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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bnVxTJVdNFbQ8rWB8nLz9nG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220289</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada: 30 Anos de Aventura Cient&#237;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3172-6106</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brugada</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UZ Brussel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bruxelas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> UZ Brussel , Bruxelas &#8211; B&#233;lgica </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Brugada &#8226; UZ Brussel &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Laarbeeklaan 101 Villa borghese 57, Estepona Lede BELGIUM 9340 &#8211; B&#233;lgica E-mail: <email>pedro@brugada.org</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220289</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Trinta anos atr&#225;s, uma nova s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nico-eletrocardiogr&#225;fica distinta foi descrita, agora conhecida como s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr). T&#237;pico para essa s&#237;ndrome &#233; o eletrocardiograma com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a &#233; altamente vari&#225;vel: os pacientes podem permanecer completamente assintom&#225;ticos, mas tamb&#233;m podem desenvolver epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), s&#237;ndrome do n&#243;dulo sinusal (SNS), dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, assistolia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). A doen&#231;a &#233; causada por muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes respons&#225;veis pelo potencial de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do cora&#231;&#227;o. O gene mais frequentemente envolvido &#233; o SCN5A, que controla a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do canal de s&#243;dio card&#237;aco. A descri&#231;&#227;o dessa nova s&#237;ndrome teve implica&#231;&#245;es muito positivas em todos os campos da medicina.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivos Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: S&#237;ndrome de Brugada: 30 Anos de Aventura Cient&#237;fica</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em novembro, h&#225; 30 anos, o <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic> (JACC) publicou um artigo intitulado &#8220;Bloqueio do ramo direito, supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST e morte s&#250;bita: uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica distinta. Um relat&#243;rio multic&#234;ntrico&#8221;. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> L&#225;, foram descritos 8 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita ressuscitada causada por FV. Ap&#243;s extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o, nenhuma causa para as arritmias foi encontrada nesses pacientes. Todos os 8 pacientes mostraram um eletrocardiograma muito incomum com supradesnivelamento de ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas e o que parecia ser um bloqueio de ramo direito ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). Tr&#234;s dos pacientes eram crian&#231;as. Duas eram meninas. Duas das crian&#231;as eram irm&#227;o e irm&#227;. Tr&#234;s pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas de SSS e tr&#234;s tamb&#233;m foram diagnosticados com FA. Quatro pacientes apresentavam dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o acentuados e 4 tamb&#233;m apresentavam intervalo HV prolongado ou lim&#237;trofe, e todos os pacientes apresentavam taquicardia ventricular (TV) polim&#243;rfica (sustentada ou n&#227;o) induz&#237;vel ao exame eletrofisiol&#243;gico. As causas da s&#237;ndrome eram desconhecidas na &#233;poca, mas ficou imediatamente claro que era um problema heredit&#225;rio e puramente el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o - o cora&#231;&#227;o era estruturalmente normal. A FV muito r&#225;pida sugeriu um problema de dispers&#227;o de per&#237;odos refrat&#225;rios curtos ou normais, em contraste com a FV relativamente mais lenta (Torsades de Pointes) da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, onde os per&#237;odos refrat&#225;rios ventriculares s&#227;o prolongados devido &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o prolongada. A publica&#231;&#227;o foi o in&#237;cio de uma grande aventura que ainda est&#225; em andamento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma t&#237;pico de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de SBr. H&#225; supradesnivelamento do ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas V1 e V2, com morfologia que lembra a nadadeira de um golfinho.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Levou 5 anos para coletar os primeiros 4 pacientes. Esses 4 doentes foram apresentados em p&#244;ster na reuni&#227;o da <italic>North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</italic> (Sociedade Norte-americana de Marca-Passo e Eletrofisiologia) - NASPE em 1991. Ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o, e gra&#231;as &#224; colabora&#231;&#227;o internacional, foi coletado um grande n&#250;mero de poss&#237;veis doentes iguais. Ao final, foram selecionados 4 novos pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas id&#234;nticas &#224;s dos 4 primeiros. Essa colabora&#231;&#227;o internacional espont&#226;nea (sem financiamento, sem protocolos, sem comit&#234;s ou conselhos) resultou em uma das publica&#231;&#245;es originais mais citadas em cardiologia. O que os autores inicialmente consideraram como uma esp&#233;cie de curiosidade, mais tarde se tornou uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Essa revolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; sentida nas implica&#231;&#245;es positivas que a descoberta dessa s&#237;ndrome teve em m&#250;ltiplos aspectos da medicina.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es da SBr</title>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a cardiologia cl&#237;nica:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Descrever essa nova s&#237;ndrome fez uma tremenda justi&#231;a ao valor do ECG como um m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico simples, barato, mas muito valioso: o diagn&#243;stico da SBr baseia-se no ECG anormal. O eletrocardiograma denominado &#8220;tipo 1&#8221; ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ) &#233; a &#250;nica condi&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de outras poss&#237;veis causas (fenoc&#243;pias &#8211; <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). A SBr voltou a deixar claro o quanto &#233; perigoso classificar eletrocardiogramas pouco claros como &#8220;variantes normais&#8221;. O ECG da SBr foi considerado uma variante normal por anos, sem significado diagn&#243;stico ou progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Tivemos que perceber nossa ingenuidade da maneira mais dif&#237;cil. Tem havido tentativas de estruturar o diagn&#243;stico da SBr por um sistema de pontos. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Infelizmente, esse escore acaba n&#227;o tendo valor na pr&#225;tica, pois at&#233; 40% dos pacientes com SBr comprovada n&#227;o teriam crit&#233;rios suficientes para fazer o diagn&#243;stico por meio desse sistema. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Pode-se falar de um paciente com ECG de Brugada se n&#227;o houver outros achados para falar de uma s&#237;ndrome: como s&#237;ncope, morte s&#250;bita ressuscitada, FA, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ou muta&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas. No momento em que um ou mais desses achados s&#227;o estabelecidos, pode-se falar de um SBr. A quest&#227;o &#233; que se pode falar de uma doen&#231;a de Brugada no momento em que tamb&#233;m se encontra uma causa gen&#233;tica da s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fenoc&#243;pias que podem simular SBr</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Bloqueadores dos canais de s&#243;dio classe 1C (por exemplo, flecainida, pilsicainida, propafenona)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Bloqueadores dos canais de s&#243;dio de classe 1A (por exemplo, procainamida, disopiramida, cibenzolina)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Verapamil (bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio tipo L)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#946;-Bloqueadores (inibem ICa, L)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Drogas antianginosas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Nitratos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (por exemplo, nifedipina, diltiazem)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Agentes psicotr&#243;picos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos (por exemplo, amitriptilina, desipramina, clomipramina, nortriptilina)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Antidepressivos tetrac&#237;clicos (por exemplo, maprotilina)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Fenotiazinas (por exemplo, perfenazina, ciamemazina)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Inibidores seletivos da capta&#231;&#227;o de serotonina (por exemplo, fluoxetina)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por coca&#237;na</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Agentes antial&#233;rgicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Anti-histam&#237;nicos histamina H1.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Isquemia aguda na VSVD</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Hipercalemia</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Hipercalcemia</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertermia e hipotermia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;vel elevado de insulina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica de RVOT</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a fisiologia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A SBr descobriu novos mecanismos de arritmias, em particular, o fen&#244;meno da &#8220;reentrada da fase 2&#8221; (RF2) ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> O mecanismo correto da FV na SBr ainda est&#225; em debate. Al&#233;m da reentrada cl&#225;ssica baseada na condu&#231;&#227;o anormal (painel A da <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ), a RF2 e a teoria da crista neural s&#227;o duas alternativas para explicar as arritmias. A reentrada cl&#225;ssica na regi&#227;o de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) &#233; considerada o mecanismo mais importante para a FV pelo grupo da UMC em Amsterd&#227;. Mas o grupo de Utica se apega &#224; teoria da RF2. Enquanto no primeiro mecanismo os potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o seriam normais e o gradiente el&#233;trico seria devido &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o lenta com potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o fora de fase, na RF2 o gradiente el&#233;trico &#233; causado por um encurtamento da dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o no epic&#225;rdio da VSVD (painel B). Enquanto no primeiro mecanismo o principal problema residiria em muta&#231;&#245;es que reduzem o fluxo de s&#243;dio na c&#233;lula card&#237;aca, a RF2 depende de um fluxo exagerado de pot&#225;ssio (Ito). Curiosamente, muta&#231;&#245;es na SBr foram encontradas em muitos genes diferentes com uma gama muito extensa de fun&#231;&#245;es. &#201; melhor dizer que a SBr &#233; apenas um fen&#243;tipo com possivelmente muitas causas diferentes. &#201; semelhante &#224; s&#237;ndrome do QT longo (LQT): o ECG mostra um intervalo QT longo, mas as causas podem variar enormemente (&#237;on do canal de s&#243;dio no tipo LQT 3, canais de pot&#225;ssio no tipo 1 e 2). O grupo de Elizari, em Buenos Aires, sugere que a base da SBr est&#225; em muta&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas da crista neural que seriam muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas. Para eles, a SBr &#233; um problema de desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o na fase embrion&#225;ria. Interessantemente, muta&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas germinativas s&#227;o encontradas em at&#233; 40% das fam&#237;lias com SBr. De fato, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os demais pacientes tenham muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas que s&#243; seriam detect&#225;veis por meio de bi&#243;psia da VSVD, e n&#227;o pelas t&#233;cnicas usuais, como amostras de sangue. Essa possibilidade foi demonstrada h&#225; muito tempo em pacientes com TV idiop&#225;tica, em que uma bi&#243;psia do VD revelou muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Essa possibilidade de muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas na SBr tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborada pelo fato de que cerca de metade dos pacientes s&#227;o casos isolados e n&#227;o familiares, como se esses pacientes n&#227;o pudessem transmitir a doen&#231;a pelas c&#233;lulas germinativas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ilustra&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s poss&#237;veis mecanismos da SBr. O painel A mostra a teoria da despolariza&#231;&#227;o, em que os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o na VSVD deveriam representar o fen&#244;meno mais importante. O painel B mostra o mecanismo de P2R, representando o encurtamento do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdico no operat&#243;rio da VSVD. O painel C mostra a teoria de Elizari, baseada em anormalidades embrion&#225;rias na crista neural. O desenvolvimento anormal das c&#233;lulas respons&#225;veis pela forma&#231;&#227;o da VSVD com poss&#237;veis muta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas seria o problema mais significativo que leva &#224; SBr.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a gen&#233;tica:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o, em 1998, do primeiro gene associado &#224; SBr marcou um verdadeiro ponto hist&#243;rico nas rela&#231;&#245;es entre gen&#233;tica e cardiologia. Os estudos gen&#233;ticos em cardiologia eram, portanto, muito limitados e quase exclusivamente focados na busca de muta&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com LQT ou cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Os resultados foram vistos mais como uma curiosidade do que uma poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o para entender os mecanismos e, quem sabe, desenvolver um tratamento no futuro. Mas agora podemos come&#231;ar a entender: o canal de s&#243;dio permanece aberto com certas muta&#231;&#245;es, a repolariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; prolongada e o paciente sofre de LQT (tipo 3). Mas, se a corrente de s&#243;dio diminui como resultado de outras muta&#231;&#245;es no mesmo gene, temos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e a SBr. De repente, um mundo totalmente novo se abriu. N&#227;o &#233; surpresa ent&#227;o que o n&#250;mero de muta&#231;&#245;es publicadas em todos os dist&#250;rbios heredit&#225;rios card&#237;acos tenha aumentado muito rapidamente, e n&#227;o apenas com as doen&#231;as antigas e conhecidas. Descobrir o gene respons&#225;vel pela s&#237;ndrome do QT curto levou apenas tr&#234;s anos. Com as novas t&#233;cnicas de pesquisa gen&#233;tica (GWAS), todo o processo de diagn&#243;stico foi acelerado exponencialmente. Infelizmente, todas essas novas informa&#231;&#245;es v&#234;m com um problema de interpreta&#231;&#227;o: todas as muta&#231;&#245;es e todos os genes realmente importam? Eles s&#227;o a causa da doen&#231;a? Qual &#233; a real import&#226;ncia dos polimorfismos? Infelizmente, n&#227;o temos recursos, tempo e n&#250;mero e variedade suficientes de pacientes para estudar funcionalmente cada muta&#231;&#227;o, para mostrar que os efeitos esperados de uma muta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica correspondem ao que esperamos como manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Existem modelos para nos ajudar, mas os resultados dos modelos sempre v&#234;m com um grau de probabilidade e incerteza sobre o valor do resultado. No entanto, esses resultados s&#227;o importantes para o tratamento de fam&#237;lias com SBr.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a fertilidade:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Com todas as limita&#231;&#245;es que se possa imaginar, o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico pr&#233;-implantar (DGP) tornou-se uma op&#231;&#227;o &#243;bvia para o tratamento de doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias. Os opositores da t&#233;cnica argumentam que quase nenhuma doen&#231;a, especialmente a SBr, &#233; monogen&#233;tica. Segundo eles, al&#233;m do principal gene considerado respons&#225;vel pela doen&#231;a, deve haver uma s&#233;rie de outras muta&#231;&#245;es e varia&#231;&#245;es, inclusive polimorfismos, que se acumulam at&#233; que um certo &#8220;escore de risco gen&#233;tico&#8221; seja alcan&#231;ado. Assim, implantar um embri&#227;o selecionado com base, por exemplo, na aus&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#227;o no canal de s&#243;dio, n&#227;o teria valor na preven&#231;&#227;o da SBr. Os defensores do DGP dizem, com os mesmos argumentos, que apenas selecionar um embri&#227;o sem a muta&#231;&#227;o diminui esse escore de risco gen&#233;tico e, assim, podemos neutralizar a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. O DGP &#233; oferecido em nosso hospital h&#225; anos para mais de 200 doen&#231;as diferentes que s&#227;o consideradas monogen&#233;ticas, incluindo a SBr. Dada a pouca idade das crian&#231;as nascidas ap&#243;s o DGP, ainda n&#227;o podemos tirar conclus&#245;es sobre se elas desenvolvem ou n&#227;o a doen&#231;a. Essas crian&#231;as e jovens s&#227;o monitorados de perto.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto da fecundidade diz respeito aos abortos espont&#226;neos em fam&#237;lias com SBr. Embora seja poss&#237;vel que embri&#245;es e fetos tenham morrido &#8220;in utero&#8221; de arritmias, ou mesmo de o cora&#231;&#227;o nunca bater, &#233; imposs&#237;vel tirar conclus&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Existem muitos abortos espont&#226;neos que acontecem completamente despercebidos em mulheres f&#233;rteis para estudar esse fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a ginecologia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Dadas as graves consequ&#234;ncias da SBr, n&#227;o &#233; surpresa que as pessoas tenham se perguntado quais poderiam ser as consequ&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a para as mulheres gr&#225;vidas. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas mostram que a gravidez e o parto n&#227;o apresentam riscos particulares <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> em mulheres com SBr.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a pediatria:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A SBr &#233; uma causa de morte s&#250;bita em crian&#231;as, e tamb&#233;m uma das v&#225;rias causas poss&#237;veis da s&#237;ndrome da morte s&#250;bita infantil (SMSI). Poucas doen&#231;as foram especuladas por tanto tempo e t&#227;o esotericamente como no caso da SMSI. Desde a postura do beb&#234; ao dormir, fumar no quarto do beb&#234;, usar ou n&#227;o usar travesseiros, e mais, as mais diversas explica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cient&#237;ficas eram constantemente buscadas. Agora sabemos que a gama de causas da SMSI &#233; muito ampla e que, de fato, asfixia infantil, assassinato e acidentes ocultos podem desempenhar um papel na morte. Mas agora tamb&#233;m sabemos que a maioria dessas mortes s&#250;bitas s&#227;o devido a arritmias, incluindo a SBr. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Encontramos um problema semelhante no diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia e s&#237;ncope de causa desconhecida em crian&#231;as. N&#227;o s&#243; o LQT, mas tamb&#233;m a s&#237;ndrome do QT curto e a SBr devem ser inclu&#237;das no diagn&#243;stico diferencial, e ainda mais se a crian&#231;a tiver s&#237;ncopes ou epilepsia &#8220;dif&#237;ceis de tratar&#8221;. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o devemos esquecer que os pacientes tamb&#233;m podem sofrer de mais de uma doen&#231;a: epilepsia e SBr juntos <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> e tamb&#233;m s&#237;ncope vasovagal e simultaneamente arr&#237;tmica.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a farmacologia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Durante anos, muitas pesquisas foram feitas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do intervalo QT no ECG devido a drogas. Um grupo de trabalho internacional est&#225; fazendo uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o quase semanal de medicamentos que podem prolongar o intervalo QT. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Um prolongamento do intervalo QT pode resultar no desenvolvimento de &#8220;Torsade de Pointes&#8221; e morte s&#250;bita. Agora sabemos, gra&#231;as aos efeitos das drogas na SBr, que outras drogas tamb&#233;m podem causar morte s&#250;bita por seus efeitos no canal de s&#243;dio. Uma lista desses medicamentos tamb&#233;m &#233; mantida ativa por um cons&#243;rcio internacional. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a medicina esportiva:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Nada afeta mais nossa imagina&#231;&#227;o do que a morte s&#250;bita de um atleta &#8220;perfeitamente saud&#225;vel&#8221;. Consideramos essas pessoas as mais saud&#225;veis da nossa sociedade e &#233; quase imposs&#237;vel compreender que possam morrer inesperadamente. Isso tamb&#233;m acontece com atletas profissionais que s&#227;o monitorados anualmente quanto a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Nem toda morte s&#250;bita em atletas ocorre durante o exerc&#237;cio. Na verdade, o contr&#225;rio &#233; verdadeiro. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A maioria morre subitamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, imediatamente ou mais tarde, em repouso completo. Sabe-se h&#225; muito tempo que a s&#237;ndrome do LQT e a TV polim&#243;rfica dependente de catecolaminas (TVPC) eram uma causa. Mas agora, ap&#243;s exame detalhado dos parentes do falecido, parece que a causa mais frequente &#233; a SBr. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> O fato de a SBr poder apresentar um ECG completamente normal torna extremamente dif&#237;cil a detec&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a medicina legal:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o existem boas regras em muitos pa&#237;ses em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de aut&#243;psias. No caso da morte s&#250;bita de um jovem, esta pesquisa dificilmente &#233; levada em conta. A aut&#243;psia s&#243; se tornar&#225; obrigat&#243;ria se for uma morte n&#227;o natural. Os resultados dessas aut&#243;psias variam enormemente de estudo para estudo, bem como de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia dos m&#233;dicos e sua &#8220;resist&#234;ncia&#8221;. Um m&#233;dico procura mais e mais profundamente pela causa da morte do que outro. Mas, mesmo ap&#243;s o que &#233; chamado de &#8220;aut&#243;psia especializada&#8221;, um grupo muito grande de pacientes permanece sem diagn&#243;stico. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Aqui que entram em jogo o estudo dos membros da fam&#237;lia e a &#8220;aut&#243;psia molecular&#8221;. O estudo de Papadakis et al. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> mostrou que a causa mais frequente de morte s&#250;bita &#8211; quando a causa &#233; encontrada &#8211; &#233; a SBr. Isso foi demonstrado por eles pelos resultados do teste de ajmalina nos membros da fam&#237;lia. Testes gen&#233;ticos <italic>post-mortem</italic> tamb&#233;m podem revelar uma poss&#237;vel muta&#231;&#227;o causadora em 20 - 40% dos casos. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a medicina preventiva:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A triagem de pessoas que parecem saud&#225;veis &#233; uma das melhores maneiras de descobrir doen&#231;as ocultas. Mas &#233; claro que o valor da triagem est&#225; muito relacionado ao pesquisador e aos estudos que est&#227;o sendo conduzidos. Todos n&#243;s aceitamos a triagem de mulheres para c&#226;ncer de mama ou a detec&#231;&#227;o de potenciais portadores de tumores de c&#243;lon que ainda n&#227;o se manifestaram. Mas, quando se trata de triagem cardiovascular, as opini&#245;es divergem. Infelizmente, os argumentos a favor e contra a triagem n&#227;o parecem t&#227;o dif&#237;ceis. Se olharmos para os resultados da preven&#231;&#227;o do c&#226;ncer colorretal na Holanda, parece que 95% dos testes positivos &#8211; suspeitos &#8211; s&#227;o falsos positivos. Assim, 95% dos &#8220;pacientes&#8221; fazem uma colonoscopia por nada. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Isso tamb&#233;m vale para o rastreamento do c&#226;ncer de mama. Os resultados s&#227;o t&#227;o controversos que as autoridades m&#233;dicas na Su&#237;&#231;a pararam de rastrear o c&#226;ncer de mama. Quanto ao cora&#231;&#227;o, as conclus&#245;es dependem das pesquisas que acreditamos: a favor do rastreamento, como sugerem os estudos italianos <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> ou contra o rastreamento, como sugerem os estudos americanos. H&#225;, em todo caso, uma grande diferen&#231;a nos argumentos a favor ou contra. Enquanto os italianos baseiam seus argumentos na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita gra&#231;as &#224; triagem, os argumentos americanos contra a triagem s&#227;o puramente financeiros. Mas, que pre&#231;o damos &#224; vida de um jovem?</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para medicina do trabalho:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Talvez a contribui&#231;&#227;o mais extraordin&#225;ria para a descri&#231;&#227;o do SBr seja a compreens&#227;o de alguns dos &#8220;mist&#233;rios&#8221; m&#233;dicos. Tomemos, por exemplo, a alta incid&#234;ncia na d&#233;cada de 1970 de morte s&#250;bita na Am&#233;rica de trabalhadores do sul da &#193;sia. N&#227;o havia como entender por que esses jovens assintom&#225;ticos e de apar&#234;ncia saud&#225;vel morreram repentinamente. Dada a presen&#231;a quase end&#234;mica da SBr no sul da &#193;sia, e ap&#243;s as investiga&#231;&#245;es de Nademannee, <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> sabemos agora que a SBr foi a causa da morte. Isso foi comprovado n&#227;o apenas por estudos cl&#237;nicos, mas tamb&#233;m por estudos gen&#233;ticos. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a anestesia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Na lista de medicamentos que podem causar morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com SBr, encontramos tamb&#233;m os anest&#233;sicos. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Um deles &#233; o propofol, respons&#225;vel pela chamada s&#237;ndrome do propofol. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Essa s&#237;ndrome tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada &#224; SBr. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Curiosamente, em um de nossos estudos, n&#227;o encontramos inconvenientes com o uso de propofol em pacientes com SBr comprovada. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome de propofol podem depender da dose, da sensibilidade do paciente, mas outras patologias subjacentes certamente tamb&#233;m desempenham um papel. A s&#237;ndrome de propofol manifesta-se com alargamento muito bizarro do complexo QRS no ECG com eleva&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas de ST compat&#237;veis com SBr e com arritmias ventriculares que podem causar morte s&#250;bita do paciente.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a medicina de emerg&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A SBr &#233; parte obrigat&#243;ria do diagn&#243;stico diferencial de v&#225;rios problemas m&#233;dicos: s&#237;ncope, trauma e acidentes de tr&#226;nsito causados por uma poss&#237;vel arritmia ou comprometimento tempor&#225;rio da consci&#234;ncia, epilepsia, todas as formas de parada card&#237;aca e arritmias ventriculares, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o. Um grupo que deve ser discutido separadamente s&#227;o os pacientes jovens com FA ou flutter atrial. Antes de injetar drogas intravenosas para parar essas arritmias, deve-se sempre perguntar se isso n&#227;o poderia ser SBr. A administra&#231;&#227;o de flecainida intravenosa em tal patente pode levar &#224; morte.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para os dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos card&#237;acos e abla&#231;&#227;o da VSVD:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>SBr &#233; uma doen&#231;a de jovens. S&#243; pode ser controlada (em termos de morte s&#250;bita) com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um desfibrilador interno (CDI). N&#227;o &#233; surpresa, ent&#227;o, que as t&#233;cnicas de implanta&#231;&#227;o tenham sido adaptadas &#224;s crian&#231;as. Por exemplo, um implante abdominal subcostal &#233; muito mais confort&#225;vel do que um implante pr&#233;-peitoral, principalmente no que diz respeito &#224; pr&#225;tica esportiva. Com o treinamento necess&#225;rio, o implante pode ser feito com fios epic&#225;rdicos, de modo que o sistema venoso do paciente seja totalmente poupado ( <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). Em centros experientes, esse implante epic&#225;rdico pode ser combinado com uma abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica da VSVD, onde est&#225; localizado o substrato para a SBr. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Essa combina&#231;&#227;o &#233; o nosso protocolo atual para o tratamento de SBr. Deve ficar claro que ainda n&#227;o temos dados suficientes sobre os efeitos a longo prazo da abla&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, a abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma alternativa ao CDI.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Radiografia de t&#243;rax do implante abdominal de um desfibrilador (CDI) em um beb&#234; de 6 meses. O eletrodo de choque est&#225; localizado no seio transverso com o eletrodo distal aparafusado no &#225;trio direito. Dois eletrodos epic&#225;rdicos s&#227;o colocados para detec&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito. O sistema &#233; completamente extravascular com todos os benef&#237;cios de um CDI DDD. Algoritmos de discrimina&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD e estimula&#231;&#227;o antitaquicardia est&#227;o, em contraste com o CDI subcut&#226;neo, totalmente dispon&#237;veis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- O mundo da morte s&#250;bita reimaginado:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Entramos em um novo mundo de causas de morte s&#250;bita em pessoas com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal: de QT longo ap&#243;s SBr como a principal causa. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Aspectos de g&#234;nero:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Muitas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre SBr sempre enfatizaram que os homens com essa doen&#231;a se saem pior que as mulheres. Embora esses pensamentos pare&#231;am verdadeiros em adultos, eles n&#227;o o s&#227;o antes da puberdade. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada nos sintomas e mortalidade entre meninos e meninas pr&#233;-p&#250;beres. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> &#201; muito claro que a testosterona desempenha um papel na SBr. A pr&#243;pria castra&#231;&#227;o masculina demonstrou melhorar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para entender certas tradi&#231;&#245;es folcl&#243;ricas:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>As tradi&#231;&#245;es sem linguagem s&#227;o agora muito melhor compreendidas depois de descrever o SBr. Na Tail&#226;ndia, por exemplo, os homens se vestem como mulheres depois de se casarem quando v&#227;o para a cama com a noiva. Diz a tradi&#231;&#227;o que uma bruxa fica com ci&#250;mes quando uma jovem se casa e como castigo vem sufocar o noivo &#224; noite. Lai Tai &#233; o nome dado a essa morte s&#250;bita na Tail&#226;ndia, pois a v&#237;tima come&#231;a a roncar antes da morte. Pokkuri no Jap&#227;o e Bangungut nas Filipinas referem-se ao mesmo fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a hist&#243;ria:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Existem in&#250;meros casos de morte s&#250;bita na hist&#243;ria que, como Lai Tai e Pokkuri, ficaram inexplic&#225;veis. Claro que &#233; imposs&#237;vel ter certeza se a SBr teve algum papel nisso, mas &#233; no m&#237;nimo interessante especular sobre isso. Veja o caso de Tommy Morris, indiscutivelmente um dos melhores golfistas de sua &#233;poca (ele venceu o Open aos 17 anos). Tommy foi encontrado morto em sua cama pela manh&#227; aos 24 anos. Ele n&#227;o tinha queixas antes da morte. Pelo contr&#225;rio, ele tinha acabado de jogar e ganhou um jogo de golfe de 200 buracos (!) na neve. Duas poss&#237;veis causas para a morte foram sugeridas: uma hemorragia interna e um &#8220;cora&#231;&#227;o partido&#8221;, pois sua esposa havia morrido durante o parto com a crian&#231;a alguns meses antes. Uma morte s&#250;bita &#224; noite aos 24 anos certamente nos sugere uma poss&#237;vel SBr.</p>
        <p>Um segundo caso interessante &#233; o conhecido cantor Michael Jackson. Ele faleceu subitamente aos 50 anos ap&#243;s uma inje&#231;&#227;o de propofol. A SBr no diagn&#243;stico diferencial &#233; mais do que apropriada.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a medicina animal:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o &#233; estranha ao mundo animal. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> Uma busca sistem&#225;tica das poss&#237;veis causas nunca foi feita. S&#243; recentemente, ap&#243;s intensa an&#225;lise desse fen&#244;meno, a SBr foi inclu&#237;da na lista de poss&#237;veis causas.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>- Para a filosofia: Paradoxos e a SBr:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Um aspecto muito interessante da SBr diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte s&#250;bita. Conforme relatado na introdu&#231;&#227;o, a SBr tem uma gama muito ampla de apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O diagn&#243;stico pode ser feito ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de morte s&#250;bita ressuscitada, mas h&#225; cada vez mais pacientes diagnosticados e completamente assintom&#225;ticos. S&#237;ncope, FA, SNS, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o sintomas e achados com impacto no progn&#243;stico. Mas a pergunta &#233;: quem deve fazer o CDI preventivamente? Metade dos pacientes que sofreram morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas antes da morte s&#250;bita. A outra metade teve uma s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope em algum momento. Somente ap&#243;s extensa pesquisa o Prof. Sieira chegou a uma &#8220;pontua&#231;&#227;o&#8221; para estimar o risco de morte s&#250;bita <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ). Quanto mais pontos o paciente obtiver, maior ser&#225; o risco de parada card&#237;aca no futuro. Esse sistema de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; muito valioso, mas carrega um enorme paradoxo: ao classificar os pacientes em grupos de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco, podemos cometer o erro de considerar que o baixo risco significa aus&#234;ncia de risco. Pacientes com escore baixo, portanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados candidatos &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o com CDI. Por outro lado, pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o alta s&#227;o sistematicamente protegidos. O resultado, paradoxalmente, &#233; que os pacientes de alto risco e prote&#231;&#227;o pelo CDI sobrevivem &#224;s crises de arritmias gra&#231;as &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o do CDI, enquanto no grupo de baixo risco, se ocorrer uma arritmia, resultar&#225; em morte por falta de prote&#231;&#227;o com um CDI. Assim, embora a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias seja muito menor na categoria de baixo risco, a mortalidade real &#233; maior devido &#224; falta de prote&#231;&#227;o. Esse paradoxo &#233; ilustrado na <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o de Sieira et al. &#192; esquerda os fatores de risco s&#227;o mostrados com os pontos de valor para cada par&#226;metro. O gr&#225;fico mostra o risco de morte s&#250;bita (ressuscitada) durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 10 anos, dependendo dos pontos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O paradoxo da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em 30 anos aprendemos muito sobre a SBr, mas tamb&#233;m sobre outras doen&#231;as relacionadas. &#201; claro que, com a descri&#231;&#227;o da SBr, todo o mundo da Ritmologia entrou em uma nova dimens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brugada Syndrome: 30 Years of Scientific Ventures</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3172-6106</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brugada</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UZ Brussel, Bruxelas &#8211; B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Pedro Brugada &#8226; UZ Brussel &#8211; Cardiology - Laarbeeklaan 101 Villa borghese 57, Estepona Lede 9340 &#8211; Belgium E-mail: pedro@brugada.org</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Thirty years ago, a distinctly new clinical-electrocardiographic syndrome was described, today known as Brugada Syndrome (BrS). Typical treatment for this type of syndrome is electrocardiography with ST-segment elevation in the direct precordial derivations. The clinical presentation of the disease is highly variable: the patients can remain completely asymptomatic, but they can also develop episodes of syncope, atrial fibrillation (AF), sinus node dysfunction (SNF), conduction disorders, asystole, and ventricular fibrillation (VF). This disease is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the potential action of cardiac cells. The most commonly involved gene is SCN5A, which controls the structure and function of the heart&#8217;s sodium channel. The description of this new syndrome has shown highly positive implications in all fields of medicine.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Implantable Devices</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Brugada Syndrome: 30 Years of Scientific Ventures</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In November, 30 years ago, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), published an article entitled: &#8220;Right bundle branch block, persistent ST-segment elevation, and sudden death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report&#8221;,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>which described eight patients with a medical history of resuscitated sudden death caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF). After extensive investigation, no cause for the arrythmias was found in these patients. All of the eight patients showed a highly uncommon electrocardiography with ST-segment elevation in the direct precordial derivations and what appeared to be a right bundle branch block ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). Three of the patients were children; two were girls; and two of the children were brother and sister. Three patients also presented characteristics of SSS and three were diagnosed with AF. Four patients present accentuated conduction disorders and four presented a prolonged HV intervals or limits, and all of the patients presented polymorphic (sustained or not) ventricular tachycardia (VT), susceptible to the electrophysiological exam. The causes of the syndrome were unknown at the time, but it became evidently clear that there was a hereditary and purely electric problem of the heart &#8211; the heart was structurally normal. The extremely quick VF suggested a problem of the dispersion of short or normal refractory periods, as compared to the relatively slow VF (Torsades de Pointes) of the Long QT Syndrome, where the refractory ventricular periods are extended due to the prolonged repolarization. The publication was the beginning of a major scientific venture that is still ongoing.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Typical electrocardiogram of 12 derivations of BrS. There is an ST-segment elevation in the direct precordial derivations, V1 and V2, with a morphology that looks like the fin of a dolphin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>It took five years to collect data from the first four patients. These four patients were shown in a poster presentation at the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Meeting (NASPE) in 1991. After the presentation, and thanks to international collaboration, data from four new patients with characteristics identical to the first four were collected. This spontaneous international collaboration (without financing, without protocols, without committees or councils) resulted in one of the most cited original publications in cardiology. What the authors initially considered as a type of curiosity, later transformed into a scientific revolution. This revolution can still be seen in the positive impacts that the discovery of this syndrome has had on multiple aspects of medicine.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>BrS impacts</title>
          <p>
            <bold>- For clinical cardiology:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The description of this new syndrome was of great value for ECG as a simple, inexpensive, yet valuable diagnostic method: The BrS diagnosis is based on the abnormal ECG. The &#8220;type 1&#8221; electrocardiogram ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ) is the only condition for the diagnosis after the exclusion of other possible causes (phenocopies &#8211; <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). The BrS once again made it clear just how dangerous it can be to classify fairly unclear electrocardiograms as &#8220;normal variants&#8221;. The BrS ECG was considered to be a normal variant for years, with no significant diagnosis or prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>We had to realize our own naivety the hard way. There have been attempts to structure the diagnosis of BrS using a point system.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Unfortunately, this score actually has no value in practice, since up to 40% of the patients with diagnosed BrS would not have sufficient criteria to reach this diagnosis using this system.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>A patient can be diagnosed with BrS ECG if there are no other findings to refer to a syndrome: such as syncope, resuscitated sudden death, conduction disorders, or pathological mutations. At the moment in which one or more of these findings are established, one can provide a diagnosis of BrS. The question at hand is if one can still claim a diagnosis of Brugada disease at the time in which the genetic cause of the syndrome is identified.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Phenocopies that can simulate BrS</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Antiarrythmic drugs</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sodium channel blockers, class 1C (for example, flecainide, pilsicainide, propafenone)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sodium channel blockers, class 1A (for example, procainamide, disopyramide, cibenzoline)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Verapamil (Calcium channel blockers, type L)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&#946;-Blockers (inhibit ICa, L)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Antiaginal drugs</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Nitrates</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Calcium channel blockers (for example, nifedipine, diltiazem)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Psychotropic agents</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Tricyclic antidepressants (for example, amitriptyline, desipramine, clomipramine, nortriptyline)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Tetracyclic antidepressants (for example, maprotiline)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Phenothiazine (for example, perphenazine, cyamemazine)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Selective inhibitors of the uptake of serotonin (for example, fluoxetine)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Cocaine intoxication</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Antiallergy agents</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Antihistamine H1</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Acute RVOT ischemia</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Electrolytic disorders</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Hypercalemia</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Hypercalcemia</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperthermia and hypothermia</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High insulin level</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mechanical compression of RVOT</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For Physiology:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The BrS discovered new mechanisms of arrythmias, in particular, the &#8220;2<sup>nd</sup>stage re-entry&#8221; phenomenon (RF2) ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>The correct mechanism of VF in BrS is still under debate. In addition to the classic re-entry, based on an abnormal conduction (Panel A of <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ), the RF2 and the neural crest theory are two alternatives to explain arrythmias. The classic re-entry in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is considered to be the most important mechanism for VF, according to the UMC group in Amsterdam. However, the Utica group clings more to the RF2 theory. While in the first mechanism, the action potential would be normal and the electric gradient would be due to the slow conduction with out-of-phase action potentials, in RF2, the electric gradient is caused by a shortening of the duration of the action potential in the epicardium of the RVOT (panel B).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Illustration of the three possible mechanisms of BrS. Panel A shows the depolarization theory, in which the conduction disorders in the RVOT should represent the most important phenomenon. Panel B shows the P2R mechanism, representing the reduction of the action potential of the epicardium in the RVOT operation. Panel C shows the Elizari theory, based on embryonic abnormalities in the neural crest. The abnormal development of the cells responsible for the formation of the RVOT with possible somatic mutations would be the most significant problem that could lead to BrS.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>While in the first mechanism the main problem resides in the mutations that reduce the flow of sodium in the heart cells, the RF2 depends on an exaggerated flow of potassium (Ito). Curiously, the mutations in the BrS were found in many different genes, with a highly extensive array of functions. It is better to say that the BrS is only a phenotype, possibly with many different causes. It is similar to the Long QT (LQT) syndrome in that the ECG shows an LQT interval, but the causes can vary greatly (ion of the sodium channel in LQT type 3 and sodium channels in types 1 and 2). The Elizari group, in Buenos Aires, suggests that the basis of BrS is in the mutation in the neural crest cells, which would be somatic mutations. For these, the BrS is a development problem of the heart in the embryonic stage. Interestingly enough, mutations in the germinative cells are found in up to 40% of the families with BrS. In fact, it is possible that the other patients have somatic mutations that would only be detectable through a RVOT biopsy and not through the usual techniques, such as blood samples. This possibility has been demonstrated for some time in patients with idiopathic VT, in which a biopsy of the RV revealed somatic mutations.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>This possibility of somatic mutations in the BrS is also corroborated by the fact that nearly half of the patients are isolated cases and not family oriented, as if these patients were unable to transmit this disease through germinative cells.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For genetics:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The description, in 1998, of the first gene associated with BrS was a true benchmark in the history of relations between genetics and cardiology. The study of genetics in cardiology was, therefore, highly limited and almost exclusively focused on the search for mutations in patients with LQT or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The results were viewed more as a curiosity than a possible contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms, which could quite possibly develop into a future treatment. But today we can begin to understand the following: the sodium channel remains open, with certain mutations; the repolarization is prolonged; and the patient suffers from LQT (type 3). However, if the sodium channel decreases as a result of other mutations in the same gene, we then have conduction disorders and BrS. Suddenly, a whole new world has been opened. It is thus no surprise that the number of publications on mutations in all of the hereditary heart disorders have increased quickly, and not only with the age-old and well-known diseases. Discovering the gene responsible for the short QT syndrome took only three years. With the new techniques of genetic research (GWAS), the entire diagnostic process was sped up exponentially. Unfortunately, all of this new information comes with one problem of interpretation: Do all of the mutations and all of the genes really matter? Are they the cause of disease? What is the true importance of polymorphisms? Unfortunately, we do not have the resources, time, nor number and variety enough of patients to functionally study each mutation so as to show that the likely effects of a specific mutation correspond to what we expect to be the manifestation of the disease. There are models that can help us, but the results of the models always come with a degree of probability and uncertainty concerning the value of the result. Nevertheless, these results are important for the treatment of families with BrS.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For fertility:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>With all of the imaginable limitations, the preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has become an obvious option for the treatment of hereditary diseases. Opposers to the technique argue that almost no disease, especially BrS, is monogenetic. According to them, in addition to the main gene considered to be responsible for the disease, there is also likely to be a series of other mutations and variation, including polymorphisms, which accumulate until a certain &#8220;genetic risk score&#8221; is achieved. Therefore, implanting an embryo selected based on, for example, the absence of mutation in the sodium channel would have no value in the prevention of BrS. Using the same arguments, advocates of PGD claim that merely selecting an embryo without the mutation would diminish this genetic risk score, thereby neutralizing the manifestation of the disease. The PGD has been provided in our hospital for years to combat more than 200 different monogenetic diseases, including BrS. Given the young age of the children born after PGD, it is still impossible to draw conclusions about whether they developed the disease or not. These children and youth are being monitored closely.</p>
          <p>Another aspect of fertility refers to miscarriages in families with BrS. Although it is possible that embryos and fetuses have died &#8220;in utero&#8221; from arrythmias, or even due to a heart that never beat, it is still impossible to draw conclusions.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Many miscarriages happen in fertile women and go unnoticed, which needs to be studied in greater detail.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For gynecology:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Of the severe consequences of BrS, it is no surprise that individuals have asked themselves what might be the possible consequences of the disease for pregnant women. The gathered information shows that the pregnancy and the birth present no particular risks<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>in women with BrS.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For pediatrics:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The BrS is one sudden cause of death among children, as well as one of the many possible causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Few diseases have been speculated for so long and so esoterically as in the case of SIDS. From the posture of the baby when sleeping, to smoking in the baby&#8217;s bedroom, to using pillows or not, among others, the broadest variety of non-scientific explanations has constantly been searched for. We now know that the array of causes of SIDS is quite broad and that, in fact, child asphyxia, murder, and hidden accidents can play a role in the child&#8217;s death. But we also know now that most of these sudden deaths are due to arrythmias, including BrS.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>We have found a similar problem in the diagnosis of epilepsy and syncope of unknown cause in children. Not only the LQT, but also the short QT syndrome and the BrS, should be included in the differential diagnosis, and even more if the child has types of syncope or epilepsy that are &#8220;difficult to treat&#8221;.</p>
          <p>We should also remember that the patients can suffer from more than one disease: epilepsy and BrS together,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>as well as vasovagal syncope and simultaneous arrythmia.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For pharmacology:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>For years, many studies have been conducted on the alterations in the QT interval in the ECG due to drugs. One international working group is currently conducting an almost weekly updating of the medications that can prolong the QT interval.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>One extension of the QT interval can result in the development of &#8220;Torsade de Pointes&#8221; and sudden death. We now know that, thanks to the effects of drugs on BrS, other drugs can also cause sudden death due to their effects on the sodium channel. One list of these medicines has also been kept active by an international consortium.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For sports medicine:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Nothing affects our imagination more than the sudden death of a &#8220;perfectly healthy&#8221; athlete. We consider these people to be the healthiest individuals in society, and it is almost impossible to understand that they can die unexpectedly. This also occurs with professional athletes who are monitored yearly regarding cardiovascular diseases. Not all sudden deaths among athletes happens during exercise. In fact, the contrary is actually true.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Most die suddenly after stress, immediately or after a complete resting period. It has been known for some time that the LQT syndrome and the catecholaminergic polymorphic VT (CPVT) was a cause. But now, after a detailed examination of the parents of the deceased, it seems that the most common cause is BrS.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>The fact that BrS can present a completely normal ECG makes it extremely difficult to detect in these patients.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For forensic medicine:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Proper rules to conduct autopsies are lacking in many countries. In the case of the sudden death of a young individual, this type of study is rarely taken into account. The autopsy will only be mandatory if it is an unnatural death. The results of these autopsies vary greatly from study to study, as well as according to the experience of the doctors and their &#8220;resistance&#8221;. One doctor will search more and more in-depth about the cause of death than will another. However, even after what is called a &#8220;specialized autopsy&#8221;, a large group of patients still remains undiagnosed.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>What is important here is the study of the family members and the &#8220;molecular autopsy&#8221;. Findings from Papadakis et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>showed that the more frequent cause of sudden death &#8211; when the cause is found &#8211; is BrS. This was demonstrated by the results of the Ajmaline test conducted with family members. Post-mortem genetic tests can reveal a possible causal mutation in 20-40% of the cases.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For preventive medicine:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The screening of individuals who appear to be healthy is one of the newest ways to discover hidden diseases. However, it is clear that the value of the screening is heavily related to the researcher and to the studies being conducted. We all accept the screening of women for breast cancer or the detection of individuals prone to contract colon tumors but who have not yet manifested any symptoms. However, with cardiovascular screening, the opinions diverge. Unfortunately, the arguments for and against screening do not seem to be so difficult. If we look at the results from colorectal cancer prevention in the Netherlands, it appears that 95% of the suspected positive tests turn out to be false positives. Hence, 95% of the &#8220;patients&#8221; do a colonoscopy for no reason.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>This is also valid for the screening of breast cancer. The results are so controversial that the medical authorities in Switzerland have stopped screening for breast cancer. Concerning the heart, the conclusion depends on studies that we believe to be in favor of screening, as suggested by studies conducted in Italy.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>or against screening, as suggested by studies conducted in America. There is, in any case, a major difference in the arguments in favor and against. While the Italians base their arguments on the decrease in the incidence of sudden death due to screening, the American arguments against the screening are purely financial. But what price should we put on the life of a young individual?</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For occupational health:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The most extraordinary contribution to the description of BrS may well be the understanding of some of the medical &#8220;mysteries&#8221;. We take, for example, the high incidence in the 1970s of sudden death in America of Southern Asian workers. There was not way to know why these asymptomatic young individuals, with an apparently healthy appearance, died so suddenly. Given the almost endemic presence of the BrS in Southern Asia, and after the Nademannee investigations,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>we now know that BrS was the cause of death. This was proven by both clinical trials and genetic studies.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For anesthesia:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the list of medications that can cause sudden death in patients with BrS, we also came across anesthetics.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>One of these is propofol, responsible for the so-called propofol syndrome.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>This syndrome is also related to BrS.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>Curiously, in one of our studies, no inconveniences were found with the use of propofol in patients with proven BrS.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>The manifestations of the propofol syndrome can depend on the dose or the sensitivity of the patient, but other subjacent pathologies can also play a role. The propofol syndrome appears with a bizarre expansion of the QRS complex in the ECG with typical ST-segment elevations that are compatible with BrS and with ventricular arrythmias that can cause the patient&#8217;s sudden death.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For emergency medicine:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>BrS is an integral part of the differential diagnosis of many medical problems: syncope, trauma, and traffic accidents caused by a possible arrythmia or temporary loss of consciousness, epilepsy, all forms of heart attacks and ventricular arrythmias, and conduction disorders. One of the groups that should be discussed separately is that of young AF or atrial flutter patients. Before injecting intravenous drugs to stop arrythmias, one should always ask if this might be BrS. The administration of intravenous flecainide in this scenario could lead to death.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For the pacemakers and RVOT ablation</bold>
          </p>
          <p>BrS is a disease of young individuals. It can only be controlled (in terms of sudden death) with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Thus, it comes as no surprise that the implantation techniques have been adapted for children. For example, a subcostal abdominal implant is much more comfortable than a pectoral implant, mainly as regards sports practices. With the necessary training, the implant can be made with epicardial strands in such a way that the venous system of the patients is fully spared ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). In experienced centers, this epicardial implant can be combined with an RVOT epicardial ablation, where the BrS substrate is located.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>This combination is our current protocol for the treatment of BrS. It is important to note that we do not yet have sufficient data on the long-term effects of the ablation. Currently, the ablation is not an alternative to the ICD.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Chest X-ray of the abdominal implant of an ICD in a 6-month old baby. The chock electrode is located in the transverse sinus with the distal electrode screwed into the right atrium. Two epicardial electrodes are placed to detect and stimulate the free wall of the right ventricle. The system is completely extravascular with all of the benefits of an ICD DDD. Algorithms of DDD discrimination, detection, and stimulation, as well as anti-tachycardia stimulation, in contrast to the subcutaneous ICD, are fully available.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>- The world of sudden death re-imagined:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>We are entering a new world of causes of sudden death in individuals with structurally normal hearts, with Long QT after BrS as the main cause.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>- Gender aspects:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Many publications on BrS have always emphasized that men with this disease are more heavily affected than are women. Although these findings seem to be true in adults, they are not true before puberty. No difference was found in the symptoms between prepubertal boys and girls.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>It is quite clear that testosterone plays a role in BrS. Male castration itself showed improvements in the manifestations of the disease.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <bold>- To understand certain folklore traditions:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The traditions without language are now much more well-understood after having given a proper description of BrS. In Thailand, for example, men dress up as women after getting married when they go to bed with their bride. According to the tradition, a witch becomes jealous when a young woman marries and, as punishment, she comes to suffocate the groom at night. Lai Tai is the name of this sudden death in Thailand, as the victim begins to snore before his death. Pokkuri in Japan and Bangungut in the Philippines refer to the same phenomenon.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For history:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There are innumerous cases of sudden death in history that, as happens in Lai Tai and Pokkuri, are unexplainable. Of course, it is impossible to be sure if BrS played a key role in this, but it is at least interesting to speculate about it. Take the case of Tommy Morris, unquestionably one of the best golfers of his day (he won the Open at 17). Tommy was found dead in his bed in the morning at 24. He had no complaints before his death. To the contrary, he had just finished playing and won a 200-hole golf game (!) in the snow. Two possible causes for this death were suggested: internal hemorrhaging and a &#8220;broken heart&#8221;, as his wife had died when giving birth to their child only a few months earlier. A sudden death at night at 24 years of age certainly suggests a possible BrS.</p>
          <p>A second interesting case is that of the well-known singer, Michael Jackson, who died suddenly at 50 years of age after an injection of propofil. BrS in the differential diagnosis would be more than appropriate in this case.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For animal medicine:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Sudden death is not strange in the animal world.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>A systematic search for possible causes was never conducted. Only recently, after an intense analysis of this phenomenon, was the BrS included in the list of possible causes.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>- For philosophy: Paradoxes and the BrS:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>One very interesting aspect of the BrS refers to the evaluation of the risk of sudden death. According to that reported in the introduction, BrS has a broad array of clinical presentations. The diagnosis can be performed after an episode of resuscitated sudden death, but there have been more and more diagnosed and asymptomatic patients. Syncope, AF, SNF, and conduction disorders are symptoms and findings with an impact on the prognosis. But the question is: Who should do an ICD preventively? Half of the patients who suffer from sudden death presented no symptoms before sudden death. The other half had a syncope or pre-syncope at some point. Only after an extensive study did Professor Sieira reach a &#8220;score&#8221; to estimate the risk of sudden death<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ). The more points the patient had, the greater the risk of heart failure in the future. This risk stratification system is quite valuable, but it also carries an enormous paradox: upon classifying patients in groups of low, medium, and high risk, we can commit the error of considering that the low risk means the absence of risk. Patients with a low score, therefore, are not considered candidates for protection with ICD. By contrast, patients with a high score are systematically protected. The result, paradoxically, is that the high-risk patients protected by ICD tend to survive crises of arrythmias thanks to the ICD protection, whereas in the low-risk group, if there is an arrythmia, it will likely result in death due to a lack of ICD protection. Therefore, although the incidence of arrythmias is much lower in the low-risk category, the true mortality is higher due to the lack of protection. This paradox is illustrated in <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sieira et al. scoring system. To the left, the risk factors are shown with the points of value for each parameter. The graph shows the risk of sudden death (resuscitated) during a 10-year follow-up period, depending on the score.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The paradox of risk stratification.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220289-20289-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In 30 years, much has been learned about BrS, as well as about other related diseases. It is clear that, with the BrS description, all professionals from the field of Clinical Arrythmology have now entered a new dimension in the field.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
