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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BmJDBsSYS8rYBXLhbxPcMWq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220183</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Significativa em Popula&#231;&#227;o com Suspeita de Doen&#231;a Coronariana e Aus&#234;ncia de C&#225;lcio Coronariano: CORE-64 e CORE320</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3161-8922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matheson</surname>
            <given-names>Matthew B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6741-787X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kishi</surname>
            <given-names>Satoru</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brinker</surname>
            <given-names>Jeff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clouse</surname>
            <given-names>Melvin E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cox</surname>
            <given-names>Christopher</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arbab-Zadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Armin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco , Petrolina , PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , MA &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Armin Arbab-Zadeh &#8226; Johns Hopkins Hospital. 600 N. Wolfe St, # B110, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA E-mail: <email>azadeh1@jhmi.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Dr. Jo&#227;o A. C. Lima revela apoio financeiro (somente) da Canon Medical Systems</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220183</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano (ECC) pode ser realizada por tomografia computadorizada sem contraste para prever eventos cardiovasculares, mas tem menor valor na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Identificar e validar preditores de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa (OCS) em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Um total de 4258 participantes foram rastreados dos estudos CORE64 e CORE 320, nos quais foram avaliados pacientes encaminhados para angiografia invasiva, e do Quanta Registry que incluiu pacientes encaminhados para angiotomografia. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica avaliaram associa&#231;&#245;es entre fatores de risco cardiovascular, ECC e OCS. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi usado nas an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Dos 509 participantes do estudo CORE, 117 (23%) apresentaram um ECC igual a zero; 13 (11%) pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano apresentaram OCS. A aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano correlacionou-se com idade mais jovem, sexo feminino, &#237;ndice de massa corporal mais baixo, aus&#234;ncia de diabetes, e aus&#234;ncia de dislipidemia. O fato de ser fumante atual aumentou em 3,5 vezes a probabilidade de OCS e outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa. Considerando os achados cl&#237;nicos, um algoritmo para estratificar os pacientes com ECC igual a zero foi proposto, e tiveram desempenho limitado na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o (AUC 58; IC95% 43, 72).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Um perfil de risco cardiovascular mais baixo est&#225; associado a um ECC igual a zero em pacientes de alto risco. Tabagismo &#233; o preditor mais forte de OCS em pacientes com aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) permite a detec&#231;&#227;o precisa, n&#227;o invasiva, de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> e facilita a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Contudo, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e ao contraste ainda permanece. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>O escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (ECC) pode ser avaliado usando a tomografia computadorizada (TC) sem contraste, com uma exposi&#231;&#227;o muito baixa &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Resultados obtidos de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, de baixo risco, mostram que a aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano est&#225; associada a uma baixa probabilidade de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa (OCS) e um desfecho favor&#225;vel do paciente. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, esses achados n&#227;o se aplicam a popula&#231;&#245;es sintom&#225;ticas, de alto risco, em que a OCS pode estar presente em mais de 10% dos paciente com ECC igual a zero. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para identificar preditores v&#225;lidos de OCS em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 4258 indiv&#237;duos de tr&#234;s coortes foram rastreados para a inclus&#227;o do estudo. Combinamos participantes sem hist&#243;ria de DAC inclu&#237;dos nos estudos CORE 64 e CORE 320, que possuem popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas quase id&#234;nticas, para determinar a preval&#234;ncia e os preditores de OCS em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Um registro realizado em um &#250;nico centro foi usado para validar o modelo dos preditores. Os m&#233;todos s&#227;o apresentados em detalhes nos materiais suplementares.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, os estudos &#8220;Coronary Artery Evaluation Using 64-Row Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (CORE-64)&#8221; e o &#8220;Coronary Artery Evaluation Using 320-row Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography and Myocardial Perfusion (CORE320)&#8221; s&#227;o estudos prospectivos que inclu&#237;ram participantes com suspeita ou diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DAC, encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria convencional. Os m&#233;todos dos estudos CORE-64 e CORE320 foram publicados detalhadamente anteriormente. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> Finalmente, o Quanta Registry &#233; um registro de pacientes encaminhados para ACTC para fins cl&#237;nicos em um &#250;nico centro. Os participantes do Quanta Registry foram inclu&#237;dos na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o se relatassem dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos foram aprovados pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o local, e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados da TC das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
        <p>No CORE64, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens para o ECC foi realizada por um aparelho de TC com 64 canais (Aquilion, Toshiba Medical Systems), <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e no CORE320, por um scanner 320-MDCT (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba Medical Systems). <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Em ambos os casos, as imagens foram analisadas para o ECC em um &#250;nico centro, por profissionais experientes, cegos quanto a informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano e angiotomografia de um participante do estudo CORE que apresentava obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa escore de c&#225;lcio igual a zero. A) Escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano. B) Angiotomografia (reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar). C) Angiotomografia (reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220183-20183-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No Quanta Registry, as imagens foram adquiridas usando um tom&#243;grafo de 128 canais (iCT sp, Philips Healthcare). As imagens foram revisadas por dois profissionais experientes. Um relat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico final foi gerado para cada paciente, que foi classificado, segundo resultado das an&#225;lises: normal (sem DAC), DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva (&lt;50% estenose), ou DAC obstrutiva (&gt;50% estenose), o que tamb&#233;m foi registrado no basal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados da angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva</title>
        <p>Nos estudos CORE, angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (ACI) foi realizada segundo indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, usando t&#233;cnicas padr&#245;es, dentro de 60 dias da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da TC combinada. A gravidade da les&#227;o foi determinada por angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ), como descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> OCS foi definida como uma obstru&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 50%, medida por ACQ invasiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias (absoluta e relativa). O programa STATA 10.0 foi usado para as an&#225;lises. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada por gr&#225;ficos, incluindo histogramas e gr&#225;ficos Q-Q.</p>
        <p>Primeiramente, modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada avaliaram fatores de risco cardiovasculares (CV) e dados antropom&#233;tricos como preditores de aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano (vari&#225;vel dependente) na coorte inteira e nos pacientes com OCS. Em seguida, modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada avaliaram o subgrupo de pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano para avaliar os preditores de OCS (vari&#225;vel dependente). Os resultados dos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica est&#227;o apresentados como odds ratio (e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%). Por fim, um algoritmo foi gerado para predi&#231;&#227;o de OCS por ACI em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano por TC e ent&#227;o validado em uma coorte diferente por valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada de 10 vezes na amostra original.</p>
        <p>O tamanho amostral dos estudos CORE-64, CORE-320, e Quanta Registry foram computados. Inclu&#237;mos todos os participantes desses estudos com dados dispon&#237;veis. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi usado nas an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia e preditores de OCS em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano</title>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas dos 509 participantes (273 do estudo CORE64 e 236 do estudo CORE320) est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . A maioria dos participantes inclu&#237;dos eram homens na s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida, com uma alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco CV. Desses 509, 117 (23%) apresentaram um ECC de Agatston de zero. Um total de 252 (49%) pacientes e 13 (11%) dos pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano apresentaram pelo menos uma OCS. Por outro lado, 392 (64%) dos pacientes com ECC &#8805; 1 apresentaram DAC obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes nos estudos CORE64 e CORE320</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="5" align="left">Preditor</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Mediana [IIQ] ou n (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>CORE-64</th>
                  <th>CORE320</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(n=273)</th>
                  <th>(n=236)</th>
                  <th>(n=509)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">60 [53, 67]</td>
                  <td align="center">62 [57, 68]</td>
                  <td align="center">61 [55, 67]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">335 (66%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Afro-americana</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Asi&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Outro</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27 [25, 30]</td>
                  <td align="center">27 [24, 31]</td>
                  <td align="center">27 [25, 30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">360 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (29%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">226 (45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (36%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Fumante atual</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (19%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (34%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O subgrupo de pacientes sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana era, em geral, mais jovem, do sexo feminino, com &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) mais baixo, sem diabetes, e sem dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>Preditores de ECC igual a zero em pacientes com OCS est&#227;o apresentados na Tabela Suplementar 1. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, idade mais jovem e sexo feminino foram consistentemente relacionados com aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano. Fatores de risco CV n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com c&#225;lcio coronariano em pacientes com OCS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria significativa na aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano</title>
        <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de OCS por antropometria e fatores de risco CV em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano est&#225; apresentada na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> . Nesses achados, a OCS foi associada tanto com ACTC quanto com ACI. Tabagismo atual aumentou em 3,5 vezes a chance de OCS em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano. Outros fatores de risco CV n&#227;o foram significativamente associados com OCS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Com base nesses modelos preditivos para CORE64 e CORE320, foi criado um algoritmo cl&#237;nico para excluir OCS (material suplementar).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predi&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa nos participantes com escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano igual a zero, medido por angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (ACTC) e por angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (ACI)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="5" align="left">Preditor</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ACTC &#8805; 50%; n=134</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ACI &#8805; 50%; n=134</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Odds Ratio (IC95%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Odds Ratio (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Univariada</th>
                  <th>Multivariada</th>
                  <th>Univariada</th>
                  <th>Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,956 (0,900; 1,016)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,960 (0,888; 1,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,979 (0,927; 1,034)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,987 (0,924; 1,054)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,922 (0,715; 5,165)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,382 (0,415; 4,596)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,977 (0,777; 5,032)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,558 (0,524; 4,632)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Afro-americana vs. Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">0,227 (0,028; 1,839)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148 (0,016; 1,342)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369 (0,078; 1,741)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,327 (0,063; 1,684)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Asi&#225;tica vs. Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">0,769 (0,230; 2,578)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,706 (0,162; 3,073)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,596 (0,182; 1,955)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,442 (0,108; 1,800)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Outra vs. Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">3,333 (0,506; 21,970)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,260 (0,470; 38,601)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969 (0,101; 9,276)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,169 (0,102; 13,336)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,019 (0,922; 1,126)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,986 (0,852; 1,140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,991 (0,900; 1,091)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,939 (0,819; 1,076)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,727 (0,613; 4,860)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,977 (0,576; 6,787)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,361 (0,529; 3,503)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,602 (0,519; 4,942)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,831 (0,632; 5,302)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,329 (0,652; 8,319)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,917 (0,700; 5,245)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,458 (0,773; 7,823)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,132 (0,793; 5,731)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,932 (0,614; 6,081)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,150 (0,469; 2,822)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,160 (0,410; 3,282)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Status de tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Fumante atual vs. ex-fumante/nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">3,630 (1,301; 10,128)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,562 (1,036; 12,246)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,630 (1,358; 9,706)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,448 (1,112; 10,691)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,677 (0,628; 4,474)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,862 (0,568; 6,105)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,293 (0,501; 3,340)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,347 (0,454; 3,997)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overall AUC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>78 (75-93)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>73 (70-89)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os tamanhos das amostras refletem a an&#225;lise multivariada, em que os indiv&#237;duos com qualquer covari&#225;vel faltante s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos. Os tamanhos das amostras nas an&#225;lises univariadas podem ser maiores. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o de 742 indiv&#237;duos, somente 16 (2,2%) apresentaram doen&#231;a pela ATC. A maioria (77,2%) apresentou angina at&#237;pica, 12,5% apresentaram angina t&#237;pica, e 10,2% apresentaram dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa, com um perfil de risco CV em geral mais baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o aos estudos CORE ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ). Ap&#243;s aplicar o algoritmo CORE, 199 (26,8%) dos 742 pacientes foram classificados como apresentando doen&#231;a coronariana significativa. Os resultados da valida&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o resumidos na Tabela Suplementar 2.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes com escore de c&#225;lcio escore igual a zero nos estudos CORE e na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mediana [IQR] ou n (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>CORE (n=117)</th>
                  <th>Coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o (n=742)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">56 [51, 62]</td>
                  <td align="center">52 [43, 61]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (33%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27 [24, 30]</td>
                  <td align="center">27 [24, 30]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">322 (43%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (11%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que idade mais jovem, sexo feminino, e perfil de risco CV mais baixo foram associados com ECC igual a zero em pacientes de alto risco encaminhados para cateterismo card&#237;aco invasivo. Tamb&#233;m mostramos que, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, apresentar um ECC igual a zero associou-se a um risco 83% mais baixo de OCS em compara&#231;&#227;o a qualquer risco de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Destaca-se o fato de que tabagismo atual tenha sido o preditor mais forte de OCS em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano.</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; uma causa importante de morte em todo o mundo. Esfor&#231;os preventivos t&#234;m sido feito para o diagn&#243;stico precoce de DAC, bem como para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do risco de eventos coron&#225;rios. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, a presen&#231;a e o grau de c&#225;lcio coronariano mostraram-se um forte preditor de eventos CV; <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> no entanto, o papel do c&#225;lcio coronariano para a tomada de decis&#227;o, particularmente em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com estudos anteriores, <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> mostramos que a aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano reduz a probabilidade de OCS. Estudos cl&#237;nicos recentes, contudo, sugerem que detectar DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva pode ser t&#227;o importante quanto detectar OCS para direcionar o manejo do paciente. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Ainda existem controv&#233;rsias sobre o papel do c&#225;lcio coronariano na exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria significativa em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Como esperado, observamos que mulheres mais jovens com dor tor&#225;cica, mas sem diabetes, dislipidemia ou hipertens&#227;o apresentaram maior probabilidade de apresentarem um ECC igual a zero. Essa &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o frequentemente vista em salas de emerg&#234;ncias. Grandhi et al., <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de OCS abaixo de 5% em um registro de pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano. Contudo, os m&#233;dicos podem n&#227;o estar aptos a dar alta a pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com base somente na aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Assim, est&#225; clara a necessidade de desenvolvermos outras avalia&#231;&#245;es, tal como um escore cl&#237;nico, para melhor estratificar o risco nesse grupo de pessoas com ECC igual a zero. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Ao analisar os par&#226;metros associados com OCS nos indiv&#237;duos sem c&#225;lcio coronariano, o tabagismo atual destaca-se de maneira consistente como um fator de risco importante. Dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio ocorrem precocemente na cascata da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, mas s&#227;o detectados por exame de imagem somente mais tardiamente. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> &#201; poss&#237;vel que o tabagismo acelere a doen&#231;a coronariana levando a uma obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa dos vasos antes que os dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio ocorram. Ainda, o tabagismo correlaciona-se fortemente com inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose, as quais podem ser fatores importantes relacionados com a instabilidade de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, e posterior obstru&#231;&#227;o repentina dos vasos. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Outros fatores de risco, como idade, parecem ser relevantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade progn&#243;stica do ECC. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Por isso, n&#243;s combinamos tabagismo com idade e fatores de risco tradicionais e propomos um algoritmo que pudesse estratificar o risco de OCS em pacientes com ECC igual a zero. Entretanto, a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria diminuiu na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o. A valida&#231;&#227;o perdeu sensibilidade para avaliar o evento relativamente raro de OCS, mas manteve especificidade e valor preditivo negativo favor&#225;veis. Assim, embora o algoritmo n&#227;o seja vi&#225;vel para uma ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o no momento, um algoritmo cl&#237;nico pode ser &#250;til para identificar melhor os pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano que n&#227;o s&#227;o submetidos &#224; ACTC. Um ensaio cl&#237;nico poderia ajudar a estabelecer a melhor abordagem que inclu&#237;sse o ECC em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo possui limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Apesar de uma amostra relativamente grande, a OCS &#233; um evento raro em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano, e o baixo n&#250;mero de desfechos pode comprometer a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. No entanto, a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva foi relativamente rara em pacientes sem c&#225;lcio coronariano, e dif&#237;cil de se prever usando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. Existem limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas intr&#237;nsecas usando QUANTA Registry como uma coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o para um algoritmo de risco desenvolvido nos estudos CORE. O fato de o algoritmo n&#227;o ter apresentado um desempenho t&#227;o bom na coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o como foi observado nos estudos CORE pode ser explicado pela preval&#234;ncia mais baixa de doen&#231;a, afetando a sensibilidade e o valor preditivo positivo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Todos os centros envolvidos nos estudos CORE-64 e CORE320 receberam aprova&#231;&#227;o dos comit&#234;s &#233;ticos institucionais locais, e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento. Todos os pacientes do Quanta Registry assinaram um termo de consentimento e autorizaram o uso de seus dados para fins de pesquisa. Ainda, os estudos foram conduzidos de acordo com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1964 e suas modifica&#231;&#245;es posteriores, ou com padr&#245;es &#233;ticos compar&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias reduz o risco de OCS. O tabagismo foi um fator de risco importante relacionado &#224; OCS na aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio coronariano. N&#243;s propomos um escore de risco que inclui vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, e tem como objetivo excluir doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e ECC igual a zero. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comprovar esse conceito.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app10">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0183_AO_SupplementaryMethodsandResults.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> </p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Canon Medical (anteriormente conhecida como Toshiba Medical Systems) nos estudos CORE e o Quanta Registry &#233; financiado pela Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predicting Significant Coronary Obstruction in a Population with Suspected Coronary Disease and Absence of Coronary Calcium: CORE-64 / CORE320 Studies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3161-8922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3913-7181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matheson</surname>
            <given-names>Matthew B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6741-787X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kishi</surname>
            <given-names>Satoru</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brinker</surname>
            <given-names>Jeff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clouse</surname>
            <given-names>Melvin E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cox</surname>
            <given-names>Christopher</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arbab-Zadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Armin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Obtaining financing, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, Petrolina, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Armin Arbab-Zadeh &#8226; Johns Hopkins Hospital. 600 N. Wolfe St, # B110, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA E-mail: azadeh1@jhmi.edu</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>Dr. Lima discloses Grant support (only) from Canon Medical Systems</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning can be performed using non-contrast computed tomography to predict cardiovascular events, but has less value for risk stratification in symptomatic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To identify and validate predictors of significant coronary obstruction (SCO) in symptomatic patients without coronary artery calcification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 4,258 participants were screened from the CORE64 and CORE320 studies that enrolled patients referred for invasive angiography, and from the Quanta Registry that included patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). Logistic regression models evaluated associations between cardiovascular risk factors, CAC, and SCO. An algorithm to assess the risk of SCO was proposed for patients without CAC. Significance level of 5% was used in the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the 509 participants of the CORE study, 117 (23%) had zero coronary calcium score; 13 (11%) patients without CAC had SCO. Zero calcium score was related to younger age, female gender, lower body mass index, no diabetes, and no dyslipidemia. Being a current smoker increased ~3.5 fold the probability of SCO and other CV risk factors were not significantly associated. Considering the clinical findings, an algorithm to further stratify zero calcium score patients was proposed and had a limited performance in the validation cohort (AUC 58; 95%CI 43, 72).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>A lower cardiovascular risk profile is associated with zero calcium score in a setting of high-risk patients. Smoking is the strongest predictor of SCO in patients without CAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Indice Calcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>X Ray Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) allows accurate, noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>and facilitates risk stratification in patients presenting with chest pain.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Nevertheless, concerns about radiation and contrast exposure remain.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning can be performed using non-contrast computed tomography (CT) with very low radiation exposure to patients. Results from mostly asymptomatic, low-risk patients show that the absence of CAC is associated with low probability of significant coronary obstruction (SCO) and a favorable patient outcome.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Importantly, however, these findings do not apply to symptomatic, higher-risk populations where SCO may be present in more than 10% of patients with zero calcium score.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The current investigation was undertaken to identify and validate predictors of SCO in symptomatic patients without coronary artery calcification.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>A total of 4,258 individuals from three cohorts were screened for study inclusion. We combined participants without a history of CAD enrolled in the CORE 64 and CORE 320 studies, which have almost identical population characteristics, to determine the prevalence and predictors of SCO in patients without CAC. A single-center registry was then used to validate the model of predictors. Detailed methods are available in supplements.</p>
          <p>Briefly, the Coronary Artery Evaluation Using 64-Row Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (CORE-64) and the Coronary Artery Evaluation Using 320-row Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography and Myocardial Perfusion (CORE320) are prospective, multicenter studies that included participants with suspected or known CAD, who were referred for conventional coronary angiography. Detailed description of the CORE-64 and the CORE320 methods have been published elsewhere.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Finally, the Quanta Registry is a real-world registry from patients referred for CTA for clinical purposes in a single center. Participants in the Quanta Registry were included in the validation cohort if they reported any chest pain.</p>
          <p>All studies received study approval from their local institutional review boards, and all patients gave written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acquisition and analysis of coronary artery CT</title>
          <p>In CORE64, coronary calcium score imaging was performed using a 64-row CT scanner (Aquilion, Toshiba Medical Systems),<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>and in CORE320, a 320-MDCT scanner (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba Medical Systems).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>In both cases, the images were analyzed for CAC scoring in a single reading center by experienced readers blinded to the patient clinical information ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronary calcium scoring and cardiac computed tomography angiography in a CORE participant with significant coronary obstruction and calcium score zero. A) Coronary calcium scoring. B) Cardiac computed tomography angiography (multiplanar reconstruction). C) Cardiac computed tomography angiography (3D reconstruction).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220183-20183-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the Quanta Registry, all scans were performed using a 128 -row scanner (iCT sp, Philips Healthcare). The scans were reviewed by two experienced readers. A final clinical report was generated for each patient, and each patient was classified as having: a normal scan (no CAD), non-obstructive CAD (&lt;50% stenosis) or obstructive CAD (&gt;50% stenosis) that was also recorded on the database.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acquisition and Analysis of Invasive Coronary Angiography Data</title>
          <p>In the CORE studies, clinically indicated invasive coronary angiography (ICA) was performed using standard techniques within 60 days of the combined CT acquisition, and lesion severity was determined by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), as previously described.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>SCO was defined as an obstruction of 50% or higher as measured by invasive QCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as median and interquartile range. Qualitative variables were shown in its frequencies (absolute and relative). The software STATA 10.0 was used for analysis. Data distribution was assessed by graphical methods, including histograms and Q&#8211;Q plots.</p>
          <p>Initially, univariate and multivariable logistic regression models evaluated cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and anthropometrics as predictors for the absence of CAC (dependent variable) in the entire cohort and in those with SCO. Then, logistic regression univariate and multivariable models evaluated the subset of patients without coronary calcium to assess predictors of SCO (dependent variable). Results of the logistic regression models are shown as Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval). Finally, an algorithm was generated for predicting SCO by invasive coronary angiography in patients without coronary calcium by CT and then validated in a different cohort and by 10-fold cross-validation in the original sample.</p>
          <p>The total sample size in CORE-64, CORE-320, and Quanta Registry were computed. We included all participants from these studies with available data. Significance level of 5% was used in the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence and predictors of SCO in patients without coronary calcium</title>
          <p>Characteristics of the 509 participants (273 from the CORE64 study and 236 from the CORE320 study) are shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . The majority of enrolled participants were white males in the early seventh decade of life, with a high prevalence of CV risk factors. Of these 509, 117 (23%) had an Agatston calcium score of zero. Two-hundred-fifty-two (49%) of the entire cohort and 13 (11%) of patients without coronary calcium had at least one SCO. Conversely, 392 (64%) of patients with a CAC score &#8805; 1 had obstructive coronary artery disease.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient characteristics in CORE64 and CORE320</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="5" align="left">Predictor</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Median [IQR] or n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>CORE-64</th>
                    <th>CORE320</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>(n=273)</th>
                    <th>(n=236)</th>
                    <th>(n=509)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">60 [53. 67]</td>
                    <td align="center">62 [57. 68]</td>
                    <td align="center">61 [55. 67]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">199 (73%)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">335 (66%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> White</td>
                    <td align="center">192 (70%)</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">330 (65%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> African American</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Asian</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (24%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Other</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">27 [25, 30]</td>
                    <td align="center">27 [24, 31]</td>
                    <td align="center">27 [25, 30]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">193 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">167 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">360 (71%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (23%)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (37%)</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (29%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">165 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">303 (60%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Smoking status</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Never</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (44%)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (47%)</td>
                    <td align="center">226 (45%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Former</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (32%)</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (36%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Current</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (17%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (19%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">171 (34%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The subgroup of patients without coronary calcification was generally of a younger age, of female gender, with lower body mass index (BMI), without diabetes, and without dyslipidemia.</p>
          <p>Predictors of zero CAC scoring in patients with SCO are shown in Supplementary <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . In this population, younger age and female gender were consistently related to the absence of CAC. CV risk factors did not relate significantly to coronary calcium in patients with SCO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessing significant coronary obstruction in the absence of coronary calcium</title>
          <p>The prediction of SCO by anthropometrics and CV risk factors in patients without coronary calcium is shown in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> . In these findings, SCO was assessed by both CCTA and ICA. Consistently, being a current smoker increased ~3.5 fold the chance for a SCO in patients without coronary calcium. Other CV risk factors were not significantly associated with SCO in this population. Based on these predictive models for CORE64 and CORE320, a clinical algorithm to rule out SCO was created (Supplementary material).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Prediction of significant coronary obstruction (&#8805;50%) in participants (CORE 64 and 320 studies combined) with zero calcium score, measured by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and by invasive coronary angiography (ICA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="5" align="left">Predictor</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CTA &#8805; 50%; n=134</th>
                    <th colspan="2">ICA &#8805; 50%; n=134</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">Odds Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Odds Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Univariate</th>
                    <th>Multivariable</th>
                    <th>Univariate</th>
                    <th>Multivariadble</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">0.956 (0.900; 1.016)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.960 (0.888; 1.038)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.979 (0.927; 1.034)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.987 (0.924; 1.054)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">1.922 (0.715; 5.165)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.382 (0.415; 4.596)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.977 (0.777; 5.032)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.558 (0.524; 4.632)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> African American vs. White</td>
                    <td align="center">0.227 (0.028; 1.839)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148 (0.016; 1.342)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369 (0.078; 1.741)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.327 (0.063; 1.684)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Asian vs. White</td>
                    <td align="center">0.769 (0.230; 2.578)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.706 (0.162; 3.073)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.596 (0.182; 1.955)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.442 (0.108; 1.800)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Other vs. White</td>
                    <td align="center">3.333 (0.506; 21.970)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.260 (0.470; 38.601)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.969 (0.101; 9.276)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.169 (0.102; 13.336)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.019 (0.922; 1.126)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.986 (0.852; 1.140)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.991 (0.900; 1.091)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.939 (0.819; 1.076)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.727 (0.613; 4.860)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.977 (0.576; 6.787)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.361 (0.529; 3.503)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.602 (0.519; 4.942)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.831 (0.632; 5.302)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.329 (0.652; 8.319)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.917 (0.700; 5.245)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.458 (0.773; 7.823)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">2.132 (0.793; 5.731)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.932 (0.614; 6.081)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.150 (0.469; 2.822)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.160 (0.410; 3.282)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Smoking status</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Current vs. Former/Never</td>
                    <td align="center">3.630 (1.301; 10.128)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.562 (1.036; 12.246)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.630 (1.358; 9.706)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.448 (1.112; 10.691)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Positive family history of CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.677 (0.628; 4.474)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.862 (0.568; 6.105)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.293 (0.501; 3.340)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.347 (0.454; 3.997)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Overall AUC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>78 (75-93)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>73 (70-89)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Sample sizes reflect multivariate analysis, where subjects with any covariate missing are excluded. Univariate sample sizes may be somewhat larger. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In the validation cohort of 742 subjects, only 16 (2.2%) had disease by CTA. The majority (77.2%) had atypical angina, 12.5% had typical angina and the remaining 10.2% had non-angina chest pain, with a generally lower CV risk profile compared to the CORE studies ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ). After applying the CORE algorithm, 199 (26.8%) of the 742 subjects were classified as likely having significant coronary disease. Validation results are summarized in Supplementary <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of participants with zero calcium scoring in the CORE studies and validation cohort</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="3" align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Median [IQR] ou n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>CORE (n=117)</th>
                    <th>Validation cohort (n=742)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">56 [51. 62]</td>
                    <td align="center">52 [43. 61]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">246 (33%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">27 [24. 30]</td>
                    <td align="center">27 [24. 30]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">322 (43%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (11%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">278 (37%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (18%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (29%)</td>
                    <td align="center">181 (24%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that younger age, female gender, and lower CV risk profile were associated with a zero coronary calcium score in the setting of high-risk patients referred for invasive cardiac catheterization. We also showed that in this population, having a zero calcium score was associated with 83% lower risk of SCO compared to those with any coronary calcification. Importantly, current smoking was the strongest predictor of SCO in patients without coronary calcium.</p>
        <p>Coronary disease is a major cause of death worldwide and preventive efforts have been made to diagnose CAD early, as well as to accurately stratify the risk of coronary events.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>In asymptomatic patients, the presence and grade of coronary calcium has shown to be a strong predictor of CV events;<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>however, the role of coronary calcium for decision-making, particularly in symptomatic patients, is less established.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In accordance with previous reports,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>we showed that the absence of coronary calcium reduces the probability of SCO. Recent clinical studies, however, suggest that detecting nonobstructive CAD may be at least as important as SCO for guiding patient management.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup>There remains controversy over the value of coronary calcium scanning to rule out significant coronary disease in symptomatic patients.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Expectedly, we found younger women with chest pain but without known diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension to be more likely to have a zero calcium score. This is a population that is frequently seen in emergency rooms.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>Grandhi et al.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>found a prevalence of SCO below 5% in a registry of patients without coronary calcium. However, clinicians may not be able to discharge symptomatic patients based on the absence of coronary calcium alone. It is clear that we need to develop further assessments, such as a clinical score, to better stratify risk in this group of people with zero calcium scoring.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When looking into the parameters associated with SCO in those without coronary calcium, current smoking consistently stands out as a major risk factor. Calcium deposits occur early in the cascade of atherosclerotic disease, but they are detected by imaging methods after later accumulation.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>Possibly, smoking accelerates coronary disease leading to significant vessel obstruction before calcium deposits. Also, smoking strongly relates to inflammation and thrombosis, which may be important factors related to atherosclerotic plaques&#8217; instability and further sudden vessel obstruction.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other risk factors, such as age, seems to be relevant when assessing the prognostic ability of calcium score.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>Therefore, we combined smoking status with age and other risk factors to propose an algorithm that could further stratify risk of SCO in patients with zero calcium score rating. However, the discrimination ability decreased in the validation cohort. The validation lost sensitivity for assessing the relatively rare event of SCO but maintained favorable specificity and negative predictive value. Thus, although the algorithm is not suitable for a wide use at this time, a clinical algorithm may be helpful to better identify patients without coronary calcium that may not undergo a CTA. A clinical trial is desirable to aid establishing the best approach to using calcium scores in a setting of symptomatic patients.</p>
        <p>Our study has significant limitations. Despite a relatively large sample, SCO is a rare event in patients without coronary calcium and the low number of outcomes may jeopardize the statistical analysis. Nonetheless, obstructive coronary disease was relatively rare in patients without coronary calcium, and notoriously difficult to predict using clinical variables. There are intrinsic methodological limitations in using the QUANTA Registry as a validation cohort for a risk algorithm developed in the CORE studies. The fact that the algorithm did not perform as well in the validation cohort as it did in the CORE studies might be due to the lower disease prevalence, affecting sensitivity and positive predictive value.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical approval</title>
          <p>All centers involved in CORE-64 and CORE320 received study approval from their local institutional review boards, and all patients gave written informed consent. All patients from the Quanta Registry gave informed consent and authorized the use of their information for research purposes. In addition, the studies were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The absence of calcium score alone reduces the risk of SCO. Smoking was a major risk factor related to SCO in the absence of coronary calcium. Finally, we proposed a risk score that computes clinical variables, aiming to rule out coronary disease in symptomatic patients with zero calcium scoring. However, further studies are needed to better prove this concept.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12003/2022-0183_AO_SupplementaryMethodsandResults.pdf">click here</ext-link> </p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Canon Medical (formerly known as Toshiba Medical Systems) in CORE studies. The Quanta Registry is funded by Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
