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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WXnjRHhnbF6dRCybgPw7hdF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Do Volume para a Gera&#231;&#227;o de Valor em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca: O que Falta para Dar a Largada no Brasil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230036</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Banco de Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Gest&#227;o de Qualidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resultados em Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoramento de Resultados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <italic>&#8220;A estrada que leva ao sucesso est&#225; sempre em constru&#231;&#227;o&#8221;</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lily Tomlin</bold>
      </p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Algumas caracter&#237;sticas propiciaram o grande desenvolvimento da cirurgia cardiovascular, dentre elas a criatividade para o desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas e dispositivos e principalmente muita coragem. Assim, ela teve uma evolu&#231;&#227;o fant&#225;stica, movida pelo impacto que causaria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, tornando-se rapidamente um dos procedimentos mais realizados no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Talvez isto n&#227;o teria acontecido se n&#227;o fossem por dois fatores: por um lado a destreza t&#233;cnica, produto do aumento do volume cir&#250;rgico; e, por outro, as informa&#231;&#245;es resultantes das an&#225;lises de bancos de dados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isto causou uma melhoria cont&#237;nua das t&#233;cnicas perioperat&#243;rias, dos dispositivos, e dos resultados.</p>
    <p>Isto pode explicar a melhora dos desfechos, mesmo quando os procedimentos se tornaram mais complexos e em pacientes cada vez mais graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A partir da an&#225;lise destes registros surgiram algumas necessidades a serem resolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esta foi a &#233;poca em que escores de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade foram introduzidos, com a finalidade de ajustar e entender melhor os resultados. A partir disto, e para conseguir a melhoria cont&#237;nua, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de qualidade se tornou uma necessidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outro passo importante foi tamb&#233;m a iniciativa de tornar p&#250;blicos os resultados dos hospitais, introduzindo o conceito da transpar&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto outras vari&#225;veis entraram em cena, pois com o aumento da expectativa de vida, a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia se tornou mais frequente em pacientes idosos e fr&#225;geis onde h&#225; um aumento da taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, com um aumento dos tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o e consequentemente dos custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Isto passou a se tornar um problema para as fontes pagadoras, p&#250;blicas ou privadas, onde otimizar se tornaria a &#250;nica alternativa, principalmente em um ecossistema onde hospitais e funcion&#225;rios, na sua grande maioria, s&#227;o ressarcidos por meio de modelos de pagamento por servi&#231;o ( <italic>fee for service</italic> ). Isto remete a uma reflex&#227;o de um modelo que privilegia o conceito de que quanto mais interven&#231;&#245;es ou mais tempo no hospital melhor, em um sistema que n&#227;o necessariamente premia o melhor resultado. Assim hospitais com menos complica&#231;&#245;es poderiam ter menor ressarcimento e vice-versa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto a sobreviv&#234;ncia deste modelo, mesmo com pr&#225;ticas adequadas, passou a ser questionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Existem na atualidade mais de 50 modelos de pagamento, baseados em valor, que podem ser escolhidos pela fonte pagadora, j&#225; que variam em fun&#231;&#227;o dos riscos e dos tipos de reembolso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na maior parte das vezes estes modelos s&#227;o caracterizados por uma das alternativas a seguir: 1- redu&#231;&#227;o dos gastos, sem perder a qualidade do atendimento; 2- melhorar a qualidade sem aumentar os gastos; ou, idealmente, 3- melhorar a qualidade e reduzir os gastos. Em alguns destes modelos, as cirurgias cardiovasculares s&#227;o apenas um item dentro de um pacote de ressarcimento j&#225; atribu&#237;do ao respectivo grupo de diagn&#243;sticos relacionados (GDR). Portanto, os esfor&#231;os para diminuir complica&#231;&#245;es e tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s uma cirurgia cardiovascular, ajudariam na redu&#231;&#227;o dos gastos do hospital. Dentre os v&#225;rios modelos, h&#225; aqueles que se adaptam melhor &#224; determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es, mas independentemente disto, sabemos que gerar valor em sa&#250;de, sempre foca nos melhores resultados para os pacientes, e &#233; a&#237; onde os cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares podem ter um impacto significativo.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente exemplos de bons resultados cir&#250;rgicos, com custo baixo, come&#231;aram a serem divulgados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Por meio de equipes bem treinadas se conseguiu implementar protocolos, otimizar processos, levando a menos complica&#231;&#245;es e, consequentemente, menor custo. Dentro disto, o que mais chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o foram os hospitais que ofereciam cirurgias card&#237;acas a custo baixo e com &#243;timos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pouco mais longe foi o plano de sa&#250;de Geisinger quando anunciou &#8220;cirurgia card&#237;aca com garantia ou seu dinheiro de volta&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Exemplos mais recentes, como o modelo do cuidado perfeito &#8220; <italic>Perfect Care</italic> &#8221; mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de 37% do custo, mantendo a qualidade do atendimento, quanto mais ader&#234;ncia &#224;s m&#233;tricas de gera&#231;&#227;o de valor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Na Am&#233;rica Latina, exemplos iniciais de gera&#231;&#227;o de valor em cirurgia cardiovascular mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, ap&#243;s o estabelecimento de m&#233;tricas e a forma&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;cleos de exc&#234;lencia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e, por outro lado, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o de forma segura e efetiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentro disto, a diretriz do ERAS ( <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic> ) para cirurgia card&#237;aca publicada em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> consolidou um novo conceito que se fortificou ap&#243;s a chegada da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Trata-se de protocolos perioperat&#243;rios, multiprofissionais e baseados em evid&#234;ncia, que buscaram melhorar resultados e diminuir os custos por meio da forma&#231;&#227;o de uma linha de cuidado. Para isto acontecer em grande escala existiu a necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de bancos de dados, de educa&#231;&#227;o e treinamento de equipes, com foco nestes princ&#237;pios de melhoria cont&#237;nua. Al&#233;m disto &#233; importante que estas a&#231;&#245;es tenham suporte de outras medidas como s&#227;o as portarias nacionais do Medicare e Medicaid nos Estados Unidos que at&#233; 2030 se prop&#245;em a colocar todos seus pacientes em linhas de cuidados baseadas em valor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Mais recentemente o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil estabeleceu mudan&#231;as para um ressarcimento por resultados, atrav&#233;s da portaria do QualiSUS-Cardio, introduzindo categorias baseadas em volume, mortalidade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> o que cria um cen&#225;rio promissor dentro destes princ&#237;pios. Com certeza outras a&#231;&#245;es dever&#227;o se seguir, para refor&#231;ar este modelo de ressarcimento. Entretanto este modelo pode vir a criar distor&#231;&#245;es, que precisam ser bem equacionadas, pois pacientes de alto risco podem passar a ser recusados por alguns centros e encaminhados para outros servi&#231;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, dentro deste entendimento os resultados precisam ser ajustados e preparados para se tornarem p&#250;blicos e transparentes. O ajuste de risco, portanto, &#233; fundamental, pois conseguimos identificar que o custo para os cuidados de pacientes de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco, era significativamente desproporcional por causa de diferen&#231;as entre as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nos diferentes grupos de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A evolu&#231;&#227;o desta portaria, em proposi&#231;&#245;es futuras, poderia considerar categorias de desempenho para cada estrato de risco e n&#227;o de forma geral. Como princ&#237;pio, o escore de risco ideal deveria incluir caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias do local. No estado de S&#227;o Paulo temos o SPScore, um &#237;ndice de risco criado com intelig&#234;ncia artificial e que poderia ajudar para um ressarcimento mais apropriado perante as fontes pagadoras, no nosso cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Podemos dizer que no Brasil, para acompanhar estas mudan&#231;as, existe no Departamento de Cardiopneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo uma linha de pesquisa que come&#231;ou em 2012 com o objetivo de estratificar e melhorar resultados em pacientes encaminhados para cirurgia cardiovascular. Alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o pesquisam e publicam temas sobre implementa&#231;&#227;o de grandes bancos de dados, constru&#231;&#227;o de escores de risco utilizando intelig&#234;ncia artificial, identifica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias custo-efetivas em grupos de risco e otimiza&#231;&#227;o de processos, entre outras. Ainda em elabora&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o projetos para treinamento de habilidades n&#227;o t&#233;cnicas e <italic>coaching</italic> cir&#250;rgico para as equipes, assim como a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de programas de melhoria em centros no pa&#237;s e na Am&#233;rica Latina. Estrat&#233;gias nacionais iniciais como a do pagamento por resultados fomentam a busca pela qualidade do atendimento, mas isto somente ganhar&#225; escala com o suporte de um grande banco de dados e especialistas capacitados em m&#233;tricas para a gera&#231;&#227;o de valor. Da nossa parte, buscamos colaborar com o novo ecossistema da sa&#250;de, desenvolvendo processos, treinando e capacitando equipes a aplicar os princ&#237;pios da melhoria cont&#237;nua, no fluxo de cuidados dos pacientes, para cirurgia cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>From Volume to Value Creation in Cardiac Surgery: What is Needed to Get off the Ground in Brazil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Database</kwd>
        <kwd>Total Quality Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Centered Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcome Assessment Health Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>&#8220;The road to success is always under construction.&#8221;</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Lily Tomlin</bold>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Some characteristics favored the great development of cardiovascular surgery; among them, creativity for developing techniques and devices and, mainly, much courage. Thus, cardiovascular surgery had a fantastic evolution, driven by its impact on the patient&#8217;s quality of life, quickly becoming one of the most performed procedures in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Maybe this would not have happened if not for two factors: on the one hand, the improvement of technical skills as a result of the increased surgical volume, and, on the other hand, the information from the databases analyzes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This has led to continuous improvement in perioperative techniques, devices, and outcomes.</p>
      <p>This may explain the outcome improvement, even when procedures have become more complex and performed in increasingly severe patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> From the analysis of these records, some issues emerged to be resolved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This was when mortality risk scores were introduced to adjust and better understand the results. From that moment, and to achieve continuous improvement, implementing quality programs has become a necessity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another important step was the hospitals&#8217; public reporting initiatives, introducing the concept of transparency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, other variables are involved since, with the increase in life expectancy, the indication for surgery has become more frequent in elderly and frail patients, thus increasing complication rate, hospital length of stay, and, consequently, costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This has become a problem for payment sources, public or private, and optimizing would be the only option, especially in a system where hospitals and employees, for the most part, are reimbursed through fee-for-service models. This leads to a reflection of a model that privileges the concept that the more interventions or, the longer the time in the hospital, the better, in a system that does not necessarily reward the best result. Thus, hospitals with fewer complication rates could have lower compensation and vice versa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, the survival of this model, even with fair practices, started to be questioned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There are currently more than 50 value-based payment models, which can be chosen by the payment source, as they vary according to the risks and types of reimbursement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Most of the time, these models are characterized by one of the following alternatives: 1- cost reduction, without losing the quality of care; 2- quality improvement without cost increase; or, ideally, 3- quality improvement and cost reduction. In some of these models, cardiovascular surgeries are just one item within a larger bundle already assigned to the respective diagnoses-related group (DRG). Therefore, efforts to reduce complications and length of stay after cardiovascular surgery would help reduce hospital costs. Among the models, some adapt better to certain situations, but regardless of this, we know that value creation in health always focuses on the best results for patients, and that is where cardiovascular surgeons can have a significant impact.</p>
      <p>More recently, some examples of good surgical results at a low cost have begun to be announced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> With well-trained teams, it was possible to implement protocols and optimize processes, leading to fewer complications and, consequently, lower costs. What most drew attention were hospitals that performed heart surgeries at low cost and with excellent results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Geisinger Health System, a hospital group in the United States, went further when it announced &#8220;heart surgery guaranteed or your money back,&#8221; a 90-day warranty for elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> More recent examples, such as the Perfect Care approach, showed a 37% cost reduction, maintaining the quality of care when adherence to value creation metrics was higher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In Latin America, initial examples of value creation in cardiovascular surgery showed a reduction in mortality after establishing metrics and forming centers of excellence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and, simultaneously, a significant decrease in the length of hospital stay in a safe and effective way.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guideline for cardiac surgery, published in 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> consolidated a new concept strengthened after the COVID-19 outbreak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> These perioperative, multidisciplinary, and evidence-based protocols sought to improve results and reduce costs by creating a line of care. For this to happen on a large scale, databases, education, and team training focusing on continuous improvement principles must be implemented. In addition, these actions must be supported by other measures, such as the Medicare and Medicaid ordinances in the United States, which by 2030 propose to have all their patients in value-based lines of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> More recently, the Brazilian Ministry of Health established changes to reimbursement based on results through the QualiSUS-Cardio ordinance, introducing categories based on surgical volume, mortality, length of stay, and readmission rate,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which creates a promising scenario within these principles. Other actions will certainly come to reinforce this reimbursement model. However, this model may create distortion, which needs to be corrected, as high-risk patients may be referred to other institutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, results need to be adjusted and prepared to be revealed in a public and transparent way. Risk adjustment is essential, as we identified that the cost of care for low-, medium- and high-risk patients were significantly disproportionate due to differences between morbidity and mortality rates in different risk groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In future propositions, this ordinance could consider performance categories for each risk stratum and not in general. As a principle, the ideal risk score should include local characteristics. In S&#227;o Paulo state, we have the SPScore, an artificial intelligence-generated risk index that could help with a more appropriate reimbursement to payment sources in our scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, to keep up with these changes, a line of research at the Department of Cardiopneumology of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School began in 2012 to stratify and improve results in patients referred for cardiovascular surgery. Undergraduate and graduate students research and publish topics on implementing large databases, constructing artificial intelligence-generated risk scores, identifying cost-effective strategies in risk groups, and process optimization, among others. Projects for training non-technical skills and surgical coaching for the teams, as well as the dissemination of improvement programs in centers in the country and Latin America, are still under development. Initial national strategies, such as payment by results, encourage the search for quality of care, but this will only be scaled with the support of a large database and specialists trained in value creation metrics. We seek to collaborate with the new health system by developing processes, training, and qualifying teams to apply the principles of continuous improvement, in the patient care flow, for cardiovascular surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
