<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PMKCnHhkBhLbJPypRXsbnNS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220481</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombose Tardia de Pr&#243;tese Biol&#243;gica em Posi&#231;&#227;o Mitral com Apresenta&#231;&#227;o com Obstru&#231;&#227;o Significativa e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8788-9409</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Senhora da Oliveira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guimar&#227;es</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Filipa Cardoso &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira &#8211; Rua dos Cutileiros, 114. 4835-044 Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>filipa.abreucardoso@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220481</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Valva Mitral/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;aca/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar biol&#243;gica (TPVB) tem uma incid&#234;ncia que varia entre 0,5% e 6%. No entanto, ela provavelmente &#233; subnotificada devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) 2D e ao desconhecimento da condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Relatamos o caso de um homem de meia-idade que foi internado com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e foi diagnosticado com TPVB. O reconhecimento do quadro e a ado&#231;&#227;o imediata da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral permitiram o restabelecimento do funcionamento normal da v&#225;lvula biol&#243;gica, evitando estrat&#233;gias invasivas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 52 anos deu entrada no hospital com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. Tr&#234;s anos antes, ele foi submetido a cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral por uma pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica de 31 mm (STM Epic&#8482;), devido a endocardite de valva nativa. Seu ETT 6 meses antes mostrava uma pr&#243;tese n&#227;o obstru&#237;da com um gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o transvalvar (GMPT) de 5 mmHg. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica, com um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio documentado no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com antagonista da vitamina K (AVK) foi interrompida 18 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia devido a um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc de 0. Ele estava assintom&#225;tico at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o atual, quando apresentou dispneia de in&#237;cio agudo. Ele negou a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica ou febre.</p>
      <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o apresentava press&#227;o arterial de 100/65 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 batimentos/min em ritmo sinusal e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio de 95% a 5 l/min por c&#226;nula nasal. Ele estava apir&#233;tico. Apresentava dificuldade respirat&#243;ria e estertores dispersos &#224; ausculta pulmonar. O exame card&#237;aco n&#227;o revelou anormalidades al&#233;m de sons card&#237;acos abafados. N&#227;o havia outras anormalidades ao exame f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>Os exames de sangue revelaram um n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de lactato de 4 mmol/L, contagem normal de leuc&#243;citos e prote&#237;na C-reativa elevada (14 mg/L, normal &lt;3 mg/L). O eletrocardiograma estava normal. O ETT mostrou folhetos de prot&#233;se biol&#243;gica valvar significativamente espessados e um GMPT de 19 mmHg ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). N&#227;o se observou regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvular, vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nas outras v&#225;lvulas. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda estava preservada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; (A) Vista paraesternal eixo longo de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica basal. (B) Vista ampliada de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica da valva mitral em 0&#186; e (C) em 60&#186;, confirmando um espessamento anormal dos folhetos (*denota um trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo). (D) Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua revelando gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o transvalvar de 18 mmHg.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente iniciou ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e diur&#233;ticos intravenosos, e foi estabilizado. Foi iniciado o tratamento com heparina n&#227;o fracionada e antibi&#243;ticos emp&#237;ricos para endocardite prot&#233;tica tardia, e ele foi internado.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) revelou espessamento acentuado dos folhetos e apar&#234;ncia heterog&#234;nea do aspecto ventricular da v&#225;lvula, compat&#237;vel com trombose de pr&#243;tese. Havia um trombo vis&#237;vel no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B-D</xref> ; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">V&#237;deo 1</xref> ). N&#227;o foram observadas vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Os antibi&#243;ticos foram suspensos ap&#243;s hemoculturas seriadas negativas, e o paciente foi mantido em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sob rigorosa vigil&#226;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Ele n&#227;o apresentou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a partir do 6&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o do ETE no 10&#186; dia mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da espessura dos folhetos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A-B</xref> ).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Vista da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica a 180&#176; mostrando uma apar&#234;ncia heterog&#234;nea do aspecto ventricular da v&#225;lvula, com espessamento acentuado anormal dos folhetos. </title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0481_CC_Video1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0481_CC_Video1.mp4</ext-link> </attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; (A) e (B) - Vistas diferentes de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica realizada no 10&#186; dia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o mostrando folhetos mais finos. (C) Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica realizada 15 dias ap&#243;s a alta, mostrando espessura normal da pr&#243;tese valvar biol&#243;gica. (D) Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua documentando um gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o transvalvar de 5 mmHg.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 17 dias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral, o GMPT se normalizou. O paciente passou a tomar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina e teve alta.</p>
      <p>Uma ETT de reavalia&#231;&#227;o indicou a manuten&#231;&#227;o de folhetos finos, um GMPT de 5 mmHg e aus&#234;ncia de outras complica&#231;&#245;es locais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C-D</xref> ).</p>
      <p>O exame de hipercoagulabilidade do paciente deu negativo. Ele se manteve assintom&#225;tico e em tratamento com varfarina durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este relato demonstra um caso de TPVB mitral obstrutiva de in&#237;cio tardio tratado com sucesso com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos para TPVB n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos, mas envolvem perturba&#231;&#245;es do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, resultando em alta tens&#227;o de cisalhamento viscoso, ativa&#231;&#227;o de fatores hemost&#225;ticos e fatores relacionados ao paciente.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>O impacto de diferentes fatores para a fisiopatologia da TPVB provavelmente varia com a localiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, refletindo distintas anatomias valvares e condi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo. Para a v&#225;lvula mitral, fatores hemodin&#226;micos, particularmente fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento em pacientes com FA ou baixo d&#233;bito ventricular esquerdo, parecem ser importantes, mas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas sobre os poss&#237;veis mecanismos.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; falta de uma defini&#231;&#227;o universal para a TPVB. Egbe et al.,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> propuseram um modelo que inclu&#237;a vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (incluindo a presen&#231;a de FA parox&#237;stica e uma raz&#227;o normalizada internacional subterap&#234;utica) e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (aumento de 50% no GMPT no per&#237;odo de 5 anos ap&#243;s cirurgia; aumento da espessura da c&#250;spide e mobilidade da c&#250;spide alterada).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>A distin&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de TPVB da degenera&#231;&#227;o estrutural pode ser dif&#237;cil. Geralmente, o trombo se apresenta como um material macio e denso no lado ventricular das v&#225;lvulas atrioventriculares ou no lado arterial das v&#225;lvulas semilunares, enquanto as v&#225;lvulas degeneradas apresentam espessamento de c&#250;spide mais ecodenso, mas menos proeminente.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> A tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) &#233; &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com crescimento do pannus, uma causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese que se apresenta com valores de atenua&#231;&#227;o da TCC mais elevados.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Sua alta precis&#227;o tamb&#233;m permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de TPVB subcl&#237;nica, identificando o espessamento hipoatenuante dos folhetos, uma condi&#231;&#227;o reconhecida principalmente ap&#243;s o implante de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter, mas tamb&#233;m relatada ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de v&#225;lvula mitral biol&#243;gica.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tratamento da TPVB depende da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, da repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e da v&#225;lvula acometida. Recomenda-se a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVK ou heparina n&#227;o fracionada antes de considerar uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existe a percep&#231;&#227;o de que a TPVB &#233; um fen&#244;meno perioperat&#243;rio cujo risco &#233; aumentado at&#233; a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do material prot&#233;tico. As diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) e do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) recomendam a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVK por 3 a 6 meses ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de uma v&#225;lvula mitral biol&#243;gica em pacientes com baixo risco de sangramento.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> No entanto, algumas s&#233;ries relataram uma incid&#234;ncia mediana de pico da TPVB aos 34 meses ap&#243;s o implante.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Nosso caso corrobora a manuten&#231;&#227;o da suspeita diagn&#243;stica em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico apropriado, independentemente do tempo desde a implanta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para terapia antitromb&#243;tica de longo prazo ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula mitral biol&#243;gica variam. Enquanto as diretrizes do ACC/AHA apoiam a administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina em baixas doses durante toda a vida, as diretrizes da ESC/EACTS s&#243; a recomendam se houver indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria concomitante.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> N&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para pacientes com FA com baixo risco tromboemb&#243;lico. Esse foi o caso de nosso paciente, que apresentou uma carga tromb&#243;tica significativa, apesar de ter um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc de 0. Novos estudos abordando essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica seriam importantes para esclarecer o manejo mais adequado.</p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais recomendam imagens de rotina ap&#243;s 5 anos (ACC/AHA) ou anualmente (ESC/EACTS) ap&#243;s o implante cir&#250;rgico de v&#225;lvulas biol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> Como a TPVB pode ocorrer nos primeiros anos ap&#243;s o implante e em pacientes minimamente sintom&#225;ticos, uma estrat&#233;gia de vigil&#226;ncia menos conservadora provavelmente deixar&#225; passar alguns diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
      <p>Especula-se que a TPVB preceda a degenera&#231;&#227;o valvular precoce, mesmo ap&#243;s terapia bem-sucedida. Um estudo anterior mostrou um risco 3,2 vezes maior de ser necess&#225;ria uma nova cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula durante o acompanhamento de longo prazo. A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; descrita em at&#233; 23% dos casos, confirmando a indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o vital&#237;cia.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Embora n&#227;o exista nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de acompanhamento para esses pacientes, uma vigil&#226;ncia mais rigorosa pode ser apropriada.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As pr&#243;teses valvares biol&#243;gicas t&#234;m um baixo risco percebido de trombose, fazendo com que o diagn&#243;stico da TPVB seja um desafio e que a TPVB seja uma causa pouco reconhecida de insufici&#234;ncia valvular aguda ou indolente.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>Essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia e deve ser inclu&#237;da no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de pacientes que apresentam aumento do GMPT, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>Conforme relatado neste caso, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, fazendo com que seja importante considerar a TPVB antes de encaminhar os pacientes para uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.Puri R, Auffret V, Rod&#233;s-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(17):2193-211. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.051</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auffret</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rod&#233;s-Cabau</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source> J Am Coll Cardiol </source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2193</fpage>
          <lpage>2211</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.051</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2.Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, Makkar R, Mehran R. Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(24):2670-89. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.958</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dangas</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weitz</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giustino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehran</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source> J Am Coll Cardiol </source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2670</fpage>
          <lpage>2689</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.958</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3.Egbe AC, Pislaru SV, Pellikka PA, Poterucha JT, Schaff HV, Maleszewski JJ, et al. Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis Versus Structural Failure: Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2285-94. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.022</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egbe</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pislaru</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poterucha</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maleszewski</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis Versus Structural Failure: Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors</article-title>
          <source> J Am Coll Cardiol </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2285</fpage>
          <lpage>2294</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.022</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milojevic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease</article-title>
          <source> Eur Heart J. </source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5.G&#252;nd&#252;z S, &#214;zkan M, Kal&#231;ik M, G&#252;rsoy OM, Astarcio&#287;lu MA, Karakoyun S, et al. Sixty-Four-Section Cardiac Computed Tomography in Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve Dysfunction: Thrombus or Pannus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(12):e003246. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003246.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;nd&#252;z</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zkan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kal&#231;ik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;rsoy</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Astarcio&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sixty-Four-Section Cardiac Computed Tomography in Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve Dysfunction: Thrombus or Pannus</article-title>
          <source> Circ Cardiovasc Imaging </source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003246</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003246</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6.Hosoba S, Mori M, Goto Y, Fukumoto Y, Shimura T, Yamamoto M. Hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening in surgically-implanted mitral bioprosthesis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;15(1):74. doi:10.1186/s13019-020-01120-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hosoba</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukumoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening in surgically-implanted mitral bioprosthesis</article-title>
          <source> J Cardiothorac Surg </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>74</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13019-020-01120-3</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7.Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, t. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e72-227. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erwin</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gentile</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>t</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source> Circulation </source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e72</fpage>
          <lpage>227</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8.Egbe AC, Connolly HM, Pellikka PA, Schaff HV, Hanna R, Maleszewski JJ, et al. Outcomes of Warfarin Therapy for Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis of Surgically Implanted Valves: A Prospective Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(4):379-87. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.027</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egbe</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maleszewski</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes of Warfarin Therapy for Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis of Surgically Implanted Valves: A Prospective Study</article-title>
          <source> JACC Cardiovasc Interv </source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>379</fpage>
          <lpage>387</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.027</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9.Petrescu I, Egbe AC, Ionescu F, Nkomo VT, Greason KL, Pislaru C, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Anticoagulation for Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(8):857-66. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.037</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petrescu</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egbe</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ionescu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nkomo</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greason</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pislaru</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes of Anticoagulation for Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source> J Am Coll Cardiol </source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>866</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.037</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Late-Onset Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Thrombosis, Presenting with Significant Obstruction and Acute Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8788-9409</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana Filipa Cardoso &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira &#8211; Rua dos Cutileiros, 114. 4835-044 Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal E-mail: filipa.abreucardoso@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis (BPVT) has an incidence ranging from 0.5% to 6%. However, it is most likely underreported given the technical limitations of 2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and the unawareness of the condition.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study presents a case report of a middle-aged male who was admitted with acute heart failure and was diagnosed with BPVT. Recognition of the condition and prompt institution of parenteral anticoagulation allowed for the restoration of the normal functioning of the biological valve, avoiding invasive strategies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 52-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with acute heart failure. Three years before, he had undergone a mitral valve replacement surgery using a 31mm biological prosthesis (STM Epic<sup>&#8482;</sup>) due to native valve endocarditis. His TTE 6 months earlier had shown a non-obstructed prosthesis with a transvalvular mean pressure gradient (TMPG) of 5mmHg. His medical history also included paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), with a single documented episode in the postoperative period. Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) was stopped 18 months after surgery due to a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score of 0. He was asymptomatic until the current admission, when he presented an acute onset of dyspnoea. He denied feeling any chest pain or fever.</p>
        <p>Upon admission, his blood pressure was 100/65 mmHg, heart rate 90 beats/min in sinus rhythm, and peripheral oxygen saturation 95% on 5l/min by nasal cannula. He was apyretic, was in respiratory distress, and presented dispersed crackles upon pulmonary auscultation. Cardiac examination revealed no abnormalities besides muffled cardiac sounds. No other abnormalities were found upon physical examination.</p>
        <p>Blood tests revealed a serum lactate level of 4 mmol/L, a normal white blood cell count, and high levels of C-reactive protein (14mg/L, normal&lt;3 mg/L). The electrocardiogram was unremarkable. TTE showed significantly thickened bioprosthetic valve leaflets and a TMPG of 19mmHg (Figure 1A). No valvular regurgitation, vegetations or significant abnormalities were found on the other valves. Left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved.</p>
        <p>The patient initiated non-invasive ventilation and intravenous diuretics, and was stabilized. Unfractionated heparin and empirical antibiotics for late prosthetic endocarditis were started, and he was admitted to the hospital.</p>
        <p>Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed a marked thickening of the leaflets and a heterogeneous appearance of the ventricular aspect of the valve, compatible with prosthesis thrombosis. A thrombus was visible on the left atrial appendage ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B-D</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Video 1</xref> ). No vegetations were noted.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (A) Baseline transthoracic echocardiography parasternal long-axis view. (B) Transoesophageal echocardiography zoom view of mitral valve at 0&#186; and (C) at 60&#186;, confirming abnormal thickening of the leaflets (*denotes a left atrial appendage thrombus). (D) Continuous wave Doppler revealing a transvalvular mean pressure gradient of 18mmHg.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Video 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Transoesophageal echocardiography view at 180&#186; showing a heterogenous appearance of the ventricular aspect of the mitral valve with marked abnormal thickening of the leaflets. </title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="Link: http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0481_CC_Video1.mp4">Link: http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0481_CC_Video1.mp4</ext-link> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Antibiotics were stopped after serial negative blood cultures, and the patient was kept on anticoagulation under close echocardiographic surveillance. He remained free from heart failure symptoms from the 6<sup>th</sup>day of hospitalization on. A re-evaluation TEE on the 10<sup>th</sup>day showed a significant reduction in the leaflet thickness ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A-B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (A) and (B) - Different views of transoesophageal echocardiography performed on the 10th day of anticoagulation, showing thinner leaflets. (C) Transthoracic echocardiography performed 15 days after discharge, showing normal thickness of the bioprosthetic valve. (D) Continuous wave Doppler, documenting a transvalvular mean pressure gradient of 5mmHg.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220481-20481-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After 17 days of parenteral anticoagulation, the TMPG had normalized. The patient was switched to oral anticoagulation with warfarin and discharged.</p>
        <p>A re-evaluation TTE maintained thin leaflets, a TMPG of 5mmHg, and no other local complications ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C-D</xref> ).</p>
        <p>The patient&#8217;s hypercoagulable workup came back negative. He remained asymptomatic and under warfarin treatment during the follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This report demonstrates a case of late-onset obstructive mitral BPVT successfully treated with parenteral anticoagulation.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms for BPVT are not completely understood, but they involve blood flow perturbations resulting in high viscous shear stress, activation of hemostatic factors and patient-related factors.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>The impact of different factors for BPVT pathophysiology likely varies with prosthesis location, reflecting distinct valve anatomies and flow conditions. For the mitral valve, hemodynamic factors, particularly slow blood flow in patients with AF or low left ventricular output, seem to be important, but further research into potential mechanisms is needed.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is no clear universal definition for BPVT. Egbe et al.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>proposed a model that included clinical variables (including the presence of paroxysmal AF and a subtherapeutic international normalized ratio) and echocardiographic parameters (50% increase in the TMPG within 5-years of surgery; increased cusp thickness, and abnormal cusp mobility).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Echocardiographic distinction of BPVT from structural degeneration may be difficult. Usually, the thrombus appears as a soft dense material on the ventricular side of atrioventricular valves or arterial side of semilunar valves, whereas degenerated valves appear with more echodense but less prominent cusp thickening.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) is useful for differential diagnosis with pannus ingrowth, a cause of prosthesis dysfunction that appears with higher CCT attenuation values.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Its high accuracy also allows for the detection of subclinical BPVT by identifying hypoattenuated leaflet thickening, a condition mainly recognized after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, but also reported after a surgically-implanted biological mitral valve.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The treatment of BPVT depends on the clinical presentation, hemodynamic impact, and valve affected. Anticoagulation with VKA or unfractionated heparin is recommended before considering re-intervention.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a perception that BPVT is a perioperative phenomenon whose risk is increased until prosthetic material endothelization. The European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines recommend anticoagulation with VKA for 3 to 6 months after a surgically-implanted biological mitral valve in low-bleeding risk patients.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>Nevertheless, some series have reported a median peak incidence of BPVT at 34 months after implantation.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Our case supports maintaining diagnostic suspicion in an appropriate clinical scenario, regardless of the time since implantation.</p>
        <p>Recommendations for long-term antithrombotic therapy after surgically-implanted biological mitral valve differ. While ACC/AHA guidelines support lifelong low-dose aspirin administration, ESC/EACTS guidelines only recommend it if there are concomitant indications for antiplatelet therapy.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>No specific recommendations are given for AF patients with low thromboembolic risk. This was the case with our patient, who as admitted with a significant thrombotic load despite a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score of 0. Further studies addressing this specific population would be important to clarify the most appropriate management.</p>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend routine imaging after 5 years (ACC/AHA) or yearly (ESC/EACTS) after surgically-implanted biological valves.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>Since BPVT can occur in the early years after implantation and in minimally-symptomatic patients, a less conservative surveillance strategy will probably miss some diagnoses.</p>
        <p>BPVT is speculated to precede early valve degeneration, even after successful therapy. A previous study showed a 3.2-fold increased risk of valve re-replacement surgery during long-term follow-up. Recurrence is described in up to 23% of the cases, supporting lifelong anticoagulation.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Although no specific follow-up recommendation exists for these patients, closer surveillance may be appropriate.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Bioprosthetic valves have a low perceived risk of thrombosis, making BPVT a challenging diagnosis and an under-recognized cause of acute or indolent valve failure.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>This condition can occur years after surgery and should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who present a rising TMPG, heart failure, or thromboembolic events.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>As reported in this case, anticoagulation may reverse valve dysfunction, making it important to consider BPVT before referring patients for re-intervention.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
