#233; uma oportunidade de aumentar a sobrevida do paciente, modificando o curso natural da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Ao final desta investiga&#231;&#227;o, com os dados da revis&#227;o da literatura, fica clara a necessidade de um diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico e etiol&#243;gico precoce da EI, principalmente em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades e hospitalizados, para um melhor resultado cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico. As taxas de mortalidade s&#227;o altas nesses pacientes, em parte devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia de hemoculturas negativas e em parte devido &#224; dificuldade de abordagem cir&#250;rgica de pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular e cir&#250;rgico. Embora o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da EI seja um desafio e associado a significativa morbidade e mortalidade, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce, em pacientes com progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico ruim, deve ser uma oportunidade para aumentar a sobrevida do paciente, modificando o curso natural da doen&#231;a. Portanto, o assunto &#233; obviamente pertinente a um &#8220;Heart Team&#8221;, uma das raz&#245;es da escolha dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia para o presente relato. Ressaltamos, tamb&#233;m, a contribui&#231;&#227;o para metan&#225;lises uma vez que estudos multic&#234;ntricos prospectivos s&#227;o de elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica quase imposs&#237;vel.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Por fim, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular se as caracter&#237;sticas do hospital envolvido no estudo (um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio) podem ser responsabilizadas por certo vi&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Como regra geral, os pacientes s&#227;o encaminhados para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Assim, considera&#231;&#245;es sobre as diretrizes atuais (tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos, tempo para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, fatores de risco etc.) podem ser menos relevantes. Em outras palavras, o atendimento individualizado ao paciente deve ser considerado. Haveria necessidade cient&#237;fica de melhor separa&#231;&#227;o de casos entre operadoras e tecnologia dispon&#237;vel no servi&#231;o, pois h&#225; um grande per&#237;odo entre 1982 e 2020. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi pensada, mas a consulta retrospectiva dos prontu&#225;rios n&#227;o foi uniforme. Pode-se dizer que todos os casos foram operados por tr&#234;s professores, e as tecnologias de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e t&#233;cnicas anest&#233;sicas j&#225; eram de boa qualidade. Como as observa&#231;&#245;es, em geral, n&#227;o apresentaram grandes diferen&#231;as com os dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular que esses dados n&#227;o tenham influ&#234;ncia relevante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A J&#250;nia Adriano Wiezel pela incans&#225;vel assist&#234;ncia no levantamento dos prontu&#225;rios. A FAPESP &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo e CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
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      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9.Thuny F, Grisoli D, Collart F, Habib G, Raoult D. Management of Infective Endocarditis: Challenges and Perspectives. Lancet. 2012;379(9819):965-75. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60755-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thuny</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grisoli</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collart</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raoult</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Infective Endocarditis: Challenges and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source> Lancet </source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>379</volume>
          <issue>9819</issue>
          <fpage>965</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60755-1</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
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        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10.Shin GY, Manuel RJ, Ghori S, Brecker S, Breathnach AS. Molecular Technique Identifies the Pathogen Responsible for Culture Negative Infective Endocarditis. Heart. 2005;91(6):e47. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.056762.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manuel</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghori</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brecker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breathnach</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular Technique Identifies the Pathogen Responsible for Culture Negative Infective Endocarditis</article-title>
          <source> Heart </source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e47</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2004.056762</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de Marcelo Serafim Jorge pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infective Endocarditis Surgery. Insights from 328 Patients Operated in a University Tertiary Hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0654-2893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2334-9718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Vilella A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-946X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Roberto B. &#201;vora &#8226; Rua Rui Barbosa, 367, apto 15. Postal Code 14015-120, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: prbevora@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Infectious endocarditis (IE) refers to infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and usually occurs in native or prosthetic valves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to raise IE data reflecting the surgical therapy in a University Hospital in the interior of the State of Sao Paulo&#8211;Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>Retrospective and observational approach of 328 patients with IE who underwent surgery between 1982 and 2020</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The main data (n=121/37%), congestive heart failure (n=114/35%), valve disease (n=92/28%), diabetes mellitus (n=85/26%), chronic kidney disease (n=59/18%), and rheumatic fever (49/15%). Renal failure is one of the main and most relevant pre-surgical risk factors for a poor prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>For a better clinical and surgical outcome, an early syndromic and etiological diagnosis of IE is necessary, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis, Non-Infective</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hubers et al.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>cited that Sir William Osler described IE as &#8220;one of the most formidable; of cardiac affections&#8221; since all patients in that era died of the disease. Although mortality has improved in the last century, IE continues to be a deadly disease, and further advancements in diagnosis and treatment are necessary to continue outcome improvements.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>It would be important to emphasize its epidemiological importance based on its inclusion in meta-analyzes, as Urina-Jassir et al.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>and his colleagues who, in an excellent study, present the profile of endocarditis in Latin America. In addition, from 1955 to 2022, 185 publications MEDLINE (PUBMED) indexed were published ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). There is a &#8220;peak&#8221; of publications in the 80s and 90s, followed by a number drop. One has the impression that a new &#8220;peak&#8221; may be in progress.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Time-course of MEDLINE publica&#231;&#245;es (infective endocarditis and cardiac surgery).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We guess these brief data are enough to define this presentation&#8217;s &#8220;rationale&#8221; and motivation. Therefore, this study was carried out to highlight a) The prevalence of previous comorbidities of patients; b) Surgical indication; c) The major risk factors that influence mortality; and d) The prognosis of patients with IE undergoing surgery as the main therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>I performed a retrospective observational study. The sample is characterized by patients diagnosed with IE who underwent surgery at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo HCFMRP-USP, without distinction of sex, age, race, or socioeconomic status, between 1982 and 2020. The population sample was established through convenience sampling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This research is based on ethical principles (Resolution No. 466 of December 12, 2012, of the National Health Council). The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (HCRP), with registration on the CAAE Platform Brazil: 32043720.9.0000.5440. A signed term dispensed with the need for patients to sign the free and informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection instrument</title>
          <p>The patients were classified as IE by hospital discharge coding because the information about the Duke classification was not useful. The researchers had access to medical records and, consequently, to the list of patient records in the Medical Archive Service (SAM) of FMRP in the second half of 2020. It was carried out a careful possible analysis of each patient&#8217;s relevant information that could contribute to the prognosis and surgical outcome. These data were namely comorbidities, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), heart failure (HF), coronary disease (CD), atrial fibrillation (AF), diabetes, renal failure, and lung diseases; alcohol and/or illicit drug abuse; type of infected valve and location; causative microorganism; among others. Data were collected and tabulated for proper analysis and publication of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>After structuring the database, they carried a descriptive and exploratory analysis out. For categorical variables, frequencies and percentages were reported. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and categorical variables as percentages. For mortality risk analysis, odds ratios were calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. The chi-square test was used to verify changes in prevalence. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS, version 20.0 [Inc. Chicago. IL]). Significant values of p&lt;0.05 were considered.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Surgery was done electively for 88% of patients based on poor response to the clinical treatment and echo image. The other 12 patients were operated on as emergency due to severe cardiocirculatory shock. In total, 328 patients with IE who underwent surgery from 1982 to 2020, with a prevalent age between 41 and 60 years, were included in this study. <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> presents the patients&#8217; demographic data and the mortality, IE classification, and main etiologies data. The other tables present preoperative data, previous comorbidities ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ), surgical indication ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ), prognosis ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ), and main risks of mortality ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ) of all operated patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Overview of the analyzed sample (N=328)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">1. Demographic and mortality</th>
                  <th>N=328</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Female</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (36%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Male</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (64%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>2. Global mortality incidence</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">160 (49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mortality in men</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mortality in women</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>3. Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N=328</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Acute and subacute</td>
                  <td align="center">308 (94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Non-specific valve</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>4. Etiology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Staphylococcus</italic> infection</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Streptococcus</italic> infection</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (32%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Enterococcus</italic> , gram-negative and }fungal species</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Negative culture</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (26%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>5. Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>N=328</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Emergency</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Elective</td>
                  <td align="center">289 (88%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>6. Prosthesis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">262 (80%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mechanical</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Biological</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Valvuloplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Previous comorbidities of the analyzed sample (n=328). (1) Congestive heart failure; (2) Valve disease with prosthesis; (3) Diabetes mellitus; (4) Chronic kidney disease; (5) Rheumatic fever ;(6) Previous endocarditis; (7) Immunocompromised; (8)Hemodialysis; (9)Prolonged hospitalization with a central venous catheter; (10) HIV positive/AIDS; (11) Intravenous drug addiction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Surgical indication of the analyzed sample (N=328)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Surgical Indication</th>
                  <th align="left">N</th>
                  <th align="left">Freq.</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac Ejection Dysfunction</td>
                  <td>230</td>
                  <td>70%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clinical Treatment Failure</td>
                  <td>187</td>
                  <td>57%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vegetation &gt;10mm</td>
                  <td>154</td>
                  <td>47%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valve Dysfunction</td>
                  <td>102</td>
                  <td>31%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic Embolism</td>
                  <td>39</td>
                  <td>12%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prognosis of the analyzed sample (N=328)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Prognosis</th>
                  <th align="left">N</th>
                  <th align="left">Percentage</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Survival</td>
                  <td>168</td>
                  <td>51%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td>160</td>
                  <td>49%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Surgical mortality</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>2%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Analysis of the main mortality risks (N=328)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Mortality Risks</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>CI &#8211; 95 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 - 1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">3.40</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65 - 7.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 - 1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infection Refractory to Clinical Treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65 - 5.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10 - 1.28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.500</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Embolism</td>
                  <td align="center">2.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 - 4.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.533</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds rate; CI: confidence interval; p: significance.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main comorbidities presented by patients in this study were: 1) Left ventricle congestive heart failure (35%); 2) Valve disease with a prosthesis (28%); 3) Diabetes Mellitus (26%); 4) Chronic kidney disease (18%), and; 5) Rheumatic fever (15%) ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> , <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> )). The main surgical indications were: 1) Left ventricular ejection dysfunction (n=230); resulting from CHF and/or valvular dysfunctions; 2) Failure of clinical treatment (n=187), and; 3) Echocardiography vegetation larger than 10 mm (n=154).</p>
        <p>We reviewed files of 375 under-surgery patients (69.3 of death; 30.7% survivors) between 1982 and 2O2O. We found a similar overview among worldwide references, suggesting a &#8220;universal behavior.&#8221; These observations reinforce the rationale of the present investigation. Surgery was done electively for 88% of the sample. This is most unusual and should be speculated as the reason mortality is exceedingly high.</p>
        <p>The epidemiological analysis revealed that the etiological pattern of IE had changed over the last three decades when <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> became more prevalent (37%) than <italic>Streptococcus</italic> (32%).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Some studies suggest that <italic>S. aureus</italic> infection may be an important isolated predictor of higher mortality in IE.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>This event is justified by the association of this germ with the growth of large valve vegetations and abscesses, also related to worse neurovascular outcomes such as cerebrovascular accidents.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Negative cultures and no identification of the pathogen occurred in 26% of patients (n=85). Several factors can corroborate for the diagnostic cultures to be negative, such as inadequate microbiological techniques and previous use of empirical antibiotic therapy before the diagnostic analysis, which can impair the appropriate guided antimicrobial treatment, affecting the clinical outcome and prognosis of the patient.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Each case must be individualized for better risk stratification, aiming at the best surgical moment for the patient. It needs to emphasize that new techniques have been described, such as Ozaki aortic valve repair and transaortic mitral valve repair using autologous pericardium.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>In tricuspid valve endocarditis, per both the European Society o Cardiology (ESC) and American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines, the best possible repair, and preservation of the patient&#8217;s valve is the first choice. These details were not considered in this presentation. There was no difference in the overall incidence of mortality (n=160/49%), with mortality being higher in males (n=100/63%) than in females (n=60/37%). Mortality in this study (49%) was higher than in recent studies, indicating mortality rates of around 8-21%.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Biological prostheses were prevalent in 170 (65%) patients; mechanical prostheses were used in 92 (35%) patients, and valvuloplasties were performed in 60 (20%) of the operations. The preference for mechanical valve prostheses, considering a possible susceptibility to infection, is not true. There are no differences between biological and mechanical prostheses.</p>
        <p>Valve repair is preferable when the anatomy allows it. Mitral valve repair is more frequently achievable when compared with aortic valve repair, which is seldom successful. Nevertheless, aortic valve replacement with a mechanical or bioprosthetic valve is the management of choice. If the patient has increased pulmonary pressure and resistance, excising the valve and leaving severe regurgitation are not advisable. In complex cases with locally uncontrolled infection, total excision of infected and devitalized tissue should be followed by valve replacement. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines do not favor mechanical or bioprosthetic valves, as they have similar operative mortality. However, when there is a risk for postoperative bleeding or transformation of brain lesions into hemorrhagic lesions, bioprosthetic valves are preferable to avoid anticoagulation. The patient&#8217;s prognosis, considering death due to IE complications, survival, and surgical mortality as the only three possible outcomes for the patient over the period analyzed by the study, varies according to the type of infectious agent, the extent of involvement of the endocardium, the degree of left ventricular dysfunction and the clinical-hemodynamic condition of the patient before surgery.</p>
        <p>Multivariate analysis showed that there were two main risk factors for higher mortality with statistical significance, which are Renal Failure (OR 3.40; 95% CI 1.65 - 7.07; p=0.081); and Infection Refractory to Clinical Treatment (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.65 - 5.40; p&lt;0.001). The other predictive factors, such as Age, Heart Failure, Diabetes Mellitus, and Embolism, did not show statistical relevance in the multivariate analysis in this study ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>At the end of this investigation, with the literature review data, there is an apparent need for an early syndromic and etiological diagnosis of IE, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities and hospitalized, for a better clinical and surgical outcome. Mortality rates are high in these patients, partly due to a high incidence of negative blood cultures<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>and partly due to difficulty surgically approaching patients at high cardiovascular and surgical risk. However, surgical treatment of IE is a challenge and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early surgical intervention in patients with a poor clinical prognosis should be an opportunity to increase patient survival, modifying the natural course of the disease.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>The subject is obviously a &#8220;Heart Team,&#8221; one of the reasons for choosing the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> for the present report ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Central Illustration</xref> ). We also emphasize the contribution of meta-analyses since multicenter prospective studies are practically impossible to prepare.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Infective Endocarditis Surgery. Insights from 328 Patients Operated in a University Tertiary Hospital</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220608-20608-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Finally, it is possible to speculate whether the hospital characteristics involved in the study (a tertiary teaching hospital) can be blamed for a certain evaluation bias. As a general rule, patients are referred for surgical treatment. Thus, considerations about current guidelines (treatment with antibiotics, time to surgical indication, risk factors, etc.) may be less relevant. In other words, individualized patient care must be considered. There would be a scientific need for better separation of cases between operators, and technology available in the service, as there is a considerable period between 1982 and 2022. This evaluation was considered, but the retrospective consultation of medical records was not uniform. It can be said that three professors operated on all cases, and the technologies of extracorporeal circulation and anesthetic techniques were already of good quality. As the observations generally did not show great differences with the data available in the literature, it is possible to speculate that these data do not have a relevant influence.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>Junia Adriano Wiezel for her tireless assistance in surveying the medical records. The FAPESP &#8211; <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> and CNPq &#8211; <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</italic> </p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marcelo Serafim Jorge, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by FAPESP</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
