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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6SpnRpRTz5pt4r5WLyWfqnP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220471</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Volume do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo Prediz a Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia: Uma Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-7541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Zhenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Esses autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho, Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mei</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Esses autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho, Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Hezi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Yujie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4394-3303</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Kuangyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Tan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Soochow University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University , Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital , Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institution for Hypertension</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Soochow University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Institution for Hypertension of Soochow University , Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Yafeng Zhou e Tan Chen &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou &#8211; China E-mail: <email>zhouyafeng73@126.com</email> , <email>chentan12345@126.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220471</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A influ&#234;ncia do volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (VAAE) na recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia permanece obscura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Realizamos uma metan&#225;lise para avaliar se o VAAE &#233; um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Os bancos de dados PubMed e Cochrane Library foram pesquisados at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2022 para identificar publica&#231;&#245;es avaliando o VAAE em associa&#231;&#227;o com a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Foram encontrados 7 estudos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios especificados de nossa an&#225;lise. Usamos a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos. Os efeitos agrupados foram avaliados dependendo das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias padronizadas (DMPs) ou <italic>hazard ratios</italic> (HRs) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95%. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Um total de 1.017 pacientes de 7 estudos de coorte com um seguimento m&#233;dio de 16,3 meses foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. Dados de 6 estudos (943 indiv&#237;duos) comparando VAAE mostraram que o VAAE basal foi significativamente maior em pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem FA (DMP: &#8722;0,63; IC de 95%: &#8722;0,89 a &#8722;0,37; todos os valores de p &lt; 0,05; I <sup>2</sup> = 62,6%). Al&#233;m disso, maior VAAE foi independentemente associado a um risco significativamente maior de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (HR: 1,10; IC de 95%: 1,02 a 1,18).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A metan&#225;lise mostrou que existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o VAAE e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia, e o papel do VAAE em pacientes com FA n&#227;o deve ser ignorado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Naturais da China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81873486</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>BE2022754</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZYQTD202102</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Suzhou Key Discipline</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZXK202129</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>SKY2021002</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases</funding-source>
          <award-id>LCZX202132</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research on Collaborative Innovation of Medical Engineering Combination</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZM2021014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE 2022754).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum, com preval&#234;ncia mundial de cerca de 46,3 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos em 2016. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A FA pode levar a acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dem&#234;ncia e at&#233; &#224; morte, com alto &#237;ndice de incapacidade e fatalidade, assim causando enormes preju&#237;zos m&#233;dicos e encargos socioecon&#244;micos em todo o mundo. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; mais ben&#233;fica do que a terapia m&#233;dica convencional na restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal e na qualidade de vida a longo prazo em pacientes com FA. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> O isolamento da veia pulmonar continua sendo a pedra angular do tratamento por cateter para FA parox&#237;stica e persistente. No entanto, dependendo da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o e do tipo de FA, as taxas de sucesso do isolamento das veias pulmonares ap&#243;s 1 ano variam consideravelmente, de 50% a 80%. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A taxa de sucesso global de 1 ano da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, aplicando a defini&#231;&#227;o de sucesso fornecido no documento de consenso de 2017 (aus&#234;ncia de at&#233; mesmo um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio de 30 segundos ou mais de FA/taquicardia atrial/flutter atrial ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic> de 3 meses sem medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos), foi observada em aproximadamente 52%. Existem v&#225;rios preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter na literatura, tais como: idade avan&#231;ada; sexo feminino; tipo de FA; predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica; comorbidades coexistentes, incluindo obesidade, apneia do sono, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e valvopatia card&#237;aca; e grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o e cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia de estudar o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) vem crescendo exponencialmente, visto que tem desempenhado papel vital na FA. Existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o estreita entre o n&#237;vel de velocidade de fluxo do AAE e a frequ&#234;ncia de trombos e contraste de eco espont&#226;neo como par&#226;metros qualitativos de risco tromboemb&#243;lico elevado. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com o ensaio BELIEF, o isolamento do AAE fora das veias pulmonares melhorou o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com FA persistente de longa data. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Estudos recentes confirmaram que o volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (VAAE) est&#225; envolvido na recorr&#234;ncia de FA. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> No entanto, esses resultados s&#227;o conflitantes com alguns artigos relatando que o VAAE tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca ou mesmo irrelevante em pacientes com FA. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Portanto, resultados de estudos anteriores n&#227;o foram resumidos quantitativamente em uma metan&#225;lise. Realizamos uma metan&#225;lise desses estudos para esclarecer se o VAAE basal foi preditivo para a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos esta metan&#225;lise de acordo com as diretrizes MOOSE (Metan&#225;lise de Estudos Observacionais em Epidemiologia) <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> e PRISMA (Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises). <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Visto que nossa metan&#225;lise foi baseada em estudos publicados anteriormente, n&#227;o foram necess&#225;rios a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e o consentimento dos pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gias de pesquisa</title>
        <p>Realizamos buscas nas bases de dados PubMed e Embase usando os termos seguintes: &#8220;left atrial appendage&#8221;, &#8221;ablation&#8221;, &#8221;recurrence&#8221; e &#8220;atrial fibrillation&#8221; (&#8220;ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo&#8221;, &#8220;abla&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, &#8220;recorr&#234;ncia&#8221; e &#8220;fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial&#8221;). A busca foi limitada a estudos em humanos publicados em ingl&#234;s. Tamb&#233;m pesquisamos manualmente as listas de refer&#234;ncias dos artigos originais e de revis&#227;o relacionados para poss&#237;veis estudos. A pesquisa final da literatura foi realizada em 1&#186; de mar&#231;o de 2022.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o VAAE basal e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Portanto, inclu&#237;mos relat&#243;rios retrospectivos de qualquer um dos seguintes resultados: (1) diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias de VAAE entre pacientes com ou sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ou (2) riscos relativos multivari&#225;veis ajustados de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com base no aumento por unidade do VAAE basal. Foi exigido para todos os estudos um seguimento m&#237;nimo de 6 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Para esses estudos, o VAAE foi avaliado por uma ou v&#225;rias das seguintes modalidades: ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Dois autores (L e M) realizaram independentemente a busca da literatura, a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o predefinidos. As discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Os dados extra&#237;dos inclu&#237;ram as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, n&#250;mero de pacientes com FA inclu&#237;dos, estudos observacionais retrospectivos ou prospectivos, idade m&#233;dia, sexo, tipo de FA e propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, detalhes dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento e estrat&#233;gias para detectar a recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Para os dados do resultado, inclu&#237;mos estudos que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios anteriores e inclu&#237;ram as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias padronizadas (DMPs) do VAAE basal em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA com <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% do VAAE como preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. A qualidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliada pela Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa, <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> que julga a qualidade de cada estudo de coorte em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 3 aspectos seguintes: sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de estudo, comparabilidade dos grupos e determina&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de interesse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise da m&#233;dia do VAAE em pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA, os valores m&#233;dios do VAAE foram extra&#237;dos para pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA e pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA, e foram calculados DMPs e ICs de 95% para cada estudo. Para analisar o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com base no VAAE, usamos HRs padronizadas com ICs de 95% para avaliar as diferen&#231;as no VAAE entre pacientes com ou sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA para as metan&#225;lises. Para estudos que relataram apenas <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), os valores de OR usando o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox univariado e multivariado em cada estudo prim&#225;rio foram diretamente considerados como HRs. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Foram realizados o teste Q de Cochran e o teste I <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre os estudos. I <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> &gt; 50% indicou heterogeneidade significativa. Foi usado um modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio ou de efeito fixo dependendo da heterogeneidade calculada. Para o VAAE m&#233;dio na an&#225;lise da recorr&#234;ncia de FA, a estat&#237;stica Q (p = 0,013) e o &#237;ndice I <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> de 62,6 indicaram heterogeneidade significativa. Para an&#225;lise dos estudos que relataram o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA com base no VAAE, estat&#237;stica Q (p = 0,00) e &#237;ndice I <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> de 90,2 indicaram heterogeneidade grave, novamente levando-nos a adotar o modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio para agrupar tamanhos de efeito. Um modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio foi aplicado para sintetizar os resultados, porque este &#233; um m&#233;todo mais generalizado que incorpora a heterogeneidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos ao combinar os resultados. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, removendo estudos individuais um de cada vez, para avaliar a estabilidade dos resultados. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Gr&#225;ficos de funil e testes de regress&#227;o de Egger foram realizados para avaliar o poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram realizados com STATA, vers&#227;o 15.0 (StataCrop, College Station, TX, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da pesquisa da literatura</title>
        <p>A <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> mostra o processo de pesquisa e estudo do banco de dados. Resumidamente, 170 estudos foram obtidos por meio de nossa pesquisa inicial na literatura. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas, 132 artigos foram triados por t&#237;tulo e resumo, e 115 deles foram exclu&#237;dos (7 estudos n&#227;o eram relevantes; 44 n&#227;o eram estudos de coorte; 64 eram artigos de revis&#227;o, cartas ou editoriais). Os 17 estudos restantes foram submetidos &#224; revis&#227;o de texto completo. Destes, 10 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos pelos seguintes motivos: n&#227;o relevante &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA (n = 2), dados insuficientes (n = 6), tipo de estudo (n = 1) e coortes duplicadas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos (n = 1). Por fim, 7 estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios e foram inclu&#237;dos em nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de identifica&#231;&#227;o da literatura.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o listadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . Em total, nossa metan&#225;lise incluiu 7 estudos de coorte retrospectivos com um total de 1.017 pacientes com FA submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de seguimento dos estudos foi de 16,3 meses. Um estudo incluiu exclusivamente pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e um outro incluiu apenas pacientes com FA persistente, <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> enquanto os outros inclu&#237;ram ambos os subtipos de FA. Alguns estudos avaliam o VAAE usando um ou v&#225;rios m&#233;todos, incluindo: ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, tomografia computadorizada e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Seis dos estudos inclu&#237;dos realizaram apenas isolamento das veias pulmonares, enquanto um estudo realizou abla&#231;&#227;o linear adicional durante a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos eram geralmente de boa qualidade, com a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa variando entre 6 e 9.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Regi&#227;o</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Desenho do estudo</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sexo masculino, %</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Idade, anos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Tipo de FA (parox&#237;stica, %)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Tempo de seguimento, meses</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o, %</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Diabetes, %</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">DAC, %</th>
                  <th colspan="2">VAAE m&#233;dio</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Tipo de imagem usado</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Detalhes da ACF</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Per&#237;odo de blanking, meses</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Avalia&#231;&#227;o para detectar recorr&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">NOS</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Recorr&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>Sem recorr&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Simon J, 2022. <sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Europa</td>
                  <td align="center">561</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">65,1</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">73,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">TCC</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG ou ECG Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Du W, 2020. <sup>8</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#193;sia</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">53,7</td>
                  <td align="center">63,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,34</td>
                  <td align="center">9,67</td>
                  <td align="center">TCC, ETE, ETT</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP plus</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG ou ECG Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tian X, 2020. <sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#193;sia</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">8,53</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">TCC</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teixeira P, 2017. <sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Europa</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">57,7</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">TCC</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG ou ECG Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gul E, 2017. <sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">TCMD, ETT</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>He Y, 2018. <sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#193;sia</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">57,3 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">ETE, ETT</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG ou ECG Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suksaranjit P, 2018. <sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">RM-RTG</td>
                  <td align="center">ICVP</td>
                  <td align="center">Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Todos os estudos adotaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05. ACR: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ETE: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ICVP: isolamento circunferencial das veias pulmonares; ICVP plus: inclui ICVP com uma ou mais abla&#231;&#245;es adjuvantes; NOS: Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa; NR: n&#227;o relatado; RM-RTG: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio; TCC: tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca; TCMD: tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores; VAAE: volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es de VAAE em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</title>
        <p>Todos os 6 estudos de coorte inclu&#237;dos relataram VAAE basal em pacientes que desenvolveram ou n&#227;o recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Du et al. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> utilizaram a m&#233;dia do VAAE derivado da tomografia computadorizada, que foi maior que a m&#233;dia do VAAE medido pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, mas h&#225; forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre elas. Neste caso, inclu&#237;mos o VAAE m&#233;dio por meio de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica ou tomografia computadorizada. Nossa metan&#225;lise mostrou que os pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA tiveram uma m&#233;dia maior de VAAE em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia (DMP: &#8722;0,63; IC de 95%: &#8722;0,89 a &#8722;0,37; todos os valores de p &lt; 0,05; <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, ao remover um estudo individual um de cada vez, nenhum dos estudos alterou materialmente os resultados resumidos ( <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). O gr&#225;fico de funil na <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> revelou alguma assimetria na inspe&#231;&#227;o visual, sugerindo um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados sugerem que os pacientes que desenvolveram recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter apresentaram maior VAAE pr&#233;-procedimento em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta para as diferen&#231;as no volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo basal em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. DMP: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sensibilidade da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada do volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo basal em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de funil para as diferen&#231;as no volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo basal em pacientes com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. DMP: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada; se: erro padr&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efic&#225;cia preditiva do VAAE basal para determinar o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</title>
        <p>Cinco estudos com 878 pacientes relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o multivariada ajustada entre o VAAE basal e o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Simon et al. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> examinaram as diferen&#231;as dos par&#226;metros de imagem entre pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente, e inclu&#237;mos VAAE em ambos os grupos. Esta metan&#225;lise mostrou que o VAAE est&#225; associado a uma maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (HR = 1,10; IC de 95%: 1,02 a 1,18; p = 0,000), conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref> . As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, realizadas pela omiss&#227;o de um estudo de cada vez, obtiveram resultados semelhantes ( <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref> ). O gr&#225;fico de funil demonstrou assimetria sugerindo poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o ( <xref rid="f07" ref-type="fig">Figura 6</xref> ). Esses resultados sugerem que maior VAAE pode ser um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: O Volume do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo Prediz a Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia: Uma Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ID: identifica&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sensibilidade dos coeficientes agrupados de hazard ratio na rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de funil para a efic&#225;cia preditiva do volume do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo basal para o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. hr: hazard ratio; se: erro padr&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FA tornou-se uma importante op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, e o volume de procedimentos aumentou em todo o mundo desde o seu in&#237;cio em 2000. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Em um ensaio cl&#237;nico recente, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foi associada a redu&#231;&#245;es no risco composto de morte, acidente vascular cerebral incapacitante, sangramento grave e parada card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar da r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, o procedimento apresenta um risco relevante de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, especialmente com uma alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Dessa maneira, h&#225; a necessidade da previs&#227;o preliminar da efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA para orientar a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes apropriados e aumentar a rela&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cio dessa estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Provou-se que o aumento do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; um preditor independente da recorr&#234;ncia de FA. No entanto, a acur&#225;cia do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo em prever a recorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes pode ser reduzida, devido ao fato de que a morfologia do &#225;trio esquerdo influencia muitos estados patol&#243;gicos e depende da profici&#234;ncia do operador. Assim, a reconstru&#231;&#227;o estrutural do &#225;trio esquerdo pode ser um resultado combinado de m&#250;ltiplos fatores. Du et al. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> demonstraram que o VAAE tem uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP, sugerindo que o remodelamento do AAE demonstrado pelo VAAE pode ser considerado como parte do remodelamento do &#225;trio esquerdo e pode ser usado para avaliar o desfecho de pacientes com FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. O VAAE pode potencialmente fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo. Os principais achados desta metan&#225;lise s&#227;o os seguintes: (a) pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA apresentaram maior m&#233;dia de VAAE em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia; (b) maior VAAE pode ser um fator de risco para recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
      <p>O AAE &#233; um remanescente do &#225;trio esquerdo embrion&#225;rio, enquanto o &#225;trio esquerdo remanescente &#233; derivado de um crescimento das veias pulmonares. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> O AAE &#233; um &#243;rg&#227;o funcional e estruturalmente complexo que contribui para as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas card&#237;acas e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por meio de suas propriedades contr&#225;teis e secre&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deos neuro-hormonais. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Por um lado, estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que o AAE &#233; a fonte mais prevalente de eventos cardioemb&#243;licos e est&#225; tipicamente associado a arritmias atriais, como FA e flutter atrial. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento do &#225;trio esquerdo e do AAE por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica &#233; convencionalmente realizada para detectar a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos antes da cardiovers&#227;o e isolamento das veias pulmonares. Por outro lado, o AAE tamb&#233;m demonstrou ser uma fonte de inicia&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA, particularmente em pacientes que necessitam de abla&#231;&#227;o repetida para recorr&#234;ncias de arritmia. Alguns estudos verificaram que o AAE desencadeia arritmias em at&#233; 30% de seus pacientes; assim, eles rotineiramente isolam o AAE no momento da abla&#231;&#227;o repetida. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Poucos estudos anteriores focaram no valor do AAE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Kanda et al. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> usaram os par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais do AAE como um fator substituto da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e foram os primeiros a demonstrar que uma baixa velocidade de pico de fluxo do AAE est&#225; associada &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. No entanto, outro estudo investigou as habilidades da onda P antes do procedimento para o pico da onda A na imagem de Doppler tecidual, o &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e os valores de velocidade de fluxo do AAE para prever a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia para FA parox&#237;stica, e concluiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento funcional de FA pela velocidade de fluxo do AAE. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, em um estudo mais recente, Kocyigit et al. identificaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a morfologia do AAE do tipo &#8220;couve-flor&#8221; e recorr&#234;ncias ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Posteriormente, alguns estudos de pequena escala tamb&#233;m reconheceram que VAAE mais elevado est&#225; independentemente associado ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em pacientes com FA. Embora os mecanismos potenciais subjacentes &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre o AAE e a FA permane&#231;am obscuros, um grande corpo de evid&#234;ncias indica que o VAAE elevado contribui para o ciclo vicioso de remodelamento atrial e FA. Al&#233;m disso, a libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial &#233; desencadeada por receptores de estiramento, sendo a distens&#227;o da parede do AAE mais preditiva da libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial do que a distens&#227;o atrial esquerda ou a press&#227;o atrial esquerda. <sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> Esse pept&#237;deo atua nos receptores do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial, exercendo assim a sequ&#234;ncia de efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos, incluindo aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio, redu&#231;&#227;o do volume extracelular, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Esses fatores podem estar associados ao processo de remodelamento atrial. Portanto, o VAAE pode ser um par&#226;metro confi&#225;vel para determinar as condi&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com FA precoce.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, nosso estudo &#233; a primeira metan&#225;lise a avaliar a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre o VAAE e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. &#201; importante compreender o volume e a fun&#231;&#227;o do AAE para alcan&#231;ar um melhor tratamento personalizado em um futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, nossa an&#225;lise incluiu um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos; todos os estudos avaliados foram retrospectivos e nenhum estudo populacional foi realizado na Am&#233;rica do Sul. Em segundo lugar, o gr&#225;fico de funil revelou alguma assimetria na inspe&#231;&#227;o visual para nossas duas metan&#225;lises, sugerindo poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ). O teste de regress&#227;o de Egger n&#227;o foi utilizado devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos inclu&#237;dos, mas o m&#233;todo &#8220; <italic>trim-and-fill</italic> &#8221; tamb&#233;m n&#227;o obteve a simetria do gr&#225;fico de funil. Esses resultados sugerem que nossa metan&#225;lise pode ser afetada por vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Devido ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, mais estudos devem ser realizados para explorar os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da FA. Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o estudamos a diferen&#231;a do VAAE entre FA parox&#237;stica e persistente. Em quarto lugar, as modalidades de imagem para avaliar o VAAE variaram consideravelmente entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos e a precis&#227;o dos diferentes m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o tem alguma influ&#234;ncia em nossa metan&#225;lise. Em quinto lugar, n&#227;o avaliamos a influ&#234;ncia dos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais do VAAE na gera&#231;&#227;o da arritmia em todos os pacientes no presente estudo. &#201; necess&#225;rio investigar a possibilidade de outros locais que desencadeiam a FA em pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo maior como pr&#243;ximo passo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, nossa metan&#225;lise identificou que pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia apresentam VAAE significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia. O VAAE &#233; relevante para aumentar o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VAAE nesses pacientes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina &#233; importante para melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo recebeu financiamento da Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Ci&#234;ncias Naturais da China (81873486), do Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), da Equipe de Especialistas em Medicina Cl&#237;nica (Classe A) do Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park (SZYQTD202102), da Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine (SZXK202129), do Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), do Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases (LCZX202132) e da Research on Collaborative Innovation of Medical Engineering Combination (SZM2021014). Os financiadores n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel no desenho do estudo, coleta e an&#225;lise de dados, decis&#227;o de publicar ou prepara&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE 2022754).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Volume Predicts Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-7541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Zhenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>These authors contributed equally to this work, Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mei</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>These authors contributed equally to this work, Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Hezi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Yujie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4394-3303</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Kuangyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Tan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institution for Hypertension of Soochow University, Suzhou &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Yafeng Zhou and Tan Chen &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou &#8211; China E-mail: zhouyafeng73@126.com, chentan12345@126.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The influence of left atrial appendage volume (LAAV) on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) following radiofrequency catheter ablation remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We performed a meta-analysis to assess whether LAAV is an independent predictor of AF recurrence following radiofrequency catheter ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases were searched until March 2022 to identify publications evaluating LAAV in association with AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Seven studies that fulfilled the specified criteria of our analysis were found. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to evaluate the quality of the studies. The pooled effects were evaluated depending on standardized mean differences (SMDs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 1017 patients from 7 cohort studies with a mean follow-up 16.3 months were included in the meta-analysis. Data from 6 studies (943 subjects) comparing LAAV showed that the baseline LAAV was significantly higher in patients with AF recurrence compared to those without AF (SMD: &#8722;0.63; 95% CI: &#8722;0.89 to &#8722;0,37; all p values &lt; 0.05; I<sup>2</sup>= 62.6%). Moreover, higher LAAV was independently associated with a significantly higher risk of AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.18).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between LAAV and AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation, and the role of LAAV in AF patients should not be ignored in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia with a worldwide prevalence of around 46.3 million individuals in 2016.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>AF can lead to stroke, heart failure, dementia, and even death, with a high rate of disability and fatality, thus causing enormous medical and socioeconomic burdens around the world.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Catheter ablation is more beneficial than conventional medical therapy in restoring sinus rhythm and long-term quality of life in patients with AF.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Pulmonary vein isolation remains the cornerstone of catheter-based treatment for paroxysmal and persistent AF. However, depending on the ablation strategy and the type of AF, the success rates of pulmonary vein isolation after 1 year vary considerably, from 50% to 80%.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>The overall 1-year success rate of AF ablation, applying the definition of ablation success provided in the 2017 consensus document (freedom from even a single 30-second or longer episode of AF/atrial tachycardia/atrial flutter after the 3-month blanking period off antiarrhythmic drugs), has been observed to be approximately 52%. There are several predictors of AF recurrence following catheter ablation in the literature, such as advanced age; female sex; AF type; genetic predisposition; coexistent comorbidities including obesity, sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, heart failure, and valvular heart disease; and degree of left atrial dilatation and scarring.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The importance of studying the left atrial appendage (LAA) has been growing exponentially, since it has played a vital role in AF. There is a close relationship between the level of LAA flow velocity and the frequency of thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast as qualitative parameters of an elevated thromboembolic risk.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Furthermore, according to the BELIEF Trial, LAA isolation outside the pulmonary veins improved prognosis in patients with longstanding persistent AF.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Recent studies have confirmed that left atrial appendage volume (LAAV) is involved in the recurrence of AF.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>However, these results are conflicted, with some papers reporting that LAAV has a weak correlation or is even irrelevant to patients with AF.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, results of previous studies have not been quantitatively summarized in a meta-analysis. We conducted a meta-analysis of these studies to clarify whether baseline LAAV was predictive for AF recurrence after catheter ablation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted this meta-analysis in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE)<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>Since our meta-analysis was based on previously published studies, ethical approval and patient consent were not required.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategies</title>
          <p>We searched the PubMed and Embase databases using the terms &#8220;left atrial appendage&#8221; , &#8221;ablation&#8221; , &#8221;recurrence &#8221;, and &#8220;atrial fibrillation&#8221;. The search was limited to studies in humans published in English. We also manually searched the reference lists of the related original and review articles for possible studies. The final literature search was performed on March 1, 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between baseline LAAV and AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Therefore, we included retrospective reporting either of the following outcomes: (1) mean differences of LAAV between patients with or without AF recurrence after catheter ablation or (2) multivariable adjusted relative risks of AF recurrence after catheter ablation based on per unit increase of baseline LAAV. Studies were required to have a minimum follow-up of 6 months after catheter ablation. For these studies, LAAV was assessed by one or multiple of the following modalities: transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiograghy, cardiac computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality evaluation</title>
          <p>Two authors (L and M) independently performed the literature search, data extraction, and quality assessment according to the predefined inclusion criteria. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The extracted data included patient characteristics, numbers of patients with AF included, retrospective or prospective observational studies, mean ages, sex, type of AF, and proportions of patients with coronary artery disease, details of catheter ablation procedures, follow-up durations, and strategies for detecting AF recurrence. For the outcome data, we included studies that fulfilled all the previous criteria and included standardized mean differences (SMDs) of baseline LAAV in patients with and without AF recurrence and hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of LAAV as predictors of AF recurrence. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>which judges the quality of each cohort study with regard to 3 aspects: selection of the study groups, comparability of the groups, and ascertainment of the outcome of interest.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>For the analysis of mean LAAV in patients with AF recurrence, mean LAAV values were extracted for patients with AF recurrence and patients without AF recurrence, and SMDs and 95% CIs were calculated for each study. To analyze the risk of AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation based on LAAV, we used standardized HRs with 95% CIs to evaluate differences in LAAV between patients with or without AF recurrence for the meta-analyses. For studies reporting odds ratio (OR) only, OR values using the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional odds model in each primary study were directly considered as HRs. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Cochran&#8217;s Q test and I<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>test were performed to evaluate the heterogeneity among studies. I<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>&gt; 50% indicated significant heterogeneity. A random effect or fixed-effect model was used depending on the heterogeneity calculated. For the mean LAAV in AF recurrence analysis, Q statistic (p = 0.013) and I<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>index of 62.6 indicated significant heterogeneity. For analysis of the studies reporting the risk of AF recurrence based on LAAV, Q statistic (p = 0.00) and I<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>index of 90.2 indicated severe heterogeneity again prompting us to adopt the random effect model to pool effect sizes. A random effect model was applied to synthesize the results, because this is a more generalized method that incorporates the heterogeneity of the included studies when combining the results. Sensitivity analyses, conducted by removing individual studies one at a time, were performed to evaluate the stability of the results.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>Funnel plots and Egger&#8217;s regression tests were performed to assess the potential publication bias.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>All statistical tests were performed with STATA version 15.0 (StataCrop, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Results of literature search</title>
          <p><xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> displays the process of the database search and study. Briefly, 170 studies were obtained via our initial literature search. After the removal of duplicates, 132 articles were screened by title and abstract, and 115 of them were excluded (7 studies were not relevant;44 were not cohort studies; 64 were review articles, letters, or editorials). The remaining 17 studies underwent full-text review. Of these, 10 studies were further excluded for the following reasons: not relevant to AF recurrence (n = 2), insufficient data (n = 6), study type (n = 1), and duplicate cohorts of the included studies (n = 1). Ultimately, 7 studies met the criteria and were included in our analysis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The flow chart of literature identification.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics and quality evaluation</title>
          <p>The characteristics of the included studies are listed in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . Overall, our meta-analysis included 7 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 1017 patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation. Mean follow-up duration of the studies was 16.3 months. One study included paroxysmal AF patients exclusively,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>and another included persistent AF patients only,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>while the others included both subtypes of AF. Some studies evaluate LAAV using one or multiple methods including: transthoracic echocardiograghy, transesophageal echocardiograghy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Six of the included studies performed pulmonary vein isolation alone, while one study performed additional linear ablation during AF ablation. The included studies were generally of good study quality, with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale varying between 6 and 9.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="6%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">Study, year</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Region</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Number of patients</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Study designer</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Male, %</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Age, Years</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Type of AF (paroxysmal AF, %)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Follow-up time, months</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Hypertension, %</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Diabetes, %</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">CAD, %</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Mean LAAV</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Imaging used</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">RFA details</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Banking periods, months</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Assessment to detect recurrence</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">NOS</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Recurrence</th>
                    <th>No recurrence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simon J, 2022.<sup>14</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Europe</td>
                    <td align="center">561</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">65.1</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">40.8</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">73.3</td>
                    <td align="center">14.6</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">CCT</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">ECG or Holter ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Du W, 2020.<sup>8</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Asia</td>
                    <td align="center">108</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">53.7</td>
                    <td align="center">63.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5</td>
                    <td align="center">13.34</td>
                    <td align="center">9.67</td>
                    <td align="center">CCT, TTE, TEE</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI plus</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">ECG or Holter ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tian X, 2020.<sup>9</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Asia</td>
                    <td align="center">83</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">59</td>
                    <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">8.53</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">CCT</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">Holter</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Teixeira P, 2017.<sup>10</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Europe</td>
                    <td align="center">52</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">57.7</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">CCT</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">ECG or Holter ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gul E, 2017.<sup>11</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">North America</td>
                    <td align="center">59</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">69</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">MDCT, TTE</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">Holter</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>He Y, 2018.<sup>12</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Asia</td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">57.3 &#177; 10.4</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">TTE, TEE</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">ECG or Holter ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Suksaranjit P, 2018.<sup>13</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">North America</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">Single centre, retrospective study</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">72 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">65</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">LGE-MRI</td>
                    <td align="center">CPVI</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">Holter</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>All studies adopted a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CPVI: circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; CPVI plus: includes CPVI with one of more adjuvant ablations; CCT: cardiac computer tomography; ECG: electrocardiogram; LAAV: left atrial appendage volume; LGE-MRI: late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging; MDCT: multidetector computed tomography; NR: not reported; NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; RFA: radiofrequency catheter ablation; TEE: transesophageal echocardiograghy; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparisons of LAAV in Patients with and without AF Recurrence after Catheter Ablation</title>
          <p>All of the included 6 cohort studies reported baseline LAAV in patients who developed or did not develop AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Du et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>used mean LAAV derived from computed tomography, which was higher than the mean LAAV measured by transesophageal echocardiograghy, but there is a strong correlation between them. In this case, we included mean LAAV using transesophageal echocardiograghy or computed tomography. Our meta-analysis showed that patients with AF recurrence had a higher mean LAAV compared to patients with no recurrence (SMD: &#8722;0.63; 95% CI: &#8722;0.89 to &#8722;0.37; all p values &lt; 0.05; <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). In the sensitivity analysis, by removing individual study one at a time, none of the studies changed the summary results materially ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). The funnel plot in <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> revealed some asymmetry from visual inspection, suggesting potential publication bias. These results suggest that patients who developed AF recurrence after catheter ablation had higher preprocedural LAAV compared to those who did not develop AF recurrence.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for the differences in baseline LAAV in patients with and without AF recurrence.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity analysis of SMD of baseline LAAV in patients with and without AF recurrence.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Funnel plots for the differences in baseline LAAV in patients with and without AF recurrence.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictive efficacy of baseline LAAV for determining the risk of AF recurrence after catheter ablation</title>
          <p>Five studies with 878 patients reported the multivariable adjusted association between baseline LAAV and the risk of AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Simon et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>examined the differences of the imaging parameters between patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF, and we included LAAV in both groups. This meta-analysis showed that LAAV is associated with a higher AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.18; p = 0.000), as shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Central Illustration</xref> . Sensitivity analyses, conducted by omitting one study at a time, retrieved similar results ( <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref> ). The funnel plot demonstrated asymmetry suggesting possible publication bias ( <xref rid="f07001" ref-type="fig">Figure 6</xref> ). These results suggest that higher LAAV may be an independent predictor of AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Left Atrial Appendage Volume Predicts Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Meta-Analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity analysis of the pooled HR coefficients on the relationship between LAAV and AF risk.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Funnel plots for the predictive efficacy of baseline LAAV for risk of AF recurrence after catheter ablation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220471-20471-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Catheter ablation for AF has become an important treatment option, and the volume of procedures has increased worldwide since its inception in 2000.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>In a recent clinical trial, catheter ablation was associated with reductions in the composite risk of death, disabling stroke, serious bleeding, and cardiac arrest.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>However, despite the rapid evolution of AF ablation techniques, the procedure has a relevant risk of major complications, especially with a high AF recurrence rate. Accordingly, there is a need for preliminary prediction of AF ablation effectiveness to guide selection of appropriate patients and increase the benefit ratio of this invasive strategy. Enlarged left atrial size has been proved to be an independent predictor for AF recurrence. However, the accuracy of left atrial volume in predicting AF recurrence in patients may be reduced, due both to the fact that left atrial morphology influences many pathological states, and it depends on the operator&#8217;s proficiency. Thus, the structural reconstruction of the left atrium may be a combined result of multiple factors. Grzegorz Kie&#322;basa et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>demonstrated that LAAV has a good correlation with left atrial diameter, left atrial volume and NT-proBNP level, suggesting that LAA remodeling demonstrated by LAAV could be considered as part of left atrial remodeling and could be used to evaluate the outcome of patients with AF after catheter ablation. LAAV can potentially provide a more accurate risk assessment compare to left atrial size. The key findings of this meta-analysis are as follows: (a) Patients with AF recurrence had a higher mean LAAV compared to patients with no recurrence; (b) higher LAAV may be a risk factor for AF recurrence after catheter ablation.</p>
        <p>The LAA is a remnant of the embryonic left atrium, while the remaining left atrium is derived from an outgrowth of the pulmonary veins.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>The LAA is a structurally complex and functional organ that contributes to cardiac hemodynamic changes and heart rate through both its contractile properties and neurohormonal peptide secretion.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>On the one hand, prior studies have shown that the LAA is the most prevalent source of cardioembolic events, and it is typically associated with atrial arrhythmias such as AF and atrial flutter.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>Therefore, preprocedural evaluation of the left atrium and LAA by transesophageal echocardiograghy is conventionally performed to detect thrombus formation prior to cardioversion and pulmonary vein isolation. On the other hand, the LAA has also been shown to be a source of initiation and maintenance of AF, particularly in patients requiring repeat ablation for arrhythmia recurrences. Some studies have found that the LAA triggers in up to 30% of their patients; thus, they are routinely isolating the LAA at the time of repeat ablation.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Few studies have focused on the value of the LAA in AF recurrence following radiofrequency ablation in the past. Kanda et al.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>used the morphological and functional parameters of the LAA as a surrogate factor of left atrial function, and they were the first to demonstrate that a low LAA peak flow velocity is associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Meanwhile, another study investigated the abilities of the preprocedural P-wave to the peak A-wave on the tissue Doppler imaging, left atrial volume index, and LAA flow velocity values to predict AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF, and concluded evaluation of functional remodeling of AF by LAA flow velocity.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup>However, in a more recent study, Kocyigit et al. identified a relationship between cauliflower-type LAA morphology and recurrences after catheter ablation.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Subsequently, some small-scale studies also recognized that higher LAAV is independently associated with an increased incidence of AF recurrence after catheter ablation in patients with AF. Although potential mechanisms underlying the association between LAA and AF remain unclear, a large body of evidence indicates that high LAAV contributes to the vicious cycle of atrial remodeling and AF. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide release is triggered by stretch receptors, with LAA wall distention being more predictive of atrial natriuretic peptide release than left atrial distention or left atrial pressure.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup>This peptide acts on atrial natriuretic peptide receptors, thereby exerting the sequence of physiological effects, including increased renal sodium excretion, reduced extracellular volume, vasodilation, and reduced blood pressure. These factors may be associated with the process of atrial remodeling. Therefore, LAAV could be a reliable parameter for determining the left atrial structural and functional conditions in patients with early AF.</p>
        <p>To our knowledge, our study is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the potential association between LAAV and AF recurrence after catheter ablation. It is important to understand LAAV and function for better personalized treatment in the near future.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has several limitations. Firstly, our analysis included a limited number of studies;all evaluated studies were retrospective, and no populational study was conducted in South America. Secondly, the funnel plot revealed some asymmetry upon visual inspection for our two meta-analyses, suggesting possible publication bias ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ). The Egger&#8217;s regression test was not used due to the limited number of included studies, but &#8220;trim-and-fill&#8221; method also did not achieve symmetry of the funnel plot. These results suggest that our meta-analysis may be affected by publication bias. Because of publication bias, further studies should be performed to explore the mechanisms underlying AF recurrence. Thirdly, we did not study the difference of the LAAV between paroxysmal and persistent AF. Fourthly, the imaging modalities to assess LAAV varied considerably in the included studies, and the precision of different measure methods has some influence on our meta-analysis. Fifthly, we did not evaluate the influence of morphological and functional parameters of LAAV on arrhythmia generation in all patients in the present study. It is necessary to investigate the possibility of other AF trigger sites in patients with AF recurrence and larger LAA as a next step.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, our meta-analysis identified that patients with AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation have significantly higher LAAV compared to patients without recurrence. LAAV is relevant to increased risk of AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Meanwhile, the assessment of LAAV in these patients in routine clinical practice is important for better risk stratification and guidance regarding the optimum therapeutic option.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), the Clinical Medicine Expert Team (Class A) of Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park (SZYQTD202102), the Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine (SZXK202129), the Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), the Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases (LCZX202132), and the Research on Collaborative Innovation of Medical Engineering Combination (SZM2021014). The funders had no roles in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE 2022754)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
