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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jjZ6LqPs3qXFssGkkFf5DwH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220427</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Raz&#227;o Nitrog&#234;nio Ureico/Creatinina e Progn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Todo o Espectro da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6869-5000</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Estes autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica and Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Conglin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Estes autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niu</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaojing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Zhijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Mingxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Jianli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Geriatrics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tianjin Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tianjin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jianli Tian &#8226; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital &#8211; 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>tjltianjianli@126.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220427</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), devido &#224; relativa defici&#234;ncia do volume sangu&#237;neo, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema neuro-hormonal leva &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o renal, que afeta o teor de nitrog&#234;nio ureico (NU) e creatinina (C) no organismo, sendo que NU e C s&#227;o facilmente afetados por outros fatores. Portanto, a raz&#227;o NU/C pode ser utilizada como mais um marcador para o progn&#243;stico da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Explorar o progn&#243;stico do desfecho adverso da IC no grupo NU/C alta em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo NU/C baixa em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> De 2014 a 2016, pacientes sintom&#225;ticos hospitalizados com IC foram recrutados e acompanhados para observar desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Foram realizadas an&#225;lise log&#237;stica e a an&#225;lise COX para determinar a signific&#226;ncia. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, o grupo NU/C alta apresentou maior risco de desfecho adverso na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que o risco de morte card&#237;aca no grupo ICFEr foi maior do que no grupo NU/C baixa, enquanto o risco de morte por todas as causas foi significativo apenas em 3 meses (p&lt;0,05) (Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central). O risco de morte por todas as causas no grupo NU/C alta no grupo ICFEP foi significativamente maior do que no grupo NU/C baixa em dois anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O grupo NU/C alta est&#225; relacionado ao risco de mau progn&#243;stico da ICFEP, n&#227;o sendo inferior ao valor preditivo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrog&#234;nio da Ureia Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Project of Tianjin Heart Association</funding-source>
          <award-id>20150011</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Project of Tianjin Heart Association</funding-source>
          <award-id>20150011-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos tempos, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tem sido frequentemente encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica. De acordo com as diretrizes de 2021 da European Heart Association, os pacientes com IC s&#227;o classificados em (1) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), onde a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida &#233; definida como &#8804;40%; (2) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia (ICFEfm), incluindo pacientes com FEVE entre 41% e 49%; e (3) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), em que os pacientes apresentam FEVE &#8805;49%.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Embora novas estrat&#233;gias sejam continuamente introduzidas para combater a IC, ela se mant&#233;m como um dos problemas com maiores taxas de mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes hospitalizados. Alguns estudos documentaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade de pacientes com IC com a falta de volume sangu&#237;neo efetivo,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> mas outros estudos sugeriram que pacientes com IC teriam ativa&#231;&#227;o excessiva de diferentes neuro-horm&#244;nios, como o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (RAAS) e sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS), resultando em congest&#227;o venosa e insufici&#234;ncia renal. Os mecanismos acima ter&#227;o certo impacto no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com IC, a insufici&#234;ncia renal tamb&#233;m &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de diminuir a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe),<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> a renina tamb&#233;m aumenta a reabsor&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua e sal, levando ao aumento do nitrog&#234;nio ureico (NU).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Portanto, a creatinina s&#233;rica (C) e o NU s&#227;o considerados indicadores cl&#237;nicos eficazes de mau progn&#243;stico. Sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, o NU pode ser filtrado livremente no glom&#233;rulo, mas entre 30% e 40% &#233; reabsorvido no t&#250;bulo renal.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> A reabsor&#231;&#227;o do NU tamb&#233;m aumenta devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o excessiva de neuro-horm&#244;nios em pacientes com IC,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> enquanto a ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;nas, aumento do catabolismo e outros fatores tamb&#233;m alteram os n&#237;veis de NU.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> A C pode ser filtrada livremente no glom&#233;rulo, embora n&#227;o seja reabsorvida no t&#250;bulo renal. A C tamb&#233;m &#233; facilmente afetada pela alimenta&#231;&#227;o e outros fatores.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Portanto, a raz&#227;o NU/C pode ser um indicador de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e uma medida do neuro-horm&#244;nio e da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada a eventos adversos em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora se desconhe&#231;a a raz&#227;o NU/C normal, estudos anteriores indicam que NU/C&gt;25,5 &#233; um fator de risco independente para predizer &#243;bito em pacientes com IC aguda ou cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O NU &#233; visto como um reflexo e diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. O NU &#233; proporcional ao estado hemodin&#226;mico do marcador progn&#243;stico danificado.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Sabe-se que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; diverso em pacientes com IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o da capacidade preditiva da raz&#227;o NU/C em pacientes com IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, o presente estudo compara o progn&#243;stico da IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela raz&#227;o NU/C na admiss&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo observacional retrospectivo foi realizado em 2.255 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com IC que passaram pelo servi&#231;o ambulatorial do Hospital Geral da Universidade de Medicina de Tianjin e do Hospital Tor&#225;cico de Tianjin entre fevereiro de 2014 a junho de 2016 em Tianjin, China. Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) Pacientes &#8805;18 anos com IC sintom&#225;tica (classe funcional III&#8211;IV da NYHA); (2) NU, C e outros &#237;ndices laboratoriais estimados nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: (1) Pacientes com indicadores incompletos; (2) Pacientes sem informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica; (3) Pacientes com tuberculose severa ou tumor maligno. A IC foi diagnosticada seguindo as diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) de 2021 e foi examinada por pelo menos dois m&#233;dicos com taxas de frequ&#234;ncia, com base nos sintomas, sinais, resultados laboratoriais e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do paciente. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado para participar do estudo. O programa de pesquisa est&#225; de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Hospital Geral da Universidade de Medicina de Tianjin (Aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica n&#186;: IRB2017.029&#8211;01, registro no.: CHICCTR-ERC-17011820).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Informa&#231;&#245;es preliminares e exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Para todos os indiv&#237;duos, informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas gerais, comorbidades, medica&#231;&#227;o, dados de ecocardiografia e resultados laboratoriais foram registrados. O diagn&#243;stico de IC e o agrupamento de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o se basearam nas diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology </italic>(ESC) de 2016.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Como a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o foi admitida com o est&#244;mago vazio, o sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foi coletado no segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e os &#237;ndices laboratoriais estimados. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia Doppler colorida transtor&#225;cica dentro de 48 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Os instrumentos utilizados s&#227;o equipamentos cl&#237;nicos padr&#227;o internacionalmente reconhecidos e os resultados do ultrassom foram avaliados por m&#233;dicos com forma&#231;&#227;o profissional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo: Seguimento e desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>Os desfechos deste estudo foram definidos como readmiss&#227;o por IC, morte card&#237;aca e morte por todas as causas, e o prazo para o resultado cl&#237;nico foi de 3 meses, 12 meses e 24 meses, respectivamente. O presente estudo foi acompanhado por 2 anos por meio de consultas ambulatoriais ou comunica&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica. As equipes de seguimento foram compostas por m&#233;dicos treinados. Os m&#233;dicos realizaram a coleta de dados e o seguimento de todos os pacientes inscritos no grupo por meio de question&#225;rios impressos. A vers&#227;o impressa dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foi arquivada. Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do seguimento, dois m&#233;dicos selecionaram 10% dos casos dos pacientes do grupo para verifica&#231;&#227;o de dados, incluindo verifica&#231;&#245;es de question&#225;rios impressos e seguimento por telefone. Dos 2.099 pacientes, todos conclu&#237;ram seguimento de dois anos sem nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o, e os pesquisadores obtiveram informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>De acordo com as diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o, 2.099 indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos e, de acordo com o n&#237;vel de NU/C, os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois subgrupos (NU/C&#8804;25,5 e NU/C&gt;25,5). Primeiramente, para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizou-se o teste T independente ou o teste da soma de postos de Wilcoxon, em que as vari&#225;veis que satisfizeram a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram representadas por m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto a mediana e o intervalo interquartil foram usados para representar as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher para comparar as raz&#245;es entre os grupos e foram obtidas as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos indiv&#237;duos. Posteriormente, empregou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para comparar o progn&#243;stico de 3 meses, 12 meses e 24 meses em diferentes grupos NU/C. Foram usadas as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades significativas encontradas na IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise univariada para ajustar fatores de confus&#227;o, incluindo idade, sexo, etilismo, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmia, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, anemia, etc. Os resultados foram expressos por <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. De acordo com os diferentes grupos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, ajustamos os fatores demogr&#225;ficos significativos comuns e os fatores de confus&#227;o dos indicadores laboratoriais, como sexo, idade, NU, C, hemoglobina e assim por diante. Tendo como refer&#234;ncia o grupo de baixo NU/C (NU/C&gt;25,5), utilizou-se a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para analisar a mortalidade por todas as causas em dois anos. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC ajudou a avaliar a predi&#231;&#227;o do grupo NU/C de mortalidade por todas as causas em dois anos. Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com o ponto de corte da curva ROC (ponto de corte=20,4043), dividiu-se NU/C em um novo grupo para compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais relacionadas e os fatores progn&#243;sticos (raz&#227;o NU/C elevada*&#8804;20,4043, raz&#227;o NU/C baixa*&gt;20,4043). Todas as medidas foram bilaterais e p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo software estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 22.0) IBM Corp.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultado</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Um total de 124 pacientes sem informa&#231;&#245;es de NU ou C e 31 pacientes com tuberculose severa ou tumores malignos foram exclu&#237;dos, e os restantes 2.099 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com IC foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. A idade m&#233;dia dos 2.099 pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foi de 70 (61&#8211;79), dos quais 794 eram mulheres (37,8%). A C m&#233;dia nesta popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 105,4&#177;64,3 mg/dL, e o NU m&#233;dio foi de 9,5&#177;23,8 mmol/L (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>, tabela suplementar 1).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais de diferentes grupos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com IC sintom&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="9%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ICFEr</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ICFEfm</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ICFEp</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C baixa</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C elevada</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C baixa</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C elevada</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C baixa</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o NU/C elevada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (61&#8211;79)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (58&#8211;76)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (61&#8211;79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (62&#8211;80)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (63&#8211;80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (64&#8211;81)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (63&#8211;82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">794 (37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">299 (37,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (33,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (44,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (32,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (43,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">288 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (41,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,502</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (34,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etilismo</td>
                  <td align="center">849 (40,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (33,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1235 (58,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">507 (63,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (62,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,454</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (57,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (39,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> FA</td>
                  <td align="center">578 (27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (19,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (28,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">646 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">266 (33,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (28,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,528</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (29,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">951 (45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">412 (51,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (48,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (34,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">1668 (79,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">648 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,533</td>
                  <td align="center">467 (81,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (74,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (71,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,215</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Arritmia</td>
                  <td align="center">968 (46,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">319 (40,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (50,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">275 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (58,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (47,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (55,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (20,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">575 (27,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (28,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (28,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (51,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (33,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (36,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">310 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (10,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6300,1&#177; 7467,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5219,2&#177; 6419,3</td>
                  <td align="center">7931,8&#177; 9352,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">6352,7&#177; 7504,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8990,8&#177; 8875,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">8990,8&#177; 8875,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8990,8&#177; 8875,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,501</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Lactato desidrogenase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">331,0&#177; 344,1</td>
                  <td align="center">336,6&#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">309,8&#177; 247,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">329,0&#177; 288,3</td>
                  <td align="center">357,2&#177; 416,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,183</td>
                  <td align="center">340,0&#177; 468,3</td>
                  <td align="center">271,8&#177; 146,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Aspartato aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,2 (16,5&#8211;43,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (16&#8211;45,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 (16&#8211;44,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,942</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (17&#8211;45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (16,8&#8211;44,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (12&#8211;33,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11,7&#8211;38,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,780</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">105,4&#177;64,3</td>
                  <td align="center">111,7&#177;72,9</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7&#177;41,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">107&#177;58,1</td>
                  <td align="center">87,6&#177;18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">109,3&#177;69,7</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7&#177;49,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Nitrog&#234;nio ureico (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5&#177;23,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3&#177;4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4&#177;25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1&#177;43</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7&#177;4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">26,2&#177;84,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> &#193;cido &#250;rico (umol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">386,5&#177; 150,4</td>
                  <td align="center">386,5&#177; 133,5</td>
                  <td align="center">432,9&#177; 177,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">367,4&#177; 142,1</td>
                  <td align="center">441,9&#177; 192,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">372,5&#177; 148,1</td>
                  <td align="center">402,2&#177; 187,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (111&#8211;142)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (116&#8211;146)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (108,3&#8211;141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (112,2&#8211;142)</td>
                  <td align="center">122,5 (105&#8211;141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (106&#8211;137)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (105,5&#8211;135,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,455</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12,3&#8211;14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 (12,1&#8211;13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2 (12,4&#8211;14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12,2&#8211;14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 (12,7&#8211;15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2 (12,3&#8211;14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (13&#8211;15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hem&#225;cias (*10<sup>12</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,4&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Volume espec&#237;fico de hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td align="center">55,9&#177;25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4&#177;23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1&#177;26,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">53,6&#177;24,2</td>
                  <td align="center">55,3&#177;27,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5&#177;27,5</td>
                  <td align="center">64,9&#177;29,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">709 (33,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">320 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (33,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (32,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (27,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">511 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,495</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (21,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">1323 (63,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">567 (71,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (60,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (63,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">70(54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (54,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">1367 (65,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">503 (63,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (72,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">381 (66,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">87(68,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (63,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (64,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Digit&#225;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">575 (27,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (35,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (24,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(30,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (36,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma com doppler colorido</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5&#177;7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">41,9&#177;6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6&#177;7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,915</td>
                  <td align="center">42,9&#177;7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">43,4&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                  <td align="center">42,9&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">42,8&#177;10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,4&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">56,8&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                  <td align="center">56,6&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">56,3&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">56,0&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9&#177;12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> AD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3&#177;8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">37,1&#177;6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">40,2&#177;8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">39,2&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">56,3&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">41,1&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">41,9&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (18&#8211;30)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16,5&#8211;32)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (18,1&#8211;31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,723</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (18,2&#8211;30,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (17,4&#8211;31,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (20,2&#8211;32,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (20,3&#8211;34,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,698</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEfm: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; NU/C: nitrog&#234;nio ureico e creatinina; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do grupo ICFEr com vari&#225;veis n&#227;o ajustadas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa, o risco de morte card&#237;aca no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C elevada foi maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa em 3 meses, 12 meses e 24 meses, e o risco de morte por todas as causas em 3 meses foi 2,062 vezes maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>). No grupo ICFEfm, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no resultado cl&#237;nico em cada ponto de seguimento. No grupo ICFEP, o risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C elevada foi maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa no 12&#186; e 24&#186; meses de seguimento, e o risco de morte por todas as causas foi 2,1 vezes maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa (p&lt;0,005). Por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, constatou-se que, ap&#243;s ajustar os fatores de confus&#227;o correspondentes, o risco de morte card&#237;aca e morte por todas as causas em 3 meses em cada ponto de seguimento no grupo ICFEr ainda era maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa, e o risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC e morte por todas as causas no grupo ICFEP ainda era significativamente maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa aos 12 e 24 meses (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>, tabela suplementar 2). Para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com IC, o risco de morte por todas as causas no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C elevada foi significativamente maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa no grupo ICFEP. Nos grupos ICFEr e ICFEp, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa, o grupo NU/C elevada apresentou uma taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas significativamente maior em dois anos ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores mistos (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). No grupo ICFEP, essa tend&#234;ncia significativa tamb&#233;m foi observada na an&#225;lise de Cox, em que o risco do grupo raz&#227;o NU/C elevada foi 3,280 vezes maior do que o do grupo raz&#227;o NU/C baixa ap&#243;s ajuste para riscos relacionados (p&lt;0,001, <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref>). As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan&#8211;Meier no grupo ICFEP com raz&#245;es NU/C se encontram na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">figura 1</xref> (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; FCs ajustadas (IC 95%) de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC/morte card&#237;aca/morte por todas as causas em pacientes com IC com NU/C baixa vs. NU/C elevada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico</th>
                  <th>ICFEr</th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                  <th>ICFEfm</th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                  <th>ICFEp</th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR ajustada (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>OR ajustada (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>OR ajustada (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2,234 (0,932&#8211;5,351)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                  <td align="center">1,346 (0,519&#8211;3,493)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,541</td>
                  <td align="center">2,058 (0,872&#8211;4,855)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">0,790 (0,465&#8211;1,343)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,384</td>
                  <td align="center">0,892 (0,529&#8211;1,506)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,849 (1,103&#8211;3,101)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 24 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">0,711 (0,429&#8211;1,177)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,185</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948 (0,582&#8211;1,544)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,829</td>
                  <td align="center">1,784 (1,087&#8211;2,929)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Morte card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2,508 (1,075&#8211;5,850)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td align="center">0,456 (0,128&#8211;1,624)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,226</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (0,426&#8211;2,794)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,855</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1,972 (1,118&#8211;3,480)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766 (0,397&#8211;1,480)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,427</td>
                  <td align="center">1,225 (0,656&#8211;2,288)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,524</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 24 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2,062 (1,287&#8211;3,301)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">1,046 (0,623&#8211;1,758)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,864</td>
                  <td align="center">1,095 (0,644&#8211;1,860)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,738</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Morte por todas as causas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2,608 (1,221&#8211;5,572)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748 (0,269&#8211;2,075)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,577</td>
                  <td align="center">1,717 (0,768&#8211;3,838)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1,543 (0,863&#8211;2,761)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                  <td align="center">1,098 (0,623&#8211;1,935)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,747</td>
                  <td align="center">2,101 (1,227&#8211;3,598)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ajustado para sexo, idade, NU, C, hemoglobina. ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEfm: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Raz&#227;o Nitrog&#234;nio Ureico/Creatinina e Progn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Todo o Espectro da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (FCs) ajustadas (IC 95%) de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)/morte card&#237;aca/morte por todas as causas em pacientes com IC com baixa raz&#227;o nitrog&#234;nio ureico/creatinina (NU/C) vs. Raz&#227;o NU/C elevada.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valor preditivo de NU/C e tipo de IC para mortalidade em 2 anos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>OR (CI 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEr+ NU/C baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEr+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">2,201 (1,500&#8211;3,229)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,754 (1,172&#8211;2,625)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEfm+ NU/C baixa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEfm+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,326 (0,861&#8211;2,042)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                  <td align="center">1,175 (0,744&#8211;1,853)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEP+ NU/C baixa 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo ICFEP+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,874 (1,203&#8211;2,918)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">1,646 (1,040&#8211;2,607)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Ajustado para idade, sexo, etilismo, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmia, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, anemia. ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEfm: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; NU/C: nitrog&#234;nio ureico e creatinina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise cox de NU/C e tipo de IC para mortalidade em 2 anos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>FC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>FC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEr+ NU/C baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEr+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,376 (0,916-2,066)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                  <td align="center">1,574 (0,990-2,502)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEfm+ NU/C baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEfm+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971 (0,625-1,510)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,897</td>
                  <td align="center">1,039 (0,656-1,646)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,871</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEP+ NU/C baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEP+ NU/C elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">2,543 (1,625-3,980)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,280 (2,002-5,375)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEfm: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; NU/C: nitrog&#234;nio ureico e creatinina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan&#8211;Meier em pacientes com raz&#245;es NU/C baixas e elevadas. NU/C: nitrog&#234;nio ureico e creatinina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Curva ROC</title>
        <p>A <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a linha ROC que comparou a FE com a raz&#227;o NU/C na IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. No grupo ICFEp e ICFEr, a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) da raz&#227;o NU/C foi maior do que a da FE, mas n&#227;o foi observada em pacientes com ICFEfm. (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>, tabelas suplementares 2 e 3). No reagrupamento de NU/C de acordo com o ponto de corte obtido da curva ROC, o risco de morte por todas as causas em dois anos no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C* elevada foi maior do que no grupo raz&#227;o NU/C* baixa (p&lt;0,001), que ainda foi estatisticamente significativo ap&#243;s o ajuste para vari&#225;veis relevantes [FC=1,626, IC 95% (1,297&#8211;2,040), p&lt;0,001, Tabela suplementar 4].</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do poder preditivo da raz&#227;o NU/C e FE em pacientes com diferentes tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; NU/C: nitrog&#234;nio ureico e creatinina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A IC &#233; uma doen&#231;a comum em humanos. O presente estudo destaca uma nova vis&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o NU/C e progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico em pacientes com IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, portanto, o progn&#243;stico em humanos pode ser melhor avaliado. Em primeiro lugar, a raz&#227;o NU/C mais elevada em pacientes com IC esteve associada a pior progn&#243;stico; em segundo lugar, para diferentes tipos: n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre NU/C mais elevado na ICFEr com risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o no curto e longo prazo em pacientes com IC, mas se mostrou independentemente relacionada a morte card&#237;aca no longo prazo e morte por todas as causas. Na ICFEfm, a raz&#227;o NU/C mais elevada n&#227;o teve efeito em nenhum desfecho cl&#237;nico de curto ou longo prazo. Na ICFEP, embora a raz&#227;o NU/C mais elevado n&#227;o tenha associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco de morte card&#237;aca, mostrou-se independentemente relacionada a reinterna&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo e morte por todas as causas por IC. O motivo dessa diferen&#231;a pode estar relacionado ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e ao volume sangu&#237;neo efetivo da IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> mas, de acordo com as evid&#234;ncias existentes, n&#227;o se sabe o motivo espec&#237;fico.</p>
      <p>Diversos biomarcadores podem predizer o in&#237;cio de eventos adversos em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Entre eles, o n&#237;vel de NU, o n&#237;vel de C e a raz&#227;o NU/C s&#227;o reconhecidos como indicadores cl&#237;nicos da fun&#231;&#227;o renal atual.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> No entanto, NU, C s&#227;o facilmente afetados por fatores n&#227;o renais, sendo reabsorvidos assincronamente nos t&#250;bulos renais. Recentemente, poucos estudos relataram a libera&#231;&#227;o de arginina vasopressina (AVP) desencadeada pela relativa defici&#234;ncia de volume sangu&#237;neo em pacientes com IC. Esse fato, por sua vez, ativa o sistema neuro-hormonal, levando &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o renal, reduzindo a filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e a excre&#231;&#227;o de NU/C, aumentando a raz&#227;o NU/C. Este hist&#243;rico estabelece uma base para a raz&#227;o NU/C como produtora de neuro-horm&#244;nios renais.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante notar que o rim aumenta diretamente a recapta&#231;&#227;o de ureia na medula renal, aumentando assim a reabsor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> contribuindo para um dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do rim para A s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal na IC.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Okayama et al. indicaram a raz&#227;o NU/C como um indicador alternativo para f&#225;cil estima&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de AVP, que pode ser empregado para predizer a efic&#225;cia do tolvaptano no tratamento da IC.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Okayama et al. relataram complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com IC concomitantemente sofrendo de insufici&#234;ncia renal. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tamb&#233;m refletiu uma raz&#227;o NU/C mais elevada.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Uma estreita associa&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o NU/C tamb&#233;m foi observada com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da taxa de sobrevida.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m agrava o risco de protein&#250;ria relacionada &#224; IC.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Estudos documentaram que a raz&#227;o NU/C pode fornecer predi&#231;&#245;es independentes mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste do <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina. Al&#233;m disso, Yasumori Sujino et al. indicaram que o valor preditivo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o NU/C na sobrevida na alta tamb&#233;m depende da concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea,<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> em que uma concentra&#231;&#227;o excessiva de sangue e hemodilui&#231;&#227;o tem efeito adverso na sobrevida em pacientes, sendo que isso n&#227;o foi observado em pacientes com concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea moderada e dilui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Um estudo do Jap&#227;o mostrou que o grupo com NU/C elevada aumenta o risco progn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Nossa pesquisa preenche uma lacuna inexplorada de IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m utilizamos o ponto de corte obtido da curva ROC como base para o agrupamento e confirmamos que o grupo de NU/C elevada aumentou o risco progn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Shigehiko Uchino et al. afirmaram que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NU/C e mortalidade &#233; do tipo J.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas tamb&#233;m confirmaram que n&#227;o apenas o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC, mas tamb&#233;m a raz&#227;o NU/C &#233; &#250;til para predizer o progn&#243;stico de outras doen&#231;as, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o NU/C tamb&#233;m pode ser explorada para predizer o progn&#243;stico de outras doen&#231;as, como sangramento gastrointestinal em humanos,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e assim por diante.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Inaguma et al. mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa da raz&#227;o NU/C mais elevada com a frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas de IC e hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos recentes documentaram que n&#237;veis elevados de NU, NU/C s&#227;o preditores independentes de gravidade e sobrevida na COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo fornece uma base para o manejo eficaz de pacientes com IC e um novo &#237;ndice para o progn&#243;stico de humanos. Atualmente, h&#225; uma grande quantidade de evid&#234;ncias de que est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de IC, mas h&#225; escassez de evid&#234;ncias sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NU/C e o progn&#243;stico da IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O presente estudo analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NU/C e o progn&#243;stico de curto ou longo prazo de pacientes com IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, n&#227;o foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o outros fatores predisponentes que podem afetar a raz&#227;o NU/C, incluindo o uso de drogas como corticosteroides e alguns antibi&#243;ticos. Em segundo lugar, porque este estudo &#233; um estudo observacional, outros fatores de confus&#227;o que afetam os resultados n&#227;o podem ser exclu&#237;dos, mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise ajustada. Por fim, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer melhor o papel da NU/C na IC em todo o espectro da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, nosso estudo enfatizou que os pacientes do grupo NU/C elevada tiveram mau progn&#243;stico no longo prazo, e n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre NU/C elevada com progn&#243;stico em pacientes com ICFEfm.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O grupo NU/C elevada est&#225; associado ao risco de mau progn&#243;stico da ICFEP, n&#227;o sendo inferior ao valor preditivo da FEVE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>* Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, &lt;ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0427_AO_material suplementar.pdf"&gt;clique aqui&lt;/ext-link&gt;.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi apoiado pelo projeto principal da Funda&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa m&#233;dica de Tianjin. <italic>Heart Association</italic> (20150011,20150011-2).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Yuan Kang pelo Tianjin Medical University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Foundation of medical research major Project of Tianjin Heart Association (20150011,20150011-2).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between BUN/Cr and Prognosis of HF Across the Full Spectrum of Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6869-5000</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>These authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <role> Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role> Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Conglin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>These authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <role> Acquisition of data</role>
          <role> Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niu</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaojing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Zhijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Mingxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Jianli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jianli Tian &#8226; Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital &#8211; 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052 &#8211; China E-mail: tjltianjianli@126.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In patients with heart failure (HF), due to the relative deficiency of blood volume, neurohormone system activation leads to renal vasoconstriction, which affects the content of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in the body, while BUN and Cr are easily affected by other factors. Therefore, BUN/Cr can be used as another marker for the prognosis of HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Explore the prognosis of adverse outcome of HF in the high BUN/Cr group compared with the low BUN/Cr group across the full spectrum of ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> From 2014 to 2016, symptomatic hospitalized HF patients were recruited and followed up to observe adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Logistic analysis and COX analysis were performed to determine significance. p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In the univariate logistic regression analysis, the high BUN/Cr group had a higher risk of adverse outcome in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of cardiac death in the HFrEF group was higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group, while the risk of all-cause death was significant only in 3 months (p&lt;0.05) (Central Illustration). The risk of all-cause death in the high BUN/Cr in the HFpEF group was significantly higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group at two years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The high BUN/Cr group is related to the risk of poor prognosis of HFpEF, and is not lower than the predictive value of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>BUN/Cr</kwd>
        <kwd>Ejection fraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In recent times, heart failure (HF) has been often found in the geriatric population. According to the 2021 guidelines of the European Heart Association, patients with HF are categorized into (1) Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), where reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is defined as &#8804;40%; (2) Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), including patients with LVEF between 41% and 49%; and (3) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where patients present LVEF &#8805;49%.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Although novel strategies are being continuously introduced to combat HF, it persists as one of the problems with the highest mortality and readmission rates among inpatients. Some studies have documented the association of the mortality of patients with HF with the lack of effective blood volume,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> but other studies have suggested that patients with HF would have excessive activation of different neurohormones, such as renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS),<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> resulting in venous congestion and renal insufficiency. The above mechanisms will have a certain impact on the prognosis.</p>
        <p>In patients with HF, renal insufficiency is also attributed to the decrease of myocardial contractility.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Apart from decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR),<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> renin also increases the reabsorption of water and salt, leading to enhanced blood urea nitrogen (BUN).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Hence, serum creatinine (Cr) and BUN are considered effective clinical indicators of poor prognosis. Under physiological conditions, BUN can be filtered freely in the glomerulus, but 30% to 40% is reabsorbed in the renal tubule.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>BUN reabsorption also increases owing to excessive activation of neurohormones in patients with HF,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> while protein intake, increased catabolism, and other factors also alter BUN levels.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Cr can be filtered freely in the glomerulus, though it is not reabsorbed in the renal tubule. Cr is also easily affected by diet, and other factors.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Therefore, BUN/Cr ratio may be an indicator of renal dysfunction and a measure of neurohormone and sympathetic nerve activity. Not only that, the ratio is also related to adverse events in patients with HF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the normal BUN/Cr ratio is unknown, previous studies revealed that BUN/Cr &gt;25.5 is an independent risk factor for predicting death in patients with acute or chronic HF.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> BUN is seen as a reflection and decrease in cardiac output. BUN is proportional to the hemodynamic status of the damaged prognostic marker.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> It is known that cardiac output is diverse in patients with HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. However, there is no description of the predictive ability of BUN/Cr in patients with HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. Therefore, the present study compares the prognosis of HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction by BUN/Cr at admission.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This retrospective observational study was conducted on 2,255 symptomatic HF patients who visited the outpatient departments of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Tianjin Thoracic Hospital from February 2014 to June 2016 in Tianjin, China. Inclusion criteria: (1) Patients &#8805;18 years of age with symptomatic HF (NYHA functional class III&#8211;IV); (2) BUN, Cr, and other laboratory indexes estimated in the first 24 hours of admission. Exclusion criteria: (1) Patients with incomplete indicators; (2) Patients without prognostic information; (3) Patients with severe tuberculosis or malignant tumor. HF was diagnosed following the 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines and was examined by at least two doctors with attendance rates, based on the patient&#8217;s symptoms, signs, laboratory results, and cardiac function assessment. All patients signed an informed consent form to participate in the study. The research program is in line with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (Ethics Committee approval No.: IRB2017.029&#8211;01, Registration No.: CHICCTR-ERC-17011820).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline Information and Laboratory Tests</title>
          <p>For all subjects, general demographic information, comorbidities, medication, echocardiography data, and laboratory results were recorded. Diagnosis of HF and grouping according to ejection fraction was based on the 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Since most of the patients were not admitted on an empty stomach, peripheral venous blood was collected on the second day of admission, and the laboratory indexes were estimated. All patients underwent transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography within 48 hours of admission, the instruments used are internationally recognized standard clinical equipment, and the ultrasound results were evaluated by professionally trained clinicians.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population: Follow-up and Study Endpoints</title>
          <p>The endpoints of this study were defined as readmission for HF, cardiac death, and all-cause death, and the tenure for the clinical result was 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively. This study was followed up for 2 years through outpatient clinic visits or telephone communication. The follow-up staffs were all trained clinicians. Data collection and follow-up of all patients enrolled in the group were conducted by the clinicians on paper questionnaires. The paper version of the medical records was stored. Upon completion of follow-up, two special clinicians selected 10% of the cases from the patients in the group for data check, including checks of paper questionnaires and telephone follow-up. Of the 2,099 patients, all patients completed a two-year follow-up without any intervention, and the researchers obtained prognostic information.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>According to different ejection fractions, 2,099 subjects were divided into three groups, and according to the level of BUN/Cr, the subjects were divided into two subgroups (BUN/Cr&#8804;25.5 and BUN/Cr&#8804;25.5). Firstly, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to check normality. Independent T-test or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test was used for continuous variables, in which variables satisfying normal distribution were represented by mean&#177;standard deviation, whereas median and quartile spacing was used to represent variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was adopted to compare the constituent ratios among groups, and the baseline characteristics of the subjects were obtained. Thereafter, logistic regression analysis was employed to compare the prognosis of 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months in different BUN/Cr groups. The significant demographic variables and comorbidities found in HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction in univariate analysis were used to adjust confounding factors, including age, sex, alcohol consumption, diabetes, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, pulmonary infection, anemia, etc. The results were expressed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). According to the different groups of ejection fraction, we then adjusted the common significant demographic factors and the confounding factors of laboratory indicators, such as sex, age, BUN, Cr, hemoglobin, and so on. Taking the group of low BUN/Cr (BUN/Cr&gt;25.5) as a reference, logistic regression was employed to analyze the two-year all-cause mortality. ROC curve analysis helped to evaluate the BUN/Cr group prediction of two-year all-cause mortality. In addition, according to the cut-off point of ROC curve (cut-off point=20.4043), BUN/Cr was divided into a new group and the related baseline characteristics and prognostic factors were compared (High BUN/Cr*&#8804;20.4043, Low BUN/Cr*&gt;20.4043). All measurements were bilateral, and p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS statistical software (version 22.0) IBM Corp.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Result</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 124 patients with no BUN or Cr and 31 patients with severe tuberculosis or malignant tumors were excluded, and the remaining 2,099 symptomatic HF patients were enrolled in this study. The average age of the 2,099 patients included in this study was 70 (61-79), of which 794 were women (37.8%). The mean Cr in this population was 105.4&#177;64.3 mg/dL, and the mean BUN was 9.5&#177;23.8 mmol/L (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>, supplementary table 1).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of different ejection fraction groups with symptomatic HF</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="9%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Clinical characteristics</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Total</th>
                    <th colspan="2">HFrEF</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                    <th colspan="2">HFmrEF</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                    <th colspan="2">HFpEF</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Low BUN/Cr</th>
                    <th>High BUN/Cr</th>
                    <th>Low BUN/Cr</th>
                    <th>High BUN/Cr</th>
                    <th>Low BUN/Cr</th>
                    <th>High BUN/Cr</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (61&#8211;79)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (58&#8211;76)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (61&#8211;79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (62&#8211;80)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (63&#8211;80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (64&#8211;81)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (63&#8211;82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.820</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">794 (37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">299 (37.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (58.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">193 (33.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (44.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (32.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (43.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoke</td>
                    <td align="center">288 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">132 (16.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.168</td>
                    <td align="center">237 (41.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (41.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.502</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (34.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (23.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Drink</td>
                    <td align="center">849 (40.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">368 (46.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (33.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (10.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.176</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1235 (58.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">507 (63.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (62.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.454</td>
                    <td align="center">332 (57.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (57.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.480</td>
                    <td align="center">184 (54.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (39.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> AF</td>
                    <td align="center">578 (27.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (19.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (25.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (28.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (42.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">646 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">266 (33.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (49.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (28.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (28.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.528</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (22.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (29.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.077</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">951 (45.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">412 (51.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (41.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">276 (48.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (34.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (25.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">1668 (79.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">648 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.533</td>
                    <td align="center">467 (81.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (74.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                    <td align="center">256 (75.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (71.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.215</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Arrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">968 (46.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">319 (40.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (50.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">275 (47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (58.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (47.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (55.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.078</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Renal insufficiency</td>
                    <td align="center">423 (20.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">160 (20.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (25.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                    <td align="center">102 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (22.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (20.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (23.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Pulmonary infection</td>
                    <td align="center">575 (27.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">163 (20.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (28.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">161 (28.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (51.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (33.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (36.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.299</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Anemia</td>
                    <td align="center">310 (14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (10.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (20.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.168</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Laboratory measurements</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">6300.1&#177; 7467.7</td>
                    <td align="center">5219.2&#177; 6419.3</td>
                    <td align="center">7931.8&#177; 9352.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">6352.7&#177; 7504.5</td>
                    <td align="center">8990.8&#177; 8875.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">8990.8&#177; 8875.4</td>
                    <td align="center">8990.8&#177; 8875.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.501</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">331.0&#177; 344.1</td>
                    <td align="center">336.6&#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">309.8&#177; 247.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                    <td align="center">329.0&#177; 288.3</td>
                    <td align="center">357.2&#177; 416.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.183</td>
                    <td align="center">340.0&#177; 468.3</td>
                    <td align="center">271.8&#177; 146.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.2 (16.5&#8211;43.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (16&#8211;45.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.5 (16&#8211;44.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.942</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (17&#8211;45.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (16.8&#8211;44.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.820</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (12&#8211;33.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (11.7&#8211;38.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.780</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> S-Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">105.4&#177;64.3</td>
                    <td align="center">111.7&#177;72.9</td>
                    <td align="center">86.7&#177;41.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">107&#177;58.1</td>
                    <td align="center">87.6&#177;18.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">109.3&#177;69.7</td>
                    <td align="center">86.7&#177;49.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Urea nitrogen (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5&#177;23.8</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3&#177;4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">15.4&#177;25.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3&#177;3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">16.1&#177;43</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7&#177;4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">26.2&#177;84.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Uric acid (umol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">386.5&#177; 150.4</td>
                    <td align="center">386.5&#177; 133.5</td>
                    <td align="center">432.9&#177; 177.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">367.4&#177; 142.1</td>
                    <td align="center">441.9&#177; 192.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">372.5&#177; 148.1</td>
                    <td align="center">402.2&#177; 187.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (111&#8211;142)</td>
                    <td align="center">131 (116&#8211;146)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (108.3&#8211;141)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (112.2&#8211;142)</td>
                    <td align="center">122.5 (105&#8211;141)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.439</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (106&#8211;137)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (105.5&#8211;135.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.455</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Red blood cell distribution</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (12.3&#8211;14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.9 (12.1&#8211;13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2 (12.4&#8211;14.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (12.2&#8211;14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.4 (12.7&#8211;15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2 (12.3&#8211;14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (13&#8211;15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Red blood cells (*1012/L)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.4&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">3.9&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.586</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Red blood cell specific volume</td>
                    <td align="center">55.9&#177;25.5</td>
                    <td align="center">53.4&#177;23.2</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1&#177;26.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">53.6&#177;24.2</td>
                    <td align="center">55.3&#177;27.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                    <td align="center">61.5&#177;27.5</td>
                    <td align="center">64.9&#177;29.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Drug history</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> ACEI</td>
                    <td align="center">709 (33.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">320 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (33.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (32.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">31(24.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (27.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">511 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (26.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.089</td>
                    <td align="center">141 (24.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.495</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (21.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (17.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.177</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> &#946;-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">1323 (63.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">567 (71.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (60.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (63.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">70(54.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (50.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (54.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.310</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">1367 (65.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">503 (63.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (72.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">381 (66.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">87(68.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (63.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (64.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.529</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Digitalis</td>
                    <td align="center">575 (27.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">192 (24.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (35.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">143 (24.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">39(30.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.117</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (31.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (36.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.176</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Cardiac color Doppler ultrasound</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> LA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.5&#177;7.6</td>
                    <td align="center">41.9&#177;6.9</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6&#177;7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.915</td>
                    <td align="center">42.9&#177;7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">43.4&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141</td>
                    <td align="center">42.9&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">42.8&#177;10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> LV (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.4&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">56.8&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">56.2&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.116</td>
                    <td align="center">56.6&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">56.3&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                    <td align="center">56.0&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">53.9&#177;12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.090</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> RA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.3&#177;8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">37.1&#177;6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">40.2&#177;8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">39.2&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">56.3&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                    <td align="center">41.1&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">41.9&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.109</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> RV (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (18&#8211;30)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (16.5&#8211;32)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (18.1&#8211;31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.723</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (18.2&#8211;30.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (17.4&#8211;31.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.686</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (20.2&#8211;32.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (20.3&#8211;34.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.698</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BUN/Cr: blood urea nitrogen and creatinine; AF: atrial fibrillation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival analysis</title>
          <p>In the logistic regression analysis of the HFrEF group with unadjusted variables, compared with the low BUN/Cr group, the risk of cardiac death in the high BUN/Cr group was higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group at 3 months, 12 months and 24 months, and the risk of all-cause death in 3 months was 2.062 times higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). In the HFmrEF group, there was no significant difference in clinical outcome at each follow-up point. In the HFpEF group, the risk of rehospitalization due to HF in the high BUN/Cr group was higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group at the 12<sup>th</sup> and 24<sup>th</sup> months of follow-up, and the risk of all-cause death was 2.1 times higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group (p&lt;0.005). Through logistics regression analysis, we found that after adjusting the corresponding confounding factors, the risk of cardiac death and 3-month all-cause death at each follow-up point in the HFrEF group was still higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group, and the risk of HF rehospitalization and all-cause death in the HFpEF group was still significantly higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group at 12 and 24 months (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Central Illustration</xref>, supplementary table 2). For the all population with HF, the risk of all-cause death in the high BUN/Cr group was significantly higher than that in the low BUN/Cr group in the HFpEF group. In the HFrEF and HFpEF group, compared with the low BUN/Cr group, the high BUN/Cr group had a significantly higher 2-year all-cause death rate after adjusting for mixed factors (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). In the HFpEF group, this significant trend was also observed in the Cox analysis, which the risk of the high BUN/Cr group was 3.280 times higher than that of the low BUN/Cr group after adjusting for related risks (p&lt;0.001, <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>). Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves in HFpEF with BUN/Cr ratios were shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">figure 1</xref> (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Adjusted HRs (95%CI) of HF re-hospitalization/cardiac death/all-cause death in HF patients with low BUN/Cr vs. high BUN/Cr</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Clinical prognosis</th>
                    <th>HFrEF</th>
                    <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">p value</th>
                    <th>HFmrEF</th>
                    <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">p value</th>
                    <th>HFpEF</th>
                    <th colspan="1" rowspan="3">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Adjusted OR (95 %CI)</th>
                    <th>Adjusted OR (95 %CI)</th>
                    <th>Adjusted OR (95 %CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">
                      <bold>Rehospitalization for HF</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2.234 (0.932&#8211;5.351)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071</td>
                    <td align="center">1.346 (0.519&#8211;3.493)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.541</td>
                    <td align="center">2.058 (0.872&#8211;4.855)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">0.790 (0.465&#8211;1.343)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.384</td>
                    <td align="center">0.892 (0.529&#8211;1.506)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">1.849 (1.103&#8211;3.101)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 24 months</td>
                    <td align="center">0.711 (0.429&#8211;1.177)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.185</td>
                    <td align="center">0.948 (0.582&#8211;1.544)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.829</td>
                    <td align="center">1.784 (1.087&#8211;2.929)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">
                      <bold>Cardiac death</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2.508 (1.075&#8211;5.850)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                    <td align="center">0.456 (0.128&#8211;1.624)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.226</td>
                    <td align="center">1.091 (0.426&#8211;2.794)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.855</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">1.972 (1.118&#8211;3.480)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766 (0.397&#8211;1.480)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.427</td>
                    <td align="center">1.225 (0.656&#8211;2.288)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.524</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 24 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2.062 (1.287&#8211;3.301)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">1.046 (0.623&#8211;1.758)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.864</td>
                    <td align="center">1.095 (0.644&#8211;1.860)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.738</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">
                      <bold>All-cause death</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2.608 (1.221&#8211;5.572)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                    <td align="center">0.748 (0.269&#8211;2.075)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.577</td>
                    <td align="center">1.717 (0.768&#8211;3.838)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.188</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> 12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">1.543 (0.863&#8211;2.761)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.144</td>
                    <td align="center">1.098 (0.623&#8211;1.935)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.747</td>
                    <td align="center">2.101 (1.227&#8211;3.598)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for sex, age, BUN, Cr, hemoglobin. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Central Illustration</label>
              <caption>
                <title>: Relationship between BUN/Cr and Prognosis of HF Across the Full Spectrum of Ejection Fraction</title>
                <p>
                  <italic>Adjusted heart rates (HRs) (95%CI) of heart failure (HF) re-hospitalization/cardiac death/all-cause death in HF patients with low BUN/Cr vs. high BUN/Cr.</italic>
                </p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictive value of BUN/Cr and HF type for 2-year mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF+Low BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF+High BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">2.201 (1.500&#8211;3.229)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.754 (1.172&#8211;2.625)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmrEF+Low BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmrEF+High BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">1.326 (0.861&#8211;2.042)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.200</td>
                    <td align="center">1.175 (0.744&#8211;1.853)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.489</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF+Low BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF+High BUN/Cr group</td>
                    <td align="center">1.874 (1.203&#8211;2.918)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">1.646 (1.040&#8211;2.607)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for age, sex, alcohol consumption, diabetes, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, pulmonary infection, anemia. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BUN/Cr: blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The cox analysis of BUN/Cr and HF type for 2-year mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>HR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>HR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF+Low BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF+High BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">1.376 (0.916-2.066)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                    <td align="center">1.574 (0.990-2.502)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmrEF+Low BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmrEF+High BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">0.971 (0.625-1.510)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.897</td>
                    <td align="center">1.039 (0.656-1.646)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.871</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF+Low BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (reference)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF+High BUN/Cr</td>
                    <td align="center">2.543 (1.625-3.980)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.280 (2.002-5.375)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Adjusted for female. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BUN/Cr: blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves in patients with high and low BUN/Cr ratios. BUN/Cr: blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ROC curve</title>
          <p><xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> shows the ROC line which compared EF and BUN/Cr in HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. In the group of HFpEF and HFrEF, the AUC of BUN/Cr was larger than that of EF, but it was not observed in patients with HFmrEF (<xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>, <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">tables 2</xref> and <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">3</xref>). In the regrouping of BUN/Cr according to the cut-off point obtained from the ROC curve, the risk of 2-year all-cause death in the high BUN/Cr* group was higher than that in the low BUN/Cr* group (p&lt;0.001), which was still statistically significant after adjusting for relevant variables [HR=1.626, 95%CI (1.297&#8211;2.040), p&lt;0.001, supplementary table 4].</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of predictive power of BUN/Cr and EF in patients with different types of heart failure. EF: ejection fraction; BUN/Cr: blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220427-20427-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>HF is a common disease in humans. The present study highlights a new insight into the relationship between BUN/Cr and clinical prognosis in patients with HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction, thus prognosis in humans can be better judged. Firstly, higher BUN/Cr in patients with HF was associated with poor prognosis; secondly, for different types: there was no correlation between higher BUN/Cr in HFrEF with short-term and long-term risk of rehospitalization in patients suffering from HF, but it was independently related to long-term cardiac death and all-cause death. In HFmrEF, the higher BUN/Cr exerted no effect on any short-term or long-term clinical results. In HFpEF, though higher BUN/Cr had no association with the risk of cardiac death, it was independently related to long-term rehospitalization and all-cause death due to HF. The reason for this difference may be related to the cardiac output and effective blood volume of HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> but according to the existing evidence, the specific reason is not known.</p>
        <p>Several biomarkers can predict the onset of adverse events in patients with HF.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Among them, BUN level, Cr level, and BUN/Cr ratio are recognized as clinical indicators of renal function at present.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Nonetheless, BUN, Cr is easily affected by non-renal factors and is reabsorbed asynchronously in the renal tubules. Recently, few studies have reported the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) triggered by the relative deficiency of blood volume in patients with HF. This, in turn, activates the neurohormone system, leading to renal vasoconstriction, reducing glomerular filtration and BUN/Cr excretion, ultimately increasing the BUN/Cr ratio. This background lays a foundation for BUN/Cr as a producer of renal neurohormones.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is worth noting that the kidney directly enhances the reuptake of urea in the renal medulla, thereby escalating the reabsorption of sodium and water.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> This contributes to one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney for HF-cardiorenal syndrome.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>-<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Okayama et al. claimed BUN/Cr as an alternative indicator for easy estimation of elevated AVP levels, which can be employed to predict the efficacy of tolvaptan in the treatment of HF.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Okayama et al. reported complications in patients with HF concurrently suffering from renal insufficiency. This patient population also reflected a higher BUN/Cr.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>-<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> A close association of BUN/Cr was also observed with the deterioration of survival rate.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> It also aggravates the risk of proteinuria related to HF.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Studies have documented that BUN/Cr can provide independent predictions even after adjusting creatinine clearance. Moreover, Yasumori Sujino et al. reported that the predictive value of high BUN/Creatinine on survival at discharge also relies on blood concentration,<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> whereby an excessive blood concentration and hemodilution has an adverse effect on survival in patients, while it was not observed in patients with moderate blood concentration and blood pressure dilution.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> A study from Japan showed that the high BUN/Cr group increases the prognostic risk of heart failure.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Our research fills an unexplored gap of HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. In addition, we also used the cut-off point obtained from the ROC curve as the basis for grouping, and confirmed that the high BUN/Cr group increased the prognostic risk of heart failure. Shigehiko Uchino et al. claimed that the relationship between BUN/Cr and mortality is J-type.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, research also confirmed that not only the prognosis of patients with HF, but also BUN/Cr is useful to predict the prognosis of other diseases such as acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> BUN/Cr can also be exploited to predict the prognosis of other diseases, such as gastrointestinal bleeding in humans,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and so on.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Inaguma et al. revealed a significant correlation of the higher BUN/Cr ratio with the frequency of HF symptoms and the history of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Moreover, recent studies have documented that elevated levels of BUN, BUN/Cr are independent predictors of COVID-19 severity and survival.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study provides a basis for the effective management of patients with HF, and provides a new index for the prognosis of humans. At present, there is a large amount of evidence that it is associated with the increased risk of HF, but there is a dearth of evidence on the relationship between BUN/Cr and the prognosis of HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. The present study analyzed the relationship between BUN/Cr and short-term or long-term prognosis of patients with HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. Firstly, other predisposing factors that may affect the BUN/Cr ratio, including the use of drugs such as corticosteroids and certain antibiotics, were not taken into consideration. Secondly, because this study is an observational study, other confounding factors affecting the results cannot be excluded, even after adjusted analysis. Finally, more studies are needed to further clarify the role of BUN/Cr in HF across the full spectrum of ejection fraction. Despite these limitations, our study emphasized that patients in the high BUN/Cr group had a poor long-term prognosis, and there was no significant correlation between high BUN/Cr with prognosis in patients with HFmrEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The high BUN/Cr group is associated with the risk of poor prognosis of HFpEF, and is not lower than the predictive value of LVEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0427_AO_material suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was supported by the Foundation of medical research major project of Tianjin. Heart Association (20150011,20150011-2).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Yuan Kang, from Tianjin Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Foundation of medical research major Project of Tianjin Heart Association (20150011,20150011-2).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
