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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7ZmMhJSJC33wFGsdgWNFfQv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Radioabla&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca n&#227;o Invasiva para Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiener</surname>
            <given-names>Philip C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moore</surname>
            <given-names>Kaitlin M.S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Robinson</surname>
            <given-names>Clifford G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8127-2240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cuculich</surname>
            <given-names>Phillip S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Washington University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">St. Louis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Phillip S. Cuculich &#8226;</bold> Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis - St Louis, Missouri &#8211; EUA. E-mail: <email>pcuculic@wustl.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230055</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiocirurgia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Usos de Radia&#231;&#227;o na Medicina e Pesquisa</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; uma causa comum de cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; causada pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, um parasita que causa miopericardite aguda e uma cardiomiopatia fibrosante mais cr&#244;nica. Na maioria dos estudos, a causa geral mais comum de &#243;bito &#233; a parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita por arritmias (55&#8211;60%), seguida por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (25&#8211;30%) e eventos emb&#243;licos (10&#8211;15%). O uso de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) pode salvar vidas, em casos de arritmias ventriculares, mas &#233; doloroso e est&#225; associado a padr&#245;es acelerados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#243;bitos. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode ser uma terapia paliativa eficaz para muitos pacientes, a fim de minimizar os choques do CDI devido &#224;s taquicardias ventriculares (TV). Devido &#224; natureza irregular transmural da cicatriz associada &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, os melhores resultados s&#227;o obtidos com o mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz das superf&#237;cies endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica na tentativa de homogeneizar a cicatriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> E, no entanto, para muitos pacientes, a TV &#233; recorrente e, com ela, surgem mais choques provenientes do CDI. As recorr&#234;ncias de TV podem resultar de circuitos tratados de forma incompleta na cicatriz ou da forma&#231;&#227;o de novos circuitos ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Scanavacca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> relatam o primeiro uso de um tratamento totalmente n&#227;o invasivo por meio de radia&#231;&#227;o focalizada em paciente portador da doen&#231;a de Chagas para minimizar e, em seguida, eliminar a TV. O tratamento, conhecido como radiocirurgia estereot&#225;xica corp&#243;rea (<italic>Stereotactic Body Radioation Therapy</italic> &#8212; SBRT), revolucionou a maneira como muitos pacientes com c&#226;ncer s&#227;o tratados. A SBRT &#233; uma modalidade de radia&#231;&#227;o ablativa que emprega tecnologias de imagem avan&#231;adas capazes de danificar com precis&#227;o um tecido-alvo com altas doses de radia&#231;&#227;o, poupando os tecidos normais pr&#243;ximos. A SBRT card&#237;aca, ou radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, requer estreita colabora&#231;&#227;o entre as equipes de ritmo card&#237;aco, oncologia de radia&#231;&#227;o e f&#237;sica m&#233;dica para desenvolver planos de tratamento precisos e seguros em partes do mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado, evitando estruturas saud&#225;veis pr&#243;ximas. Recentemente, esta tecnologia tem sido utilizada para tratar pacientes com TV recorrente com resultados promissores em pacientes com cardiomiopatias isqu&#234;micas e diversas formas n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ent&#227;o, por que Chagas? De muitas maneiras, a doen&#231;a de Chagas pode ser uma cardiomiopatia ideal para fazer uso de radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o invasiva. Primeiro, os circuitos de TV na doen&#231;a de Chagas geralmente atravessam as camadas do mioc&#225;rdio, usando canais de cicatriz epic&#225;rdica, mioc&#225;rdica e endoc&#225;rdica. Uma vantagem importante da radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sobre o tratamento por cateter &#233; que a radioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; aplicada em toda a espessura do mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado. Em segundo lugar, a radioabla&#231;&#227;o &#233; um procedimento muito mais f&#225;cil de ser tolerado pelos pacientes. Procedimentos por cateter para pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, usando abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica, podem ser demorados e arriscados. De fato, o paciente descrito no relato de caso sofreu diversas complica&#231;&#245;es conhecidas do mapeamento epic&#225;rdico, incluindo hemoperic&#225;rdio e hemoperit&#244;nio. Com a radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o tratamento foi conclu&#237;do em 15 minutos, sem a introdu&#231;&#227;o de nenhum cateter no organismo. Em terceiro lugar, embora as arritmias ventriculares possam surgir de v&#225;rios locais, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz topogr&#225;fica mais comum &#233; a regi&#227;o inferolateral ventricular esquerda. Essa localiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; adequada para a radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. As estruturas luminais do sistema gastrointestinal (es&#244;fago, est&#244;mago, intestino) s&#227;o radiossens&#237;veis, e raros efeitos adversos da radia&#231;&#227;o a esses &#243;rg&#227;os foram descritos em pacientes submetidos &#224; radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores devem ser elogiados pelos diversos aspectos de cuidado e pondera&#231;&#227;o nesse caso. Primeiro, eles elegeram um paciente ideal para radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, com mais sintomas relacionados &#224; TV do que &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Para pacientes com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe 4 da NYHA, &#233; improv&#225;vel que o tratamento bem-sucedido da TV com cateteres ou radia&#231;&#227;o afete a curta dura&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com cardiomiopatia avan&#231;ada e n&#237;veis extremos de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica provavelmente ter&#227;o muitas arritmias ventriculares que provavelmente n&#227;o ser&#227;o totalmente tratadas com um &#250;nico procedimento. Nesse relato de caso, no entanto, os autores foram criteriosos em sua sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, escolhendo um paciente com sintomas leves a moderados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e que j&#225; havia tentado terapias convencionais. Se sua TV fosse controlada com radioabla&#231;&#227;o, era esperado que ele continuasse em uma trajet&#243;ria de vida razo&#225;vel. Felizmente, essa foi sua experi&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a radioabla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, de uma perspectiva t&#233;cnica e cognitiva, a parte mais desafiadora da radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para um eletrofisiologista &#233; decidir o local a ser irradiado. Esse processo, denominado &#8220;<italic>targeting</italic>&#8221;, requer n&#237;veis avan&#231;ados de conhecimento da anatomia card&#237;aca e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, como mapeamentos feitos com cateteres e ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es durante a TV. Os autores fizeram uso de diversas modalidades de imagem para localizar a cicatriz, incluindo mapeamentos anteriores de voltagem por cateter e tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca. Em seguida, adicionaram cuidadosamente dados eletrofisiol&#243;gicos provenientes de mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o por cateter e ecocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s novas TVs induz&#237;veis a partir de um novo estudo de eletrofisiologia. A morfologia das tr&#234;s TVs n&#227;o &#233; nada semelhante, sugerindo locais de sa&#237;da substancialmente diferentes da TV atrav&#233;s da cicatriz. No entanto, combinando a anatomia e a fisiologia, os autores escolheram de forma inteligente uma &#225;rea de cicatriz que abrangesse todos os tr&#234;s circuitos de TV, e a supress&#227;o da TV foi o resultado para esse paciente.</p>
    <p>Mas por que a TV n&#227;o desapareceu imediatamente? Por que o paciente ainda teve algumas TVs nos meses seguintes? Ainda temos muito a aprender sobre os efeitos da radia&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado e saud&#225;vel, mas temos d&#233;cadas de experi&#234;ncia no tratamento de tumores com SBRT. Quando os tumores s&#227;o tratados com SBRT, muitas vezes leva semanas antes que eles encolham e desapare&#231;am. O efeito biol&#243;gico da destrui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; imediato e, se a &#8220;abla&#231;&#227;o&#8221; card&#237;aca &#233; o que esperamos com 25 Gy de radia&#231;&#227;o, podemos esperar uma escala de tempo semelhante. Embora existam claras vantagens de a radioabla&#231;&#227;o ser r&#225;pida, n&#227;o invasiva e de espessura total, a desvantagem da radioabla&#231;&#227;o pode ser ter que esperar por um efeito ablativo ben&#233;fico.</p>
    <p>Uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos radioterapeutas &#233; o efeito t&#243;xico da irradia&#231;&#227;o intencional de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas saud&#225;veis. Um conjunto consider&#225;vel de evid&#234;ncias implica, direta ou indiretamente, que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o cause danos ao cora&#231;&#227;o de maneira dose-dependente. Os radioterapeutas fazem de tudo para evitar a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o nos cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com tumores tor&#225;cicos, como c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, mama e es&#244;fago, por medo de causar danos ao cora&#231;&#227;o, e cardiomiopatia. &#201; interessante notar nesse caso que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era de 20% antes do tratamento (com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe 2&#8211;3 da NYHA) e, um ano depois, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era de 30% (com sintomas classe 1 da NYHA). &#201; reconfortante que esse paciente n&#227;o tenha sofrido uma redu&#231;&#227;o dr&#225;stica na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a radia&#231;&#227;o intencional.</p>
    <p>Para avan&#231;ar com seguran&#231;a, o campo da radioabla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca precisar&#225; de estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos cuidadosos que atentem para os efeitos positivos e negativos da radia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca intencional. Como a radia&#231;&#227;o pode ter efeitos que perdurem por muitos anos ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o, o seguimento do paciente deve se estender por muitos anos. Equipes cient&#237;ficas b&#225;sicas e translacionais dedicadas ser&#227;o cruciais para ajudar a elucidar os diversos efeitos da radia&#231;&#227;o nas probabilidades de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia e no desempenho do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Noninvasive Cardiac Radioablation for Chagas Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiener</surname>
            <given-names>Philip C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moore</surname>
            <given-names>Kaitlin M.S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Robinson</surname>
            <given-names>Clifford G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8127-2240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cuculich</surname>
            <given-names>Phillip S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Phillip S. Cuculich &#8226;</bold> Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis - St Louis, Missouri &#8211; USA. E-mail: pcuculic@wustl.edu </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiosurgery/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Use of Radiation in Medicine Research</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chagas heart disease is a common cause of nonischemic cardiomyopathy in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite that causes acute myopericarditis and a more chronic fibrosing cardiomyopathy. In most studies, the most common overall cause of death is sudden cardiac arrest from arrhythmias (55&#8211;60%), followed by heart failure (25&#8211;30%) and embolic events (10&#8211;15%). implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks save lives from ventricular arrhythmias but are painful and associated with accelerated patterns of heart failure and death. Catheter ablation can be an effective stop-gap therapy for many patients to minimize ICD shocks from ventricular tachycardia (VT). Because of the transmural patchy nature of scar associated with Chagas disease, the best results are achieved with mapping and ablating the scar from both the endocardial and epicardial surfaces in an effort to homogenize the scar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> And, yet, for many patients, VT recurs, and with it comes more ICD shocks. Recurrences of VT can be the result of incompletely treated circuits within the scar or new circuits forming over time.</p>
      <p>Scanavacca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> here report the first use of an entirely noninvasive treatment by means of focused radiation in a patient with Chagas to minimize, then eliminate, VT. This therapy, known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), has revolutionized the way that many patients with cancers are treated. SBRT is an ablative radiation modality employing advanced imaging technologies capable of accurately damaging a target tissue with a high dose of radiation, while sparing nearby normal tissues. Cardiac SBRT, or cardiac radioablation, requires close collaboration between heart rhythm, radiation oncology, and medical physics teams to develop precise and safe treatment plans within parts of scarred myocardium while avoiding healthy nearby structures. Recently, this technology has been used to treat patients with recurrent VT with promising results in patients with ischemic and various forms of nonischemic cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>So why Chagas? In many ways, Chagas may be an ideal cardiomyopathy to make use of noninvasive cardiac radioablation. First, the VT circuits in Chagas often traverse across the layers of myocardium, using epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial scar channels. An important advantage of cardiac radioablation over catheter treatment is that radioablation is delivered across the full thickness of the scarred myocardium. Second, radioablation is a much easier procedure for patients to tolerate. Catheter procedures for patients with Chagas, using both endocardial and epicardial ablation, can be lengthy and risky. Indeed, the patient described in the case report suffered several known complications of epicardial mapping including hemopericardium and hemoperitoneum. With cardiac radioablation, the treatment was completed in 15 minutes, without any catheters introduced into the body. Third, although ventricular arrhythmias can arise from various locations, the most common topographic scar location is the inferolateral region of the left ventricle. This location is well-suited for cardiac radioablation. Luminal structures of the gastrointestinal system (esophagus, stomach, bowel) are radiosensitive, and rare adverse radiation effects to these organs have been described in patients who underwent cardiac radioablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors are to be commended for several careful and thoughtful aspects of this case. First, they decided on an ideal patient for cardiac radioablation, with more symptoms related to VT than to heart failure. For patients with NYHA class 4 heart failure symptoms, successfully treating VT with catheters or radiation is unlikely to impact the short remaining duration of life. Moreover, patients with advanced cardiomyopathy and extreme levels of myocardial scarring are likely to have many, many ventricular arrhythmias which are not likely to be fully treated with a single procedure. In this case report, however, the authors were thoughtful in their patient selection, choosing a patient with mild-moderate heart failure symptoms and who had already tried conventional therapies. If his VT was controlled with radioablation, it was expected that he would continue along a reasonable life trajectory. Fortunately, that was his experience after radioablation.</p>
      <p>Second, from a technical and cognitive perspective, the most challenging part of cardiac radioablation for an electrophysiologist is deciding on the location to irradiate. This process, called &#8220;targeting,&#8221; requires advanced levels of knowledge of cardiac anatomy and interpretation of electrophysiology data, such as previous catheter maps and 12-lead ECG during VT. The authors made use of several imaging modalities to locate the scar, including previous catheter voltage maps and cardiac CT. Then, they carefully added electrophysiologic data from previous catheter activation mapping and 12-lead ECGs of three new inducible VTs from a new electrophysiology study. The morphology of the three VTs are not at all similar, suggesting substantially different exit sites of VT through the scar. However, by combining the anatomy and physiology, the authors intelligently chose an area of scar which encompass all three VT circuits, and VT suppression was the result for this patient.</p>
      <p>But why did VT not disappear immediately? Why did the patient still have a few VTs in the months to follow? We still have much to learn about the effects of radiation on scarred and healthy myocardium, but we do have decades of experience of treating tumors with SBRT. When tumors are treated with SBRT, it often takes weeks before they shrink and disappear. The biologic effect of destruction is not immediate, and if cardiac &#8220;ablation&#8221; is what we expect with 25 Gy of radiation, then we may expect a similar time scale. While there are clear advantages of radioablation being fast, noninvasive, and full thickness, the disadvantage of radioablation may be having to wait for a beneficial ablative effect.</p>
      <p>A major concern of radiation oncologists is the toxic effect of intentional irradiation of healthy heart cells. A considerable body of evidence directly or indirectly implicates radiation exposure as causing harm to the heart in a dose-dependent fashion. Radiation oncologists go to great lengths to avoid delivering radiation to hearts of patients with thoracic tumors like lung, breast, and esophageal cancers for fear of causing heart damage and cardiomyopathy. It is interesting to note in this case that the ejection fraction was 20% before treatment (with NYHA class 2&#8211;3 heart failure symptoms), and one year later had an ejection fraction of 30% (with NYHA class 1 symptoms). It is reassuring that this patient did not suffer a dramatic reduction in heart function after intentional radiation.</p>
      <p>To safely move forward, the field of cardiac radioablation will need careful prospective clinical trials which remain vigilant for finding positive and negative effects of intentional cardiac radiation. Because radiation can have lasting effects many years after exposure, patient follow-up should extend for many years. Dedicated basic and translational science teams will be crucial to help elucidate the various effects of radiation on both arrhythmia probabilities and myocardial performance.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
