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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NT6bct8RLNBLfL6zTXJfxph</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220234</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante Card&#237;aco Ortot&#243;pico em Receptor com Covid-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sinatora</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Bazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grotto</surname>
            <given-names>Rejane Maria Tommasini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passaroni</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Leonardo Kerdahi Leite de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicio</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7696-5410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Transplante Card&#237;aco do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Biotecnologia Aplicada</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Biotecnologia Aplicada do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Rufino Garcia &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lrufinogarcia@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220234</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>SARS-CoV2</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemias/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Linfopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia pelo coronav&#237;rus acometeu mais de 480 milh&#245;es de pessoas ao redor do mundo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Receptores de &#243;rg&#227;os s&#243;lidos constituem um grupo altamente vulner&#225;vel devido &#224; necessidade de imunossupress&#227;o e &#224;s v&#225;rias comorbidades que podem estar associadas,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> muitas das quais persistem mesmo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes transplantados podem apresentar um espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas decorrentes da COVID-19, desde assintom&#225;ticos, sintomas leves ou fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda e &#243;bito.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Alguns estudos sugerem que no caso de quadros com desfecho favor&#225;vel, a imuniza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via e a imunossupress&#227;o necess&#225;ria ap&#243;s transplante contribuem para uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria menos exacerbada e, consequentemente, menor les&#227;o org&#226;nica.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, alguns relatos e revis&#245;es da literatura evidenciam pior progn&#243;stico em transplantados, possivelmente devido &#224;s comorbidades, idade avan&#231;ada e linfopenia frequentemente presentes.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dessa forma, descrevemos o caso de paciente com RT-PCR positivo para Sars-Cov-2 submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico bicaval com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria e sem sequelas respirat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas at&#233; o momento. Trata-se de um dos primeiros casos descritos submetido a transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o durante vig&#234;ncia de COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Homem, 64 anos, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em classe funcional IV. Hipertenso, diab&#233;tico, submetido &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 2014 e implante de cardiodesfibrilador em 2019. Havia recebido duas doses de vacina contra COVID-19, do fabricante Astrazeneca, completando o esquema em setembro de 2021. Internado em hospital terci&#225;rio, foi priorizado para transplante card&#237;aco em uso de dobutamina e assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e classificado como INTERMACS-3.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Estava em ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, sem queixas respirat&#243;rias e sem necessidade de oxigenioterapia. Foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico bicaval em fevereiro de 2022 sem intercorr&#234;ncias cir&#250;rgicas com tempo de isquemia total de quatro horas e 30 minutos.</p>
      <p>No primeiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o exame de RT-PCR para COVID-19 coletado imediatamente antes da cirurgia de acordo com protocolo institucional resultou positivo. A variante viral identificada posteriormente pelo m&#233;todo de sequenciamento em larga escala foi a &#212;micron BA.1. Foi iniciada imunossupress&#227;o habitual com tacrolimus, micofenolato mofetil e corticoster&#243;ides. Sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima e ganciclovir foram introduzidos para profilaxias de infec&#231;&#245;es em imunossuprimidos. Para profilaxia cir&#250;rgica foram utilizados meropenem e vancomicina por cinco dias. Seguiu-se evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel com diminui&#231;&#227;o gradual de drogas vasoativas e do suporte de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico at&#233; sua retirada. O paciente foi mantido em isolamento, em ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, em uso de cateter nasal de oxig&#234;nio a 2l/min e sem queixas respirat&#243;rias. Realizada tomografia de t&#243;rax no 12&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com achados de aspecto at&#237;pico para pneumonia de etiologia viral. Novo RT-PCR colhido no 13&#186; dia resultou negativo. Recebeu alta hospitalar 30 dias ap&#243;s o transplante.</p>
      <p>Durante seguimento ambulatorial tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o transplante houve eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores laboratoriais de rejei&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto (troponina, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial e prote&#237;na C reativa), por&#233;m com aus&#234;ncia de sintomas. Optou-se por realiza&#231;&#227;o de pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona. Ecocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es em compara&#231;&#227;o a exame pr&#233;vio, mantinha fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 60% e sem aumento de espessura das paredes. Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica mostrou fragmento com infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio predominantemente linfocit&#225;rio perivascular e aus&#234;ncia de agress&#227;o ao cardiomi&#243;cito, sendo classifica&#231;&#227;o ISHLT (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation) para rejei&#231;&#227;o celular grau zero e para rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral pAMR zero.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Mantida imunossupress&#227;o com tacrolimus, prednisona e micofenolato mofetil, paciente evoluiu com normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores laboratoriais de rejei&#231;&#227;o e permaneceu assintom&#225;tico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A necessidade de imunossupress&#227;o cr&#244;nica em pacientes transplantados &#233; fator de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es e desfecho negativo quando associada a infec&#231;&#245;es. Devido a experi&#234;ncia da pandemia por H1N1 em 2009, esperava-se que tais pacientes tivessem pior progn&#243;stico quando acometidos por COVID-19, evoluindo com pneumonia e s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo mais frequentemente do que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Por&#233;m, uma hip&#243;tese &#233; que a imunossupress&#227;o nesses casos reduza a intensidade da s&#237;ndrome hiperinflamat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria &#224; tempestade de citocinas, presente na maioria dos casos de morte por coronav&#237;rus.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas semelhantes &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a mortalidade parece ser maior no grupo de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos conforme demonstrado em alguns relatos de caso.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel dizer se a causa de pior progn&#243;stico est&#225; relacionada &#224; imunossupress&#227;o ou &#224;s m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, idade avan&#231;ada ou quadros infecciosos mais graves em tais pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> H&#225; relatos de piores desfechos com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 na popula&#231;&#227;o geral relacionados com linfopenia,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m pode estar presente nos pacientes transplantados devido a efeito colateral de medica&#231;&#245;es imunosupressoras. Al&#233;m disso, o progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m se mostrou pior quando h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores como prote&#237;na C reativa e procalcitonina, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral quanto nos pacientes transplantados.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O manejo dos imunossupressores nesses casos deve ser individualizado, pesando-se o risco de piora infecciosa e o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto. Ballout et al.,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> elaboraram um fluxograma para guiar a imunossupress&#227;o em pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos que apresentaram COVID-19: manuten&#231;&#227;o de micofenolato mofetil em doses mais baixas caso o paciente n&#227;o apresentasse linfopenia ou sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o grave; inibidores da calcineurina foram mantidos em faixa terap&#234;utica e prednisona tamb&#233;m foi utilizada, exceto quando houvesse indica&#231;&#227;o do uso de dexametasona (nesses casos, a prednisona foi suspensa durante tratamento com dexametasona). Al&#233;m disso, se o paciente apresentasse eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de rejei&#231;&#227;o e enzimas card&#237;acas, recomendou-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica a fim do diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre rejei&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto e miocardite viral por COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em revis&#227;o da literatura, alguns autores conclu&#237;ram que a resposta imune inata nos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos deva ser parecida &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com n&#237;veis semelhantes de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e interleucina-6 em ambos os grupos de pacientes hospitalizados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta humoral, tamb&#233;m se notou que a forma&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos foi semelhante entre os pacientes transplantados e os n&#227;o transplantados, sendo que anticorpos espec&#237;ficos foram identificados ap&#243;s uma a duas semanas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e permaneceram por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de dois meses, podendo chegar at&#233; seis meses.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo com 232 pacientes concluiu-se que a forma&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos contra Sars-Cov-2 em imunossuprimidos foi semelhante ao que se observa na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, bem como a taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos. Entretanto, neste estudo, pacientes transplantados evolu&#237;ram com pior desfecho, possivelmente devido &#224; presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro fator que pode ter contribu&#237;do para o controle da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel foi a completude do esquema vacinal &#224; &#233;poca com uma vacina previamente testada e com efic&#225;cia comprovada. Como j&#225; mencionado, a despeito da imunossupress&#227;o, pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos t&#234;m resposta imune semelhante &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral quando infectados pelo coronav&#237;rus.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Dessa forma, mesmo com a manuten&#231;&#227;o da imunossupress&#227;o, o paciente em quest&#227;o provavelmente ainda mantinha concentra&#231;&#245;es de anticorpos espec&#237;ficos, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para o desfecho satisfat&#243;rio. No caso exposto, o principal diferencial consistiu na vacina&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do paciente, o que n&#227;o foi relatado nos estudos descritos pois as v&#225;rias vacinas hoje dispon&#237;veis ainda se encontravam em fase de desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto ainda a ser elucidado em outros estudos e amostras maiores de pacientes consiste em entendermos como o Sars-Cov-2 pode afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto e eventualmente causar rejei&#231;&#227;o uma vez que j&#225; &#233; amplamente descrito que o v&#237;rus possui tropismo por c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas podendo causar inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica e miocardite.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Descrevemos um caso de paciente submetido a transplante card&#237;aco em vig&#234;ncia de COVID-19 e previamente vacinado, com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria. O manejo da imunossupress&#227;o deve ser considerado de forma individual nesse cen&#225;rio. Para a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, o risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto com piora da doen&#231;a que indicou o transplante deve ser levado em conta frente &#224; gravidade da infec&#231;&#227;o quando associada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica exacerbada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Orthotopic Heart Transplantation in a Covid-19 Recipient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content,</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sinatora</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Bazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grotto</surname>
            <given-names>Rejane Maria Tommasini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passaroni</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Leonardo Kerdahi Leite de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicio</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7696-5410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Transplante Card&#237;aco do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucvvatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Biotecnologia Aplicada do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Leonardo Rufino Garcia &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lrufinogarcia@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>SARS-CoV2</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunosuppresion</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Limphopenia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The coronavirus pandemic has affected more than 480 million people around the world.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Solid organ recipients constitute a highly vulnerable group due to the need for immunosuppression and the various comorbidities that may be associated,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> many of which persist even after transplantation.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Transplanted patients can present a spectrum of clinical manifestations resulting from COVID-19: from asymptomatic, mild symptoms or acute respiratory failure and death.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Some studies suggest that in the case of conditions with a favorable outcome, previous immunization and irreplaceable post-transplantation immunosuppression contribute to a response of less exacerbated inflammation and, consequently, less organic damage.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Nonetheless, some reports and literature reviews show worse prognosis in transplanted patients, possibly due to comorbidities, advanced age, and lymphopenia often present.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Indeed, we describe the case of a patient with positive RT-PCR for Sars-Cov-2 who underwent bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation with satisfactory evolution and no chronic respiratory sequelae so far. This is one of the first reported cases submitted to heart transplantation concomitant with COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>Male, 64 years old, heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction of ischemic etiology in NYHA (New York Heart Association functional classification) IV. Hypertensive and diabetic, he was submitted to myocardial revascularization in 2014 and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in 2019. He had received two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine against COVID-19, with the last dose in September 2021. Admitted to a tertiary hospital, was prioritized for cardiac transplantation using dobutamine and circulatory assistance with an intra-aortic balloon pump and classified as INTERMACS-3.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> He was on spontaneous ventilation, with no respiratory complaints and no need for oxygen therapy. He underwent an uneventful bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation in February 2022 with a total ischemic time of four hours and 30 minutes.</p>
        <p>On the first postoperative day, an RT-PCR exam for COVID-19 done immediately before surgery according to the institutional protocol was positive. The viral variant identified later by the large-scale sequencing method was an Omicron BA.1. Usual immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and corticosteroids had then started. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ganciclovir were introduced according to infective prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients. For surgical prophylaxis, meropenem and vancomycin were used for five days. A favorable evolution followed with a gradual decrease in the vasoactive agent&#8217;s dosage and intra-aortic balloon support until its removal. The patient was kept in respiratory isolation, in spontaneous ventilation, using a nasal oxygen catheter at 2l/min, and without respiratory complaints. Chest tomography on the 12th postoperative day revealed an atypical appearance of viral pneumonia. A new RT-PCR performed on the 13th day was negative. He was discharged 30 days after the transplant.</p>
        <p>During outpatient follow-up, three months after transplantation, there was an increase in laboratory markers of graft rejection (troponin, atrial natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein), but symptoms were absent. The medical staff then opted for pulse therapy with methylprednisolone. The echocardiogram showed no changes compared to the previous examination, with an ejection fraction of 60% and no increase in wall thickness. Endomyocardial biopsy tissue showed a fragment with predominantly perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate and absence of aggression to the cardiomyocyte, with ISHLT classification (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation) grade zero for cellular rejection and pAMR zero for humoral rejection.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Immunosuppression was maintained with tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate. The patient evolved with the normalization of laboratory markers of rejection and remained asymptomatic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The need for chronic immunosuppression in transplant patients is a risk fator for complications and negative outcomes when associated with infections. Due to the experience of the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the medical community expected that such patients would have a worse prognosis when affected by COVID-19, progressing to pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome more frequently than the general population. However, one hypothesis is that the immunosuppression in these cases reduces the intensity of the secondary hyperinflammatory syndrome due to the cytokine storm present in most cases of death from COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite similar clinical manifestations to the general population, mortality seems to be higher in the group of heart transplant patients, as demonstrated in some case reports.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> However, it is not possible to say whether the cause of the worse prognosis is related to immunosuppression itself or multiple comorbidities, advanced age, or more severe infective scenarios in such patients.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> There are reports of worse outcomes with COVID-19 infection in the general population related to lymphopenia,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> which may also be present in transplanted patients due to the side effect of some immunosuppressive medications. In addition, the prognosis was also worse when there had been an increase in biomarkers such as C reactive protein and procalcitonin, both in the general population and transplanted patients.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The management of immunosuppressants in these cases must be individualized, weighing the risk of infection worsening and graft rejection. Ballout et al.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> developed a flowchart to guide immunosuppression in heart transplant patients who presented with COVID-19: maintenance of mycophenolate at lower doses if the patient does not have lymphopenia or signs of severe infection; calcineurin inhibitors were kept in the therapeutic range, and prednisone was also used, except when there was an indication for the use of dexamethasone (in these cases, prednisone was suspended during treatment with dexamethasone). Furthermore, if the patient presented an elevation of rejection markers and cardiac enzymes, an endomyocardial biopsy was recommended to diagnose the difference between graft rejection and viral myocarditis due to COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a review of the literature, some authors concluded that the innate immune response in heart transplant patients seems to be similar to the general population, with similar levels of inflammatory markers and interleukin-6 in both groups of hospitalized patients. Regarding the humoral response, it was also noted that the formation of antibodies was similar between transplanted and non-transplanted patients, with specific antibodies identified after one to two weeks of symptom onset, and they stayed for an average period of two months and could reach up to six months.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another study with 232 patients concluded that the formation of antibodies against Sars-Cov-2 and the infection rate in immunosuppressed individuals were similar to what is observed in the general population. However, in this study, transplanted patients evolved with a worse outcome, possibly due to multiple associated comorbidities.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another factor that may have contributed to the control of the inflammatory response and favorable evolution was completing the vaccination schedule at that time with a previously tested and proven effective vaccine. As already mentioned, despite immunosuppression, heart transplant patients have a similar immune response compared to the general population when infected by the Sars-Cov-2.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Thus, even with the maintenance of immunosuppression, the patient in question probably maintained blood concentrations of specific antibodies, which may have contributed to the satisfactory outcome. In this case, the main differential consisted of the previous patient vaccination, which was not reported in the studies described since the various vaccines available today were still in development at that time.</p>
        <p>Another point still to be elucidated in other studies and larger samples of patients is understanding how Sars-Cov-2 can affect graft function and eventually cause rejection since it is already widely described that the virus has cardiac cell tropism and may cause myocardial injury and myocarditis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We describe the case of a patient who underwent heart transplantation during active COVID-19 but was previously vaccinated, with favorable evolution. The management of immunosuppression must be considered individually in this scenario. In the clinical decision-making process, the risk of graft rejection with worsening of the primary disease that indicated the transplant must be considered against the severity of the coronavirus infection when associated with exacerbated systemic inflammation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
