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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">h7PTGQ74BFLqDMqjxNPMBYh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000300308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Viabilidade do Implante de Eletrodo Ventricular Esquerdo na Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Guiada por Gated SPECT e Remodelamento Ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-6572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1511-2681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Augusto Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Zhuo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Weihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante,</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados,</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica,</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro &#8211; Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Departamento de Radiologia &#8211; Universidade Federal Fluminense e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Applied Computing</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Michigan Technological University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Houghton</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MI</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Applied Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton &#8211; MI &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Marques Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hpcrates7@gmail.com</email>, <email>erivelton.nascimento@ebserh.gov.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220077</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) pode beneficiar pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada. O &#237;ndice de excentricidade anormal por gated SPECT est&#225; relacionado a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do implante de eletrodos do VE guiado por an&#225;lise de fase e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o remodelamento ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Dezoito pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para orientar o implante, avaliando-se os par&#226;metros de excentricidade e forma ventricular. P &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na linha de base do estudo, a maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como NYHA 3 (n = 12). Ap&#243;s a TRC, 11 dos 18 pacientes foram reclassificados para um menor grau de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional. Al&#233;m disso, a qualidade de vida dos pacientes melhorou ap&#243;s a TRC. Foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, intervalo PR, &#237;ndice de forma diast&#243;lica final, &#237;ndice de forma sist&#243;lica final, volume sist&#243;lico e massa mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-TRC. O eletrodo do VE da TRC foi posicionado concordante, adjacente e discordante em 11 (61,1%), 5 (27,8%) e 2 (11,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. A excentricidade sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica final demonstrou remodelamento reverso ap&#243;s a TRC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O implante de eletrodo do VE em TRC guiado por cintilografia gated SPECT &#233; vi&#225;vel. A coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo concordante ou adjacente ao &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair foi um determinante do remodelamento reverso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissincronia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) afeta mais de 5 milh&#245;es de pessoas nos Estados Unidos. Cerca de 550.000 novos casos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente, e a IC descompensada &#233; respons&#225;vel por mais de 1 milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es por ano.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As proje&#231;&#245;es mostram que a preval&#234;ncia de IC aumentar&#225; em 46% de 2012 a 2030, resultando em mais de 8 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos acima de 18 anos de idade com IC.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Como resultado dessa transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, dos avan&#231;os nos cuidados de sa&#250;de e do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, obesidade e diabetes mellitus est&#225; aumentando e ter&#225; um impacto significativo na incid&#234;ncia de IC em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) tornou-se uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para IC sintom&#225;tica em que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE), dissincronismo el&#233;trico e terapia cl&#237;nica otimizada est&#227;o presentes. Essa t&#233;cnica mostrou uma melhora significativa na classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> No entanto, um grupo significativo de pacientes n&#227;o responde favoravelmente &#224; TRC.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o menos propensos a responder, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrose. Portanto, os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o atualmente usados n&#227;o parecem ser os ideais, considerando que, em estudos anteriores de TRC usando esses crit&#233;rios, uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes (20% a 40%) n&#227;o se beneficiou da terapia.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O eletrocardiograma tem sido usado como m&#233;todo para detectar pacientes com dissincronismo devido &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre o alargamento do complexo QRS (dissincronismo el&#233;trico) e a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico. Portanto, &#233; de grande valia estudar o sincronismo ventricular previamente &#224; TRC para estimar a sua resposta, por ser este &#250;ltimo um procedimento de alto custo. A an&#225;lise de fase para avalia&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia do VE foi incorporada pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com gated SPECT (tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico).<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de fases permite avaliar, al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros de sincronismo, o &#250;ltimo segmento ventricular a se contrair, de forma altamente reprodut&#237;vel.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Os pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo tendem a ter o in&#237;cio da contra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do VE mais cedo no ciclo card&#237;aco na parede septal e mais tarde em outras regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio por causa da desacelera&#231;&#227;o da propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso nervoso pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, causando uma ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia, sendo o &#250;ltimo local de contra&#231;&#227;o mais comumente localizado na parede p&#243;stero-lateral. Um estudo em modelo experimental na d&#233;cada de 1990 demonstrou que o in&#237;cio da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral funcional &#233; acompanhado por altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas do VE, manifestadas por aumento da esfericidade.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Um &#237;ndice de excentricidade anormal &#233; um marcador de remodelamento adverso na IC. As anormalidades do &#237;ndice de excentricidade pelo gated SPECT est&#227;o relacionadas a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do VE.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> No presente estudo, avaliamos a viabilidade do implante de eletrodos no VE guiado pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com gated SPECT e suas implica&#231;&#245;es para o remodelamento do VE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, realizamos amostragem consecutiva, composta por 20 pacientes com IC que foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente para implante de um dispositivo de TRC. Ap&#243;s preencher o termo de consentimento, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e responderam ao Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) imediatamente antes do estudo de cintilografia gated SPECT e subsequente implante do dispositivo, e repetiram todas essas etapas 6 &#177; 1 meses ap&#243;s implante de ressincronizador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo cont&#233;m dados nacionais que fazem parte do estudo multic&#234;ntrico internacional VISION CRT,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> cujos dados foram previamente publicados. O estudo incluiu pacientes est&#225;veis com mais de 18 anos de idade, com classe funcional NYHA II a IV por pelo menos 3 meses antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo, apesar de receber tratamento m&#233;dico otimamente tolerado de acordo com as diretrizes atuais (incluindo doses est&#225;veis de um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou antagonista dos receptores de angiotensina, antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides e um betabloqueador por pelo menos 3 meses). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 35% por causas isqu&#234;micas ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, medida conforme procedimento usual no centro participante; dura&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do QRS &#8805; 120 ms, com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; ritmo sinusal; consentimento informado por escrito; pacientes com implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial, doen&#231;a grave, sobrevida inferior a um ano, bloqueio de ramo direito, gravidez ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o ou s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnicas do procedimento</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com gated SPECT</title>
          <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o e a reconstru&#231;&#227;o das imagens e o controle de qualidade do equipamento foram realizados conforme indicado a seguir: an&#225;lise e processamento de imagens usando o software Emory Cardiac Toolbox, vers&#227;o 4 (ECTb4). Atividade: ~ 10 a 20 mCi (ajustado pelo peso 0,2 mCi/kg [somente estudo em repouso]), n&#227;o ultrapassando 20 mCi, em dec&#250;bito dorsal. O radiotra&#231;ador utilizado foi o Tc-99-sestamibi.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Atraso da imagem da inje&#231;&#227;o: 45 a 60 min; janela de energia: 15% a 20% sim&#233;trica; colimador: baixa energia, alta resolu&#231;&#227;o; &#243;rbita: 180&#176; (45&#176; obl&#237;quo anterior direito a 45&#176; obl&#237;quo posterior esquerdo); tipo de &#243;rbita: circular; tamanho de pixel: 6,4 &#177; 0,4 mm; tipo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o: <italic>step-and-shoot</italic>; n&#250;mero de proje&#231;&#245;es: &#8805; 60; matriz: 64 &#215; 64 e 128 &#215; 128 (opcional); tempo/proje&#231;&#227;o (gama de 2 cabe&#231;as c): 20 segundos; tempo/proje&#231;&#227;o (gama de 1 cabe&#231;a c): 30 segundos (com 20 mCi); ECG gated, quadros/ciclo: 8 padr&#227;o e 16 (opcional); janela R-para-R: 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processamento de imagem</title>
          <p>Foram realizadas reconstru&#231;&#245;es FBP e OSEM com um filtro equivalente a um Butterworth (ordem 10 e frequ&#234;ncia de corte 0,4 ciclo/pixel). Foram analisadas as imagens de gated SPECT em repouso usando a an&#225;lise de fase 1-harm&#244;nica para medir a dissincronia sist&#243;lica do VE, incluindo o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) da fase sist&#243;lica. O laborat&#243;rio central avaliou as regi&#245;es de fibrose cicatricial e indicou a &#250;ltima regi&#227;o vi&#225;vel do VE a se contrair para an&#225;lise da coloca&#231;&#227;o concordante do eletrodo do VE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processamento do laborat&#243;rio nuclear central</title>
          <p>O controle de qualidade foi realizado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; densidade de contagem de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e gating, bem como &#224; adequa&#231;&#227;o da reconstru&#231;&#227;o. O ECTb4 foi usado para medir automaticamente o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSFVE), o volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE), FEVE, DP de fase e local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica tanto para o estudo de linha de base quanto para o estudo de acompanhamento de 6 meses. Todo o processamento passou por controle de qualidade ap&#243;s o processamento autom&#225;tico para confirmar a determina&#231;&#227;o correta do &#226;ngulo obl&#237;quo do VE, base, &#225;pice e posi&#231;&#227;o do cursor do centro do VE. O local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica foi determinado usando o modelo de 6 segmentos (septal, &#226;ntero-septal, anterior, lateral, posterior e inferior). As regi&#245;es de interesse correspondentes ao modelo de 6 segmentos foram colocadas automaticamente na distribui&#231;&#227;o de fase tridimensional (mapa polar). Cada regi&#227;o de interesse abrange 45&#176; e 6 fatias de eixo curto come&#231;ando pela fatia do meio em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; base. Como h&#225; uma amostra mioc&#225;rdica a cada 9&#176;, cada regi&#227;o de interesse conter&#225; 30 (5 &#215; 6) amostras. As fases m&#233;dias dos 6 segmentos foram calculadas pela m&#233;dia das fases de suas 30 amostras e ent&#227;o comparadas. O &#250;ltimo segmento ativado mecanicamente foi aquele com os maiores &#226;ngulos de fase m&#233;dios. O VSFVE, VDFVE, FEVE, DP de fase e local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica para o estudo de linha de base e o estudo de acompanhamento de 6 meses foram relatados por meio de um site SharePoint usando o formul&#225;rio de an&#225;lise de laborat&#243;rio nuclear central.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de TRC</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados para implante de TRC. Para avaliar a posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo VE, as imagens foram registradas em fluoroscopia usando orienta&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda de 40&#176; com inclina&#231;&#227;o caudal e posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita de 30&#176; para obter a melhor separa&#231;&#227;o das veias do seio coron&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo</title>
          <p>Em todos os pacientes, a posi&#231;&#227;o final do eletrodo do VE foi determinada e categorizada como basal-ou-m&#233;dia ou apical no segmento anterior, lateral, posterior, inferior e septal ou &#226;ntero-septal (improv&#225;vel). A coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo foi classificada como: concordante (no &#250;ltimo segmento), adjacente (at&#233; um segmento do &#250;ltimo) e discordante (mais de um segmento do &#250;ltimo).<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e DP ou mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para analisar as distribui&#231;&#245;es dos dados. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre pr&#233; e p&#243;s-TRC foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas ou o teste de Wilcoxon. P &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Corp., NY, EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o, 2 pacientes faleceram por causas n&#227;o cardiol&#243;gicas, antes de completarem as etapas de avalia&#231;&#227;o, e 18 participantes completaram o protocolo. As caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes (n = 18)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td>65 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (m)</td>
                <td>1,36 &#177; 0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td>70,65 &#177; 16,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, n (%)</td>
                <td>8 (44,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td>7 (38,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Branca</td>
                <td>5 (27,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Negra</td>
                <td>9 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Outras</td>
                <td>4 (22,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero de pacientes (porcentagem).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na linha de base do estudo, a maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como NYHA III (n = 12), seguida de NYHA IV (n = 5) e NYHA II (n = 1). Ap&#243;s a TRC, 11 dos 18 pacientes foram reclassificados para um grau menor de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional, e nenhum dos pacientes foi classificado como NYHA IV. Todos os 5 pacientes classificados como NYHA IV e 7 dos pacientes classificados como NYHA III pr&#233;-CRT foram reclassificados como NYHA II p&#243;s-CRT. Al&#233;m disso, a qualidade de vida dos pacientes melhorou ap&#243;s a TRC (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Em nossa amostra, 44,4% dos pacientes apresentavam etiologia isqu&#234;mica; no entanto, a carga de fibrose estava abaixo de 40%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Qualidade de vida pr&#233; e p&#243;s-terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC). u.a: unidade absoluta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis do eletrocardiograma e SPECT s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. A TRC aumentou a FEVE, a excentricidade diast&#243;lica final (EDF) e a excentricidade sist&#243;lica final (ESF). Em contraste, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, intervalo PR, &#237;ndice de forma diast&#243;lica final, &#237;ndice de forma sist&#243;lica final, volume sist&#243;lico e massa mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-TRC. Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s a TRC, tamb&#233;m foi reduzido o &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis do eletrocardiograma e SPECT</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Pr&#233;-CRT</th>
                <th>P&#243;s-CRT</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">194,83 &#177; 23,68</td>
                <td align="center">119,78 &#177; 11,65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo PR (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">190,0 (167,5 &#8211; 210,0)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0 (90,0 &#8211; 100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVDF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">202,5 (175,0 &#8211; 281,75)</td>
                <td align="center">164,0 (110,0 &#8211; 277,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVSF (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">165,5 (124,0 &#8211; 209,25)</td>
                <td align="center">108,0 (61,5 &#8211; 242,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IFDF</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IFSF</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,11 &#177; 5,93</td>
                <td align="center">40,94 &#177; 11,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EDF</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ESF</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume sist&#243;lico (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">66,50 (54,75 &#8211; 83,75)</td>
                <td align="center">51,00 (48,75 &#8211; 61,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LBF (grau)</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 (39,5 &#8211; 108,3)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (65 &#8211; 72,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPF (grau)</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 (13,4 &#8211; 43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 (20,0 &#8211; 26,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SPECT, pico de fase</td>
                <td align="center">120,33 &#177; 34,25</td>
                <td align="center">118,22 &#177; 28,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SPECT, inclina&#231;&#227;o de fase</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 (2,86 &#8211; 3,37)</td>
                <td align="center">2,95 (2,33 &#8211; 3,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SPECT, curtose de fase</td>
                <td align="center">10,61 (8,05 &#8211; 14,42)</td>
                <td align="center">8,76 (5,83 &#8211; 17,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa mioc&#225;rdica (g)</td>
                <td align="center">207,5 (185,0 &#8211; 262,5)</td>
                <td align="center">143,5 (137,25 &#8211; 208,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (percentis 25 a 75). DPF: desvio padr&#227;o de fase, EDF: excentricidade diast&#243;lica final, ESF: excentricidade sist&#243;lica final, FEVE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, IFDF: &#237;ndice de forma diast&#243;lica final, IFSF: &#237;ndice de forma sist&#243;lica final, IVDF: &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final, IVSF: &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final, LBF: largura de banda de fase.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Analisando as vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas ap&#243;s a TRC, observou-se um aumento da curtose da fase diast&#243;lica por SPECT. As demais vari&#225;veis permaneceram inalteradas ap&#243;s a TRC.</p>
      <p>ESF e EDF s&#227;o representados na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>. O eletrodo do VE da TRC foi posicionado concordante, adjacente e discordante em 11 (61,1%), 5 (27,8%) e 2 (11,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. ESF e EDF aumentaram p&#243;s-CRT (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2A e 2C</xref>, respectivamente). Dados individuais mostraram que ESF (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2B</xref>) e EDF (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2D</xref>) aumentaram tanto no posicionamento adjacente quanto no concordante. Em contraste, essas vari&#225;veis diminu&#237;ram apenas nos 2 pacientes em que a posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do VE da TRC foi discordante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Box plot e dados individuais comparando-se pr&#233; e p&#243;s-TRC (pain&#233;is A e C) e considerando se a posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da TRC era adjacente, concordante ou discordante (pain&#233;is B e D). O box plot mostra a mediana (linha horizontal dentro da caixa), m&#237;nimo, percentis 25 a 75 e m&#225;ximo. EDF: excentricidade diast&#243;lica final; ESF: excentricidade sist&#243;lica final; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> mostra a largura de banda do histograma (HBW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>histogram bandwidth</italic>) na an&#225;lise de fase antes da TRC, demonstrando importante dissincronia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Paciente de 64 anos antes da TRC, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de origem hipertensiva e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VE. FE: 14%, EDF: 0,56, ESF: 0,59, IFSF: 0,81, IFDF: 0,83, VSFVE: 175 ml, massa do VE: 191 g. EDF: excentricidade diast&#243;lica final, ESF: excentricidade sist&#243;lica final, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, IFDF: &#237;ndice de forma diast&#243;lico final, IFSF: &#237;ndice de forma sist&#243;lico final, VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> mostra as imagens do procedimento de implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo no local de maior atraso.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluoroscopia durante a implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo (TRC-CDI). A imagem da esquerda mostra a venografia do seio coron&#225;rio e suas tribut&#225;rias e mapa polar. A imagem da direita mostra o posicionamento final dos eletrodos de choque (ventr&#237;culo direito) e dos eletrodos do &#225;trio direito e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em segmento concordante, posicionados no seio coron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref>, um paciente demonstra super-resposta &#224; TRC 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; O paciente da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> demonstrando super-resposta ap&#243;s a TRC. FE: 57%, ESF: 0,84, EDF: 0,80, IFSF: 0,54 IFDF: 0,6, VSFVE: 28 ml e massa do VE: 90 g. EDF: excentricidade diast&#243;lica final, ESF: excentricidade sist&#243;lica final, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, IFDF: &#237;ndice de forma diast&#243;lico final, IFSF: &#237;ndice de forma sist&#243;lico final, VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dissincronia do VE tem sido avaliada por v&#225;rias modalidades de imagem cardiovascular, incluindo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual ou mesmo strain<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica;<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> e imagem nuclear por meio de ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica ou SPECT.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> A contra&#231;&#227;o do VE foi inicialmente analisada com sucesso por ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica, mas, com a adi&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise de fase para gated SPECT e sua subsequente valida&#231;&#227;o, esta t&#233;cnica tem demonstrado excelente potencial na determina&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia mec&#226;nica do VE. A gated SPECT permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia do VE usando as fun&#231;&#245;es harm&#244;nicas de Fourier para estimar o espessamento da parede ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco e determinar o momento do in&#237;cio regional da contra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do ventr&#237;culo, obtendo uma an&#225;lise quantitativa tridimensional de todo o VE.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de fase da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica usa 2 vari&#225;veis principais para prever a resposta &#224; TRC. Os valores de corte de 135&#186; para alargamento da banda (HBW) e 43&#186; para o DP podem predizer a resposta cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> No presente estudo, encontramos uma m&#233;dia de 92,5&#186; e 31&#186; antes da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o para HBW e DP de fase, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros de dissincronia, a an&#225;lise de fase permite avaliar o &#250;ltimo segmento do VE a se contrair de forma altamente reprodut&#237;vel. Os pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo tendem a ter o in&#237;cio da contra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do VE mais cedo no ciclo card&#237;aco na parede septal e mais tarde em outras regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio por causa da desacelera&#231;&#227;o da propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso nervoso pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, causando uma ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia, sendo o &#250;ltimo local de contra&#231;&#227;o mais comumente localizado na parede inferior ou lateral.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Estudos que realizaram implante de eletrodos do VE de acordo com os achados do &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair pela an&#225;lise de fase por gated SPECT demonstraram melhora cl&#237;nica significativa.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Os par&#226;metros que indicam altera&#231;&#227;o aguda do sincronismo ap&#243;s a TRC s&#227;o: (a) presen&#231;a de dissincronia basal definida por DP e HBW &gt; 2 DP acima dos limites normais, (b) presen&#231;a de fibrose &lt; 40% do VE e (c) concord&#226;ncia da posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo, definida como a coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do VE no &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair, com base no mapa polar.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Essa vari&#225;vel foi vi&#225;vel no presente estudo, onde o implante do eletrodo colocado de acordo com o &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair foi alcan&#231;ado em aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Segundo achados anteriores, a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE &#233; vari&#225;vel independente para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca arritmog&#234;nica,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> vari&#225;vel presente em todos os pacientes do estudo, somada &#224; FEVE abaixo de 35% e &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 44% dos participantes.</p>
      <p>Do mesmo modo observado em um estudo anterior, a maioria dos pacientes do presente estudo (n = 17; 94,4%) apresentaram para terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o em classe funcional da NYHA III ou IV.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Os achados de melhora da qualidade de vida, avaliados pelo MLHFQ, foram significativos. As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-funcionais do presente estudo corroboram o benef&#237;cio da TRC j&#225; observado em m&#250;ltiplos estudos.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Apesar de avaliar dados subjetivos, o MLHFQ refere-se &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre seus sintomas, e o estudo InSync descreveu essa percep&#231;&#227;o de melhora avaliada pelo MLHFQ.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Nascimento et al. demonstraram melhora da qualidade de vida e rela&#231;&#227;o entre sincronismo eletromec&#226;nico e resposta &#224; TRC na posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do VE guiado por gated SPECT.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados de He et al.,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> onde os par&#226;metros da geometria do VE obtidos pelo gated SPECT foram capazes de predizer a super-resposta &#224; TRC associada &#224; orienta&#231;&#227;o da coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do VE pelo gated SPECT, no qual observamos uma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da vari&#225;vel de excentricidade do VE tanto na s&#237;stole quanto na di&#225;stole do VE, denotando o remodelamento reverso ap&#243;s a TRC guiada por gated SPECT. Um achado significativo em nossos dados &#233; que, na posi&#231;&#227;o discordante do eletrodo do VE em 2 pacientes, a vari&#225;vel de excentricidade comportou-se de forma diferente das demais posi&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o levando ao remodelamento reverso, com piora da geometria do VE.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes relataram a presen&#231;a de defeitos de perfus&#227;o ou de tecido cicatricial e a influ&#234;ncia na resposta &#224; TRC,<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> e o gated SPECT tem uma vantagem nessa abordagem, pois permite integrar avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, da perfus&#227;o (para identificar isquemia e tecido cicatricial) e da dissincronia.</p>
      <p>O acompanhamento do estudo Imaging CRT que usou multimodalidade para guiar o implante de eletrodos do VE na TRC n&#227;o mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o no resultado composto de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento do VE baseada na espessura relativa da parede e na massa ventricular nos leva &#224; ideia de que, na remodela&#231;&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica, existe dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara do VE sem aumento da massa do VE.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os dados do estudo MIRACLE de remodela&#231;&#227;o reversa sustentada demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada na massa ventricular aos 6 e aos 12 meses ap&#243;s a TRC. Conforme observado em nossos dados, a massa mioc&#225;rdica teve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na an&#225;lise pr&#233;-TRC e 6 meses ap&#243;s a TRC, de 207,5 g e 143,5 g, respectivamente.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, dentre elas: a inclus&#227;o de um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes; a n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para um grupo controle; o curto per&#237;odo de seguimento, que pode influenciara avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento das vari&#225;veis do remodelamento ventricular; e a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos quadripolares, que poderia ampliar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos do VE.</p>
      <p>Futuros estudos randomizados com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o implante do eletrodo do VE e o remodelamento ventricular na TRC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O implante de eletrodos do VE em TRC guiado por cintilografia gated SPECT &#233; vi&#225;vel. A coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo concordante ou adjacente ao &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair foi um determinante da resposta &#224; TRC, levando ao remodelamento reverso avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de excentricidade do VE, e essa coloca&#231;&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada em 88,9% dos pacientes no presente estudo. Futuros estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios em popula&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3434795. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Feasibility of Left Ventricle Lead Implantation in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Guided by Gated SPECT and Ventricular Remodeling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-6572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1511-2681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Augusto Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Zhuo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Weihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro &#8211; Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Departamento de Radiologia &#8211; Universidade Federal Fluminense e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Applied Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton &#8211; MI &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Marques Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hpcrates7@gmail.com, erivelton.nascimento@ebserh.gov.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may benefit patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Abnormal eccentricity index by gated SPECT is related to structural and functional alterations of the left ventricle (LV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of LV lead implantation guided by phase analysis and its relationship to ventricular remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Eighteen patients with indication for CRT underwent myocardial scintigraphy for implant orientation, and eccentricity and ventricular shape parameters were evaluated. P &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> At baseline, most patients were classified as NYHA 3 (n = 12). After CRT, 11 out of 18 patients were reclassified to a lower degree of functional limitation. In addition, patients&#8217; quality of life was improved post-CRT. Significant reductions were observed in QRS duration, PR interval, end-diastolic shape index, end-systolic shape index, stroke volume, and myocardial mass post-CRT. The CRT LV lead was positioned concordant, adjacent, and discordant in 11 (61.1%), 5 (27.8%), and 2 (11.1%) patients, respectively. End-systolic and end-diastolic eccentricity demonstrated reverse remodeling post-CRT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> LV lead implantation in CRT guided by gated SPECT scintigraphy is feasible. The placement of the electrode concordant or adjacent to the last segment to contract was a determinant of reverse remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) affects more than 5 million people in the United States. About 550,000 new cases are diagnosed annually, and decompensated HF is responsible for more than 1 million admissions per year.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Projections show that the prevalence of HF will increase by 46% from 2012 to 2030, resulting in more than 8 million individuals over 18 years of age with HF.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> As a result of this epidemiological transition, advances in health care and the aging of the population, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus is increasing and will have a significant impact on the incidence of HF in developing countries.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become a treatment option for symptomatic HF in which left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, electrical dyssynchrony, and optimized clinical therapy are present. This technique showed a significant improvement in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and ejection fraction in individuals with severe ventricular dysfunction and left bundle branch block<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> However, a significant group of patients does not respond favorably to CRT.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Patients with coronary artery disease and a history of myocardial infarction are less likely to respond, due to the presence of fibrosis. Therefore, the selection criteria currently used do not seem to be ideal, as in previous studies of CRT using these criteria, a significant percentage of patients (20% to 40%) did not benefit from therapy.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The electrocardiogram has been used as a method for detecting patients with dyssynchronism due to the correlation between the widening of the QRS complex (electrical dyssynchronism) and the presence of mechanical dyssynchronism. Therefore, it is of great value to study ventricular synchronism prior to CRT in order to estimate its response, as this is a procedure that involves high costs. The phase analysis for the assessment of LV dyssynchrony was incorporated by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Phase analysis makes it possible to assess, in addition to synchronism parameters, the last ventricular segment to contract, in a highly reproducible way.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Patients with left bundle branch block tend to have the onset of mechanical contraction of the LV earlier in the cardiac cycle in the septal wall, and later in other regions of the myocardium because of the deceleration of the propagation of the nerve impulse by the conduction system, causing a late activation, with the last site of contraction most commonly located on the posterolateral wall. A study in an experimental model in the 1990s demonstrated that the onset of functional mitral regurgitation is accompanied by geometric changes in the LV, manifested by an increase in sphericity.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Abnormal eccentricity index is a marker of adverse remodeling in HF. Abnormalities of the eccentricity index by gated SPECT are related to structural and functional alterations of the LV.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of LV lead implantation guided by gated SPECT myocardial scintigraphy and its implications for LV remodeling.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>In this study we performed consecutive sampling, consisting of 20 patients with HF who were prospectively included for implantation of a CRT device. After completing the consent form, all patients underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram and responded to the MLHFQ Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) immediately before the gated SPECT scintigraphy study and subsequent device implantation, and repeated all these steps 6 &#177; 1 months after resynchronizer implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The present study contains national data that are part of the international multicenter study VISION CRT,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> whose data were previously published. The study included stable patients over 18 years of age, with NYHA functional classes II to IV for at least 3 months before admission to the study, despite receiving optimally tolerated medical treatment according to current guidelines (including stable doses of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist, mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, and a beta-blocker for at least 3 months). The inclusion criteria were as follows: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 35% due to ischemic or non-ischemic causes, measured according to the usual procedure at the participating center; intrinsic QRS duration of &#8805; 120 ms, with left bundle branch block morphology; sinus rhythm; consent informed in writing; patients with ICD implantation for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, serious illness, survival of less than one year, right branch block, pregnancy or breastfeeding, or acute coronary syndromes were excluded from this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure techniques</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Gated SPECT myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</title>
            <p>The acquisition and reconstruction of images and the quality control of the equipment were carried out as follows: image analysis and processing using Emory Cardiac Toolbox software version 4 (ECTb4). Activity: ~ 10 to 20 mCi (adjusted by weight 0.2 mCi/kg [rest study only]), not exceeding 20 mCi, in supine position. The radiotracer used was Tc-99-sestamibi.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Acquisition protocol</title>
            <p>Imaging delay from injection: 45 to 60 min; energy window: 15% to 20% symmetric; collimator: low-energy, high-resolution; orbit: 180&#176; (45&#176; right anterior oblique to 45&#176; left posterior oblique); orbit type: circular; pixel size: 6.4 &#177; 0.4 mm; acquisition type: step-and-shoot; number of projections: &#8805; 60; matrix: 64 &#215; 64 and 128 &#215; 128 (optional); time/projection (2 head-gamma c): 20 seconds; time/projection (1 head-gamma c): 30 seconds (with 20 mCi); ECG gated, frames/cycle: 8 standard and 16 (optional); R-to-R window: 100%.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Image processing</title>
            <p>FBP and OSEM reconstructions were made with a filter equivalent to a Butterworth (order 10 and cut-off frequency 0.4 cycle/pixel). The resting gated SPECT images were analyzed using the 1-harmonic phase analysis to measure LV systolic dyssynchrony, including systolic phase standard deviation (SD). The core lab evaluated regions of scar fibrosis and indicated the last viable LV region to contract for concordant LV lead placement analysis.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Nuclear core lab processing</title>
            <p>Quality control was performed related to acquisition count density and gating as well as adequacy of reconstruction. ECTb4 was used to automatically measure left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), LVEF, phase SD and site of latest mechanical activation for both the baseline study and 6-month follow-up study. All processing was quality controlled after automatic processing to confirm correct determination of LV oblique angle, base, apex, and LV center cursor position. The site of latest mechanical activation was determined using the 6-segment model (septal, anteroseptal, anterior, lateral, posterior, and inferior). Regions of interest corresponding to the 6-segment model were automatically placed on the 3-dimensional phase distribution (polar map). Each region of interest covers 45&#176; and 6 short axis slices starting from the middle slice towards the base. As there is one myocardial sample per 9&#176;, each region of interest will contain 30 (5 &#215; 6) samples. The mean phases of the 6 segments were calculated by averaging the phases of their 30 samples and then compared. The latest mechanically activated segment was the one with the largest average phase angles. The LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, phase SD and site of latest mechanical activation for both the baseline study and 6-month follow-up study were reported via SharePoint website using the nuclear core lab analysis form.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>CRT protocol</title>
            <p>Patients were selected for CRT implantation. To assess LV lead position, images were recorded on fluoroscopy using 40&#176; left anterior oblique orientation with caudal tilt and 30&#176; right anterior oblique position to achieve the best separation of the coronary sinus veins.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Determination of lead position</title>
            <p>In all patients, the final position of the LV lead was determined and categorized as either basal-or-mid, or apical in the anterior, lateral, posterior, inferior and (unlikely) septal or anteroseptal. Lead placement was classified as: concordant (in the last segment), adjacent (up to one segment of the last) and discordant (more than one segment from the last).<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers (percentage), and continuous variables were presented as mean and SD or median and interquartile range, according to data normality. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze data distributions. Comparisons between pre- and post-CRT were performed using Student&#8217;s t test for paired samples or Wilcoxon&#8217;s test. P &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>After inclusion, 2 patients died of non-cardiological causes, before completing the assessment steps, and 18 participants completed the protocol. Participants&#8217; characteristics are presented in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Participants&#8217; characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th align="left">Patients (n = 18)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td>65 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (m)</td>
                  <td>1.36 &#177; 0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td>70.65 &#177; 16.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease. n (%)</td>
                  <td>8 (44.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes. n (%)</td>
                  <td>7 (38.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Race. n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> White</td>
                  <td>5 (27.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Black</td>
                  <td>9 (50.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Others</td>
                  <td>4 (22.2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or number of patients (percentage).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>At baseline, most patients were classified as NYHA III (n = 12), followed by NYHA IV (n = 5) and NYHA II (n = 1). After CRT, 11 out of 18 patients were reclassified to a lower degree of functional limitation, and none of the patients were classified as NYHA IV. All 5 patients classified as NYHA IV and 7 of patients classified as NYHA III pre-CRT were reclassified as NYHA II post-CRT. In addition, patients&#8217; quality of life was improved post-CRT (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). In our sample, 44.4% of the patients had an ischemic etiology; however, fibrosis burden was below 40%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Quality of life pre- and post-cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). a.u: absolute unit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram and SPECT variables are presented in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>. CRT increased LVEF, end-diastolic eccentricity (EDE), and end-systolic eccentricity (ESE). In contrast, significant reductions were observed in QRS duration, PR interval, end-diastolic shape index, end-systolic shape index, stroke volume, and myocardial mass post-CRT. Additionally, after CRT, end-diastolic volume index was also reduced.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiogram and SPECT variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Pre-CRT</th>
                  <th>Post-CRT</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS duration (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">194.83 &#177; 23.68</td>
                  <td align="center">119.78 &#177; 11.65</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR interval (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">190.0 (167.5 &#8211; 210.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.0 (90.0 &#8211; 100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDVi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">202.5 (175.0 &#8211; 281.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">164.0 (110.0 &#8211; 277.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESVi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">165.5 (124.0 &#8211; 209.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">108.0 (61.5 &#8211; 242.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDSi</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESSi</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.11 &#177; 5.93</td>
                  <td align="center">40.94 &#177; 11.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDE</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESE</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SV (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.50 (54.75 &#8211; 83.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.00 (48.75 &#8211; 61.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PBW (degree)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.5 (39.5 &#8211; 108.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (65 &#8211; 72.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.777</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSD (degree)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5 (13.4 &#8211; 43.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1 (20.0 &#8211; 26.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SPECT phase peak</td>
                  <td align="center">120.33 &#177; 34.25</td>
                  <td align="center">118.22 &#177; 28.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.836</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SPECT phase skewness</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00 (2.86 &#8211; 3.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95 (2.33 &#8211; 3.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SPECT phase kurtosis</td>
                  <td align="center">10.61 (8.05 &#8211; 14.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.76 (5.83 &#8211; 17.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">207.5 (185.0 &#8211; 262.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.5 (137.25 &#8211; 208.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (25<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> &#8211; 75<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> percentiles). EDE: end-diastolic eccentricity, EDSi: end-diastolic shape index, EDVi: end-diastolic volume index, ESE: end-systolic eccentricity, ESSi: end-systolic shape index, ESVi: end-systolic volume index, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, PBW: phase bandwidth, PSD: phase standard deviation, SV: stroke volume.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Analyzing scintigraphic variables after CRT, an increase in SPECT diastolic phase kurtosis was observed. The other variables were unchanged post-CRT.</p>
        <p>ESE and EDE are depicted in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>. The CRT LV lead was positioned concordant, adjacent, and discordant in 11 (61.1%), 5 (27.8%), and 2 (11.1%) patients, respectively. ESE and EDE increased post-CRT (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2A and 2C</xref>, respectively). Individual data showed that ESE (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2B</xref>) and EDE (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figure 2D</xref>) increased in both adjacent and concordant positioning. In contrast, these variables decreased only in the 2 patients in whom CRT LV lead position was discordant relative to the last segment to contract.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Box plot and individual data depicting comparisons between pre- and post-CRT (panels A and C) considering whether CRT left ventricle lead position was adjacent, concordant, or discordant (panels B and D). Box plot shows the median (horizontal line within the box), minimum, 25th &#8211; 75th percentiles, and maximum. CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy, EDE: end-diastolic eccentricity, ESE: end-systolic eccentricity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> displays the histogram bandwidth (HBW) in the phase analysis before CRT, demonstrating important dyssynchrony.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient who was 64 years old before CRT with heart failure of hypertensive origin and severe LV dysfunction. EF: 14%, EDE: 0.56, ESE: 0.59, ESSi: 0.81, EDSi: 0.83, LVESV: 175 ml, LV mass: 191 g. CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy, EDE: end-diastolic eccentricity, EDSi: end-diastolic shape index, EF: ejection fraction, ESE: end-systolic eccentricity, ESSi: end-systolic shape index, LV: left ventricular, LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> displays the images of device implantation procedure at the place of greatest delay.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluoroscopy during device implantation (CRT-ICD). The left image shows venography of the coronary sinus and its tributaries and polar map. The right image shows the final positioning of the shock electrodes (right ventricular), right atrium and left ventricle lead in concordant segment, positioned in the coronary sinus.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref>, a patient demonstrates super-response at 6 months after CRT.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The patient shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>, after CRT showing super-response. EF: 57%, ESE: 0.84, EDE: 0.80, ESSi: 0.54 EDSi: 0.6, LVESV: 28 ml, LV mass: 90 g. CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy, EDE: end-diastolic eccentricity, EDSi: end-diastolic shape index, EF: ejection fraction, ESE: end-systolic eccentricity, ESSi: end-systolic shape index, LV: left ventricular, LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-03-e20220077-20077-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>LV dyssynchrony has been evaluated by several cardiovascular imaging modalities including echocardiogram with tissue Doppler or even strain<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> or magnetic resonance;<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> and nuclear imaging through radioisotopic ventriculography or SPECT.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> LV contraction was initially successfully analyzed by radionuclide ventriculography, but, with the addition of phase analysis to gated SPECT and its subsequent validation, this technique has been shown to have excellent potential in determining LV mechanical dyssynchrony. Gated SPECT allows the assessment of LV dyssynchrony using Fourier harmonic functions to estimate wall thickening throughout the cardiac cycle and to determine the regional onset moment of mechanical contraction of the ventricle, obtaining a three-dimensional quantitative analysis of the entire LV.</p>
        <p>Phase analysis of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy uses two main variables to predict CRT response. The cutoff values of 135&#186; for band widening (HBW) and 43&#186; for phase SD can predict the clinical response.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> In the present study, we found a mean of 92.5&#186; and 31&#186; before resynchronization for HBW and phase SD, respectively.</p>
        <p>In addition to dyssynchrony parameters, phase analysis makes it possible to evaluate the last LV segment to contract in a highly reproducible manner. Patients with left bundle branch block tend to have onset of mechanical LV contraction earlier in the cardiac cycle in the septal wall and later in other regions of the myocardium because of the deceleration of the propagation of the nerve impulse by the conduction system, causing a late activation, with the last site of contraction most commonly located on the inferior or lateral wall.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Studies that performed LV lead implantation in agreement with the findings of the last segment to contract by the gated-SPECT phase analysis demonstrated significant clinical improvement.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The parameters that indicate acute change in synchronism after CRT are: (a) presence of baseline dyssynchrony defined by SD and HBW &gt; 2 SD above normal limits, (b) presence of fibrosis &lt; 40% of the LV and (c) agreement of the electrode position, defined as the placement of the LV electrode in the last segment to contract, based on the polar map.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> This variable was feasible in the present study, where the implantation of the electrode in agreement with the last segment to contract was achieved in approximately 60% of the patients.</p>
        <p>According to previous findings, eccentric LV hypertrophy is an independent variable for arrhythmogenic sudden cardiac death,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> a variable present in all patients in the study, added to LVEF below 35%, as well as 44% of participants with coronary artery disease.</p>
        <p>As observed in a previous study, most patients in this study (n = 17, 94.4%) presented for resynchronization therapy in NYHA functional class III or IV.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> The findings of improved quality of life, assessed using the Minnesota Questionnaire were significant. Clinical functional assessments in the present study corroborated the benefit of CRT already observed in several studies.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> Despite evaluating subjective data, the MLHFQ refers to the patients&#8217; perception of their symptoms, and the InSync study described this perception of improvement assessed by the MLHFQ.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Nascimento et al. demonstrated improved quality of life and a relationship between electromechanical synchronism and response to CRT in the position of the LV lead guided by gated SPECT.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our findings are in agreement with the data by He et al.,<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> where parameters of the LV geometry obtained by gated SPECT were able to predict super-response to CRT associated with the orientation of the LV electrode placement by gated SPECT, in which we observed a significant change of the variable LV eccentricity in both LV systole and diastole, denoting reverse remodeling after CRT guided by gated SPECT. A significant finding in our data is that, in the discordant position of the LV electrode in 2 patients, the eccentricity variable behaved differently from the other positions, not leading to reverse remodeling, with worsening of LV geometry.</p>
        <p>Recent studies have reported the presence of perfusion defects or scar tissue and the influence on the response to CRT,<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> and gated SPECT has an advantage in this approach, because it makes it possible to integrate assessment of LV function, perfusion (to identify ischemia and scar tissue), and dyssynchrony.</p>
        <p>Follow-up of the Imaging CRT study that used multimodality to guide LV lead implantation in CRT showed no reduction in the composite outcome of HF hospitalizations and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> The classification of LV remodeling based on relative wall thickness and ventricular mass leads us to the concept that, in eccentric remodeling, there is dilation of the LV chamber without an increase in LV mass.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data from the MIRACLE study of sustained reverse remodeling demonstrated a sustained reduction in ventricular mass at 6 and 12 months after CRT. As observed in our data, myocardial mass had a significant reduction in the pre- and 6 months post-CRT analysis, 207.5 g and 143.5 g, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations, including the following: the inclusion of a relatively small number of patients; non-randomization of the patients to a control group; short follow-up period, which may influence the evaluation of the behavior of ventricular remodeling variables; and non-use of quadripolar electrodes, which could expand the assessment of LV electrode placement.</p>
        <p>Future randomized studies with a greater number of patients are needed to better assess correlation between LV lead implantation and ventricular remodeling in CRT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>LV lead implantation in CRT guided by gated SPECT scintigraphy is feasible. The placement of the electrode concordant or adjacent to the last segment to contract was a determinant of response to CRT, leading to reverse remodeling assessed by the LV eccentricity index, and this placement was achieved in 88.9% of the patients in the present study. Future prospective studies are needed in larger populations.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number 3434795. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
