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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QGTwGSYLhbqYRKhZ4LGTZ3K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220313</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dist&#250;rbio Cumulativo da Lipofuscina Mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco de Longa Evolu&#231;&#227;o: Estudo Baseado em Bi&#243;psias Endomioc&#225;rdicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-904</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>anpluiz@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220313</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipofuscina</kwd>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Lipofuscina &#233; um pigmento citoplasm&#225;tico castanho-amarelado, n&#227;o degrad&#225;vel, composto por prote&#237;nas altamente oxidadas, l&#237;pides e metais. A lipofuscina se acumula com o tempo em c&#233;lulas p&#243;s-mit&#243;ticas perenes, como os cardiomi&#243;citos, sendo tamb&#233;m chamada &#8220;pigmento da idade&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; tratamento consagrado para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave refrat&#225;ria a outras formas de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sua maior limita&#231;&#227;o no longo prazo &#233; o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto (DVE), de diagn&#243;stico relativamente dif&#237;cil e para a qual h&#225; poucas op&#231;&#245;es efetivas de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse contexto &#233; de se salientar estudo pr&#233;vio relacionando a quantidade de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos ao desenvolvimento da DVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deposi&#231;&#227;o de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o, e investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a quantidade de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio e a presen&#231;a e gravidade da DVE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>De 2008 a 2014, 176 pacientes adultos foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco em nosso hospital. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para este estudo retrospectivo foram: 1) apresentar seguimento cl&#237;nico em nosso hospital superior a 4 anos ap&#243;s o transplante; 2) apresentar bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica sem rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda celular significativa (grau &#8804; 1R) obtida ao menos 4 anos ap&#243;s o transplante (bi&#243;psia tardia), como representativa da condi&#231;&#227;o tardia do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado; 3) apresentar bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica sem rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda celular significativa (grau &#8804; 1R) obtida at&#233; o segundo m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante (bi&#243;psia basal), como representativa da condi&#231;&#227;o basal do &#243;rg&#227;o transplantado (cora&#231;&#227;o normal); e 4) apresentar angiografia coronariana para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DVE, realizada entre 6 meses antes e 6 meses ap&#243;s a data da coleta da bi&#243;psia tardia. Foram selecionados 25/176 (14,2%) pacientes, de acordo com fluxograma representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. Todas as bi&#243;psias e angiografias coronarianas foram realizadas no contexto de seguimento cl&#237;nico rotineiro do paciente transplantado.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma para sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A presen&#231;a e severidade da DVE foi definida de acordo com o consenso de 2010 da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o (ISHLT),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e classificada como grau 0 (n&#227;o significativa), grau 1 (leve), grau 2 (moderada) ou grau 3 (grave), a partir de revis&#227;o dos laudos e imagens das angiografias.</p>
      <p>Cortes histol&#243;gicos a 3-&#956;m obtidos dos blocos de parafina das bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas foram corados pelo &#225;cido peri&#243;dico de Schiff (PAS) ap&#243;s digest&#227;o com diastase para remo&#231;&#227;o do glicog&#234;nio, com o intuito de ressaltar os gr&#226;nulos de lipofuscina. A quantidade de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio foi calculada pela m&#233;dia da &#225;rea fracion&#225;ria do citoplasma ocupada pelo pigmento em 4 campos microsc&#243;picos n&#227;o coincidentes, visualizados ao microsc&#243;pio (Axioskop 2 plus, Zeiss, Jena, Alemanha) com aumento de 1.000 vezes. Utilizou-se o m&#233;todo da contagem de pontos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mediante superposi&#231;&#227;o aos campos microsc&#243;picos de grade computadorizada de 525 pontos equidistantes, com o aux&#237;lio do software AxioVision (Zeiss, Jena, Alemanha). A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita por um patologista, sem conhecimento pr&#233;vio se as bi&#243;psias mensuradas eram basais ou tardias.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Dados quantitativos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (percentil 25-percentil 75). Para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e quantidade de lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias foi utilizado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias basais e tardias considerando-se a mesma idade card&#237;aca agrupada por d&#233;cadas e para compara&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de lipofuscina das bi&#243;psias tardias entre pacientes que apresentavam ou n&#227;o DVE moderada/grave. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi considerado se p&#8804;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Quatorze (56%) dos 25 pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo eram homens. O tempo decorrido desde o transplante at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o da bi&#243;psia tardia variou de 4 a 10,1 anos, com mediana de 6,1 (4,43-7,43) anos. A idade card&#237;aca na &#233;poca da coleta da bi&#243;psia basal (idade do doador), o tempo decorrido do transplante at&#233; a coleta da bi&#243;psia tardia, a idade card&#237;aca na &#233;poca da coleta da bi&#243;psia tardia (idade do doador + anos decorridos at&#233; a coleta da bi&#243;psia tardia), a quantidade de lipofuscina das bi&#243;psias basal e tardia e o grau da DVE est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Idade card&#237;aca nos tempos basal e tardio do transplante, tempo decorrido at&#233; a coleta da bi&#243;psia tardia (&#916; T), fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (%) ocupada pela lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias basal e tardia e grau da DVE dos pacientes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Idade card&#237;aca basal (anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#916; T (anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade card&#237;aca tardia (anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Lipofuscina basal (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Lipofuscina tardia (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grau da DVE</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,88</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">37,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DVE: doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Imagem representativa de um campo microsc&#243;pico de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica demonstrando a deposi&#231;&#227;o de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio (magnifica&#231;&#227;o de 1.000 vezes) est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#226;nulos de lipofuscina (setas) no citoplasma dos cardiomi&#243;citos corados vermelho-p&#250;rpura pelo &#225;cido peri&#243;dico de Schiff (PAS) ap&#243;s digest&#227;o com diastase. Nessa imagem a &#225;rea fracion&#225;ria ocupada pela lipofuscina mediu 1,71%.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade card&#237;aca e a quantidade de lipofuscina tanto na condi&#231;&#227;o basal (cora&#231;&#227;o normal) como na tardia do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado. Entretanto, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o na condi&#231;&#227;o basal (p&lt;0,001; r=0,827) foi consideravelmente superior ao da condi&#231;&#227;o tardia (p=0,008; r=0,516). Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o dos dados est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o m&#250;ltipla relacionando a idade do cora&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea ocupada pela lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas basal e tardia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A quantidade de lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias tardias foi superior &#224; das bi&#243;psias basais considerando-se a mesma idade card&#237;aca, agrupada por d&#233;cadas. A mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea ocupada pela lipofuscina foi 1,03 (0,83-1,37) nas bi&#243;psias basais (n=12) e 1,48 (1,34-2,77) nas bi&#243;psias tardias (n=5) dos cora&#231;&#245;es com 20-29 anos de idade; 1,52 (1,11-1,96) nas bi&#243;psias basais (n=5) e 1,91 (1,60-2,52) nas bi&#243;psias tardias (n=10) dos cora&#231;&#245;es com 30-39 anos de idade; e 1,87 (1,40-2,09) nas bi&#243;psias basais (n=5) e 2,20 (1,68-2,72) nas bi&#243;psias tardias (n=6) dos cora&#231;&#245;es com 40-49 anos de idade. Entretanto, a diferen&#231;a da quantidade de lipofuscina entre as bi&#243;psias basais e tardias foi estatisticamente significante apenas na d&#233;cada de 20-29 anos de idade card&#237;aca (p=0,015).</p>
      <p>A mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea ocupada pela lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias tardias dos pacientes que apresentavam DVE moderada/grave (n=6) ou apresentavam DVE n&#227;o significativa/leve (n=19) foi 2,15 (1,93-3,02) e 1,76 (1,48-2,62) respectivamente, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. Pacientes que apresentavam DVE moderada/grave apresentavam idade card&#237;aca mais elevada (m&#233;dia: 40,8 &#177; 10,7 anos) que os pacientes que apresentavam DVE n&#227;o significativa/leve (m&#233;dia: 33,9 &#177; 8,4 anos), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O pigmento de lipofuscina se origina do dano oxidativo de organelas citoplasm&#225;ticas, particularmente mitoc&#244;ndrias, que s&#227;o engolfadas pelos lisossomos no processo de autofagia. Alternativamente o pigmento pode se originar diretamente no citoplasma, por prote&#237;nas oxidadas n&#227;o clivadas pelo proteosoma. Como a lipofuscina n&#227;o se degrada, o pigmento se acumula no citoplasma de c&#233;lulas p&#243;s-mit&#243;ticas de longa sobrevida, refletindo o desgaste celular caracter&#237;stico do envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Exceto pela caquexia, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia se a taxa de deposi&#231;&#227;o de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio pode ser alterada por outros fatores que n&#227;o o envelhecimento. Em estudo pr&#233;vio a fra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea ocupada pela lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o diferiu em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de origem isqu&#234;mica ou hipertr&#243;fica quando comparada a pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o normal, de mesma idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estudando pacientes jovens com cardiomiopatia dilatada foi descrito que aqueles com melhor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentaram maiores quantidades de lipofuscina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, h&#225; relato de ac&#250;mulo de lipofuscina nos cardiomi&#243;citos hipertr&#243;ficos de paciente de 16 anos de idade com defeito de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada a muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da subunidade 5 alfa do canal de s&#243;dio voltagem-dependente (SCN5A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos h&#225; um &#250;nico estudo focando a deposi&#231;&#227;o de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nesse estudo os autores sugeriram que a detec&#231;&#227;o de lipofuscina em bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas obtidas tardiamente (12 meses) ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco poderia ser preditiva do desenvolvimento de DVE. Entretanto, a idade dos doadores n&#227;o foi claramente determinada e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da lipofuscina nas bi&#243;psias foi apenas qualitativa, n&#227;o quantitativa.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo mostramos forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade e a quantidade de lipofuscina em cora&#231;&#245;es rec&#233;m transplantados, presumivelmente normais, representados pelas bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas basais. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o nessa situa&#231;&#227;o foi 0,827, bastante similar aos coeficientes obtidos em estudos pr&#233;vios sobre cora&#231;&#245;es normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a quantidade de lipofuscina e a idade card&#237;aca foi muito menor (0,516) para as amostras obtidas de cora&#231;&#245;es transplantados h&#225; longo tempo (bi&#243;psias tardias). Al&#233;m disso, os dep&#243;sitos de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio mostraram-se aumentados ap&#243;s transplante de longa dura&#231;&#227;o quando comparados a cora&#231;&#245;es rec&#233;m transplantados com a mesma idade, agrupados por d&#233;cada. Esses achados apontam para maior turnover de organelas celulares e maior estresse oxidativo dos cardiomi&#243;citos no transplante de longo tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo envelhecimento precoce do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese de envelhecimento prematuro do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, e talvez tamb&#233;m de outros &#243;rg&#227;os s&#243;lidos, &#233; interessante pois poderia ajudar a explicar a relativamente curta sobrevida funcional dos &#243;rg&#227;os s&#243;lidos transplantados comparada aos &#243;rg&#227;os nativos. Entretanto, essa teoria necessita ser confirmada por outros estudos envolvendo maior n&#250;mero de pacientes transplantados, diferentes tipos de transplante, e m&#250;ltiplos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do envelhecimento.</p>
      <p>Apesar de nosso estudo ser limitado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de bi&#243;psias analisadas e de pacientes que desenvolveram DVE moderada ou grave, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre a quantidade de lipofuscina no mioc&#225;rdio dos pacientes transplantados de longa data e o desenvolvimento da DVE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer ao Dr. Jos&#233; Felipe Cardoso Braz e Dr. Ciro Mancilha Murad que reviram os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes transplantados entre 2008 a 2014, para a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados das coronariografias.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cumulative Disorder of Myocardial Lipofuscin after Long-Term Heart Transplantation: A Study Based on Endomyocardial Biopsies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-904</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>anpluiz@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipofuscin</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial biopsy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Lipofuscin is a yellowish-brown, non-degradable cytoplasmic pigment composed of highly oxidized proteins, lipids, and metals. Lipofuscin accumulates over time in perennial post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and is also called &#8220;age pigment&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Heart transplantation is an established treatment for patients with severe heart failure refractory to other forms of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Its major long-term limitation is the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), which is relatively difficult to diagnose and for which few effective treatment options exist.<sup>6,7</sup> In this context, it is worth mentioning a previous study relating the amount of lipofuscin in the myocardium of heart transplant patients to the development of CAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the deposition of lipofuscin in the myocardium after long-term heart transplantation and to investigate the relationship between the amount of lipofuscin in the myocardium and the presence and severity of CAV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>From 2008 to 2014, 176 adult patients underwent heart transplantation at our hospital. The inclusion criteria for this retrospective study were: 1) clinical follow-up in our hospital for more than 4 years after transplantation; 2) present endomyocardial biopsy without significant acute cellular rejection (grade &#8804; 1R) obtained at least 4 years after transplantation (late biopsy), as representative of the late condition of the transplanted heart; 3) present endomyocardial biopsy without significant acute cellular rejection (grade &#8804; 1R) obtained up to the second month after transplantation (baseline biopsy), as representative of the baseline condition of the transplanted organ (normal heart); and 4) present coronary angiography for evaluation of CAV, performed between 6 months before and 6 months after the date of collection of the late biopsy. We selected 25/176 (14.2%) patients, according to the flowchart shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. All biopsies and coronary angiographies were performed in the context of routine clinical follow-up of the transplanted patient.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart for patient selection.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The presence and severity of CAV were defined according to the 2010 consensus of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and classified as grade 0 (not significant), grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (moderate) or grade 3 (severe), based on the review of angiographic reports and images.</p>
        <p>Histological 3-<italic>&#956;</italic>m sections obtained from the paraffin blocks of the endomyocardial biopsies were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) after digestion with diastase to remove glycogen, to highlight the lipofuscin granules. The amount of lipofuscin in the myocardium was calculated by averaging the fractional area of the cytoplasm occupied by the pigment in 4 non-coincident microscopic fields, visualized under a microscope (Axioskop 2 plus, Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with an X 1,000 magnification. A point counting method was used,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> by superimposing a computerized grid of 525 equidistant points to the microscopic fields, with the aid of the AxioVision software (Zeiss, Jena, Germany). A pathologist performed the evaluation without prior knowledge of whether the measured biopsies were baseline or late.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Quantitative data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (25th percentile-75th percentile). Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between age and the amount of lipofuscin in the biopsies. Mann-Whitney rank test was used to compare the amount of lipofuscin in baseline and late biopsies considering the same cardiac age (grouped by decades) and to compare the amount of lipofuscin in late biopsies between patients who had or did not have moderate/severe CAV. The significance level was considered if p&#8804;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fourteen (56%) of the 25 patients included in this study were men. The time elapsed from transplantation to collection of the late biopsy ranged from 4 to 10.1 years, with a median of 6.1 (4.43-7.43) years. Cardiac age at baseline biopsy collection (donor age), the time elapsed from transplantation to late biopsy collection, cardiac age at the time of late biopsy collection (donor age + years elapsed until late biopsy collection), the amount of lipofuscin in the baseline and late biopsies and the grade of CAV are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac age at baseline and late transplantation period, time elapsed until late biopsy procedure (&#916; T), fractional area (%) occupied by lipofuscin in baseline and late biopsies, and CAV grade of patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Baseline cardiac age (years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#916; T (years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Late cardiac age (years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Baseline biopsy lipofuscin (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Late biopsy lipofuscin (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CAV grade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.88</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CAV: cardiac allograft vasculopathy.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A representative image of a microscopic field of an endomyocardial biopsy demonstrating lipofuscin deposition in the myocardium (magnification: X 1,000) is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Granules of lipofuscin (arrows) in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes stained purple-red by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) after digestion with diastase. In this image, the fractional area occupied by lipofuscin measured 1.71%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>There was a positive correlation between cardiac age and the amount of lipofuscin in both baseline (normal heart) and late condition of the transplanted heart. However, the correlation coefficient in the baseline condition (p&lt;0.001; r=0.827) was considerably higher than in the late condition (p=0.008; r=0.516). The data scatter plot is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multiple dispersion graph relating the age of the heart with the fractional area occupied by lipofuscin in basal and late endomyocardial biopsies.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220313-20313-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The amount of lipofuscin in late biopsies was higher than in baseline biopsies, considering the same cardiac age grouped by decades. The median of the fractional area occupied by lipofuscin was 1.03 (0.83-1.37) in baseline biopsies (n=12) and 1.48 (1.34-2.77) in late biopsies (n=5) of hearts aged 20-29 years; 1.52 (1.11-1.96) in baseline biopsies (n=5) and 1.91 (1.60-2.52) in late biopsies (n=10) of hearts aged 30&#8211;39-year; and 1.87 (1.40-2.09) in baseline biopsies (n=5) and 2.20 (1.68-2.72) in late biopsies (n=6) of hearts aged 40-49 years. However, the difference in the amount of lipofuscin between baseline and late biopsies was statistically significant only in the decade of 20-29 years of cardiac age (p=0.015).</p>
        <p>The median of the fractional area occupied by lipofuscin in late biopsies of patients with moderate/severe CAV (n=6) or with non-significant/mild CAV (n=19) was 2.15 (1.93-3.02) and 1.76 (1.48-2.62) respectively, with no statistical difference between the groups. Patients with moderate/severe CAV had a higher cardiac age (mean: 40.8 &#177; 10.7 years) than those with non-significant/mild CAV (mean: 33.9 &#177; 8.4 years), with no statistical difference between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The lipofuscin pigment originates from the oxidative damage of cytoplasmic organelles, particularly mitochondria, which are engulfed by lysosomes in the process of autophagy. Alternatively, the pigment may originate directly in the cytoplasm by oxidized proteins not cleaved by the proteasome. Lipofuscin is not degradable, so the pigment accumulates in the cytoplasm of long-lived post-mitotic cells, reflecting the characteristic cellular wear and tear of aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Except for cachexia, there is controversy as to whether the rate of lipofuscin deposition in the myocardium can be altered by factors other than age. In a previous study, the fractional area occupied by lipofuscin in the myocardium did not differ in patients with heart failure of ischemic or hypertrophic origin when compared to patients with normal hearts of the same age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> On the other hand, studying young patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, it was described that those with better left ventricular ejection fraction had higher amounts of lipofuscin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> More recently, there is a report of lipofuscin accumulation in the hypertrophic cardiomyocytes of a 16-year-old patient with cardiac conduction defect associated with mutation of the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 gene (SCN5A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, only one study focuses on lipofuscin deposition in the myocardium after heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In that study, the authors suggested that the detection of lipofuscin in endomyocardial biopsies obtained late (12 months) after heart transplantation could be predictive of the development of CAV. However, the age of the donors was not clearly determined, and the evaluation of lipofuscin in the biopsies was only qualitative, not quantitative.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we showed a strong positive correlation between age and the amount of lipofuscin in newly transplanted hearts, presumably normal, represented by baseline endomyocardial biopsies. The correlation coefficient in this situation was 0.827, quite similar to the coefficients obtained in previous studies on normal hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the correlation coefficient between the amount of lipofuscin and cardiac age was much lower (0.516) for the samples obtained from hearts transplanted a long time ago (late biopsies). In addition, lipofuscin deposits in the myocardium were shown to be increased after long-term transplantation when compared to newly transplanted hearts of the same age, grouped by decade. These findings point to a higher turnover of cell organelles and greater oxidative stress of cardiomyocytes in long-term transplants, suggesting early aging of the transplanted heart.</p>
        <p>The hypothesis of premature aging of the transplanted heart, and perhaps also of other solid organs, is interesting as it could help to explain the relatively short functional survival of transplanted solid organs compared to native organs. However, this theory needs to be confirmed by other studies involving a greater number of transplanted patients, different types of transplants, and multiple methods of assessing aging.</p>
        <p>Although our study was limited by the small number of biopsies analyzed and the number of patients who developed moderate or severe CAV, we found no association between the amount of lipofuscin in the myocardium of long-term transplant patients and the development of CAV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We want to thank Dr. Jos&#233; Felipe Cardoso Braz and Dr. Ciro Mancilha Murad, who reviewed the medical records of transplanted patients between 2008 and 2014 to obtain data from coronary angiographies.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
