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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bvzWMSF98NhSLSs5bjTFXYN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Caleidosc&#243;pio Bioqu&#237;mico Chamado Troponina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-1705</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Confedera&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Triathlon</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vila Velha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Confedera&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Triathlon, Vila Velha, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabr&#237;cio Braga &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana &#8211; Largo do Ibam, 1. CEP 22271-070. Humait&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fabricio.braga@lphoficial.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230031</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina/metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <italic>&#8220;N&#227;o existe essa coisa de novas ideias. Nos simplesmente tomamos um monte de velhas ideias e as colocamos em um tipo de caleidosc&#243;pio mental&#8221;</italic>
    </p>
    <p>A frase acima atribu&#237;da ao colossal escritor americano, Mark Twain (1835-1910) me traz uma provoca&#231;&#227;o um tanto quanto incomodativa. As coisas sempre estiverem aqui. Tudo que &#233; novo sempre esteve aqui e passa a &#8220;existir&#8221; at&#233; algu&#233;m olhe o que &#233; antigo de um jeito diferente. Por exemplo, energia el&#233;trica sempre esteve aqui, mas para evoluir de misticismo a utilidade dom&#233;stica muitos tiveram que ver esse fen&#244;meno de forma diferente.</p>
    <p>Dentre as etapas da proped&#234;utica m&#233;dica o progn&#243;stico, essa propriedade de um ju&#237;zo antecipado da evolu&#231;&#227;o de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#233;, a meu ver, a mais desafiadora. Avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos em diversas &#225;reas permitiram um crescimento na habilidade diagn&#243;stica do m&#233;dico. Por&#233;m, junto como ela, veio a ang&#250;stia do que fazer, que frequentemente se apodera do pensamento do m&#233;dico mesmo em seus momentos de descanso. Medico ou n&#227;o medico? Opero ou n&#227;o opero? Coloco no CTI ou no quarto? Dou boas not&#237;cias a fam&#237;lia ou preparo-os para um destino ruim de seu ente querido? Portanto, instrumentos que tragam a valor presente a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica s&#227;o de extrema valia na medicina de precis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os biomarcadores card&#237;acos sorol&#243;gicos promoveram uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o s&#243; no diagn&#243;stico quanto no progn&#243;stico das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Introduzida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica no final dos anos 50, a transaminase oxalac&#233;tica (TGO) rapidamente foi incorporada na defini&#231;&#227;o de infarto da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Ao longo dos anos 70, lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) passaram tamb&#233;m a ser utilizados como biomarcadores. A todos faltavam uma propriedade importante a testes diagn&#243;sticos: especificidade, uma vez que estando presentes no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;ticos, tamb&#233;m se elevam nos danos musculares. No in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 80, a fra&#231;&#227;o MB da CPK (CK-MB), mais prevalente no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco que no esquel&#233;tico, promoveu modestos avan&#231;os na especificidade.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em meados da d&#233;cada de 90, ainda como residente de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (UERJ), vivi com entusiasmo a chegada de um novo marcador diagn&#243;stico para as SCA: a Troponina. R&#225;pida, sens&#237;vel e bem mais espec&#237;fico, foi uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o na abordagem diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica das doen&#231;as cardiovascular. Passamos a poder ver aquele paciente com dor tor&#225;cica e ECG normal na sala de emerg&#234;ncia de um outro jeito, embora eles sempre estivessem l&#225;.</p>
    <p>Mas o s&#233;culo XXI reservava uma import&#226;ncia ainda maior a Troponina. Seu papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ampliou-se a v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es. Da doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> a insufici&#234;ncia renal.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> De pacientes cr&#237;ticos<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> a corredores de ultramaratona.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Pacientes clinicamente semelhantes, passaram a ser vistos com detentores de diferentes hist&#243;rias naturais de suas doen&#231;as pelo &#8220;olhar&#8221; da Troponina.</p>
    <p>Desde a Segunda Guerra mundial, a pandemia de COVID-19 foi o maior desafio imposto a humanidade. Do ponto de vista sanit&#225;rio, talvez o maior desafio na idade contempor&#226;nea. Com um n&#250;mero exponencialmente crescente de casos que lotaram unidades hospitalares, estratificar risco passou a ser relevante como nunca, visto que os escassos leitos de terapia intensiva passaram a ser preciosos.</p>
    <p>J&#225; tendo mostrado seu potencial progn&#243;stico na epidemia de Influenza A (H1N1) em 2009,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> rapidamente come&#231;aram a surgir publica&#231;&#245;es evidenciando que, mais uma vez, a Troponina poderia estratificar o risco nos pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Barbosa et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> nos trazem mais uma evid&#234;ncia do valor progn&#243;stico da Troponina em pacientes com COVID-19. Numa coorte derivada do Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, contendo 2.925 indiv&#237;duos admitidos em 31 hospitais, de 17 cidades brasileiras, eleva&#231;&#245;es de Troponina (troponina I ou T&gt; percentil 99%) nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o hospitalar mais que dobraram o risco de morrer (RR 2,03, IC 95% 1,60-2,58) e aumentaram em 87% a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. De certo que pacientes mais velhos e com mais comorbidades apresentavam uma incid&#234;ncia maior de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Todavia, ap&#243;s elegante ajuste estat&#237;stico, o potencial preditor da Troponina se manteve.</p>
    <p>Diversos mecanismos s&#227;o propostos para a eleva&#231;&#227;o de Troponina na COVID-19: intera&#231;&#227;o do SARS-CoV2 com receptor da enzima conversora da angiotensina, presente no mi&#243;cito card&#237;aco, resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, inj&#250;ria imunomediada e etc. Mas se embora, o que faz suas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas subirem ainda n&#227;o esteja claro, n&#227;o h&#225; mais d&#250;vida de que uma Troponina elevada em pacientes com COVID-19 determina um progn&#243;stico pior. Novamente, a presen&#231;a de um valor elevado de Troponina nas primeiras 24 horas nos permitia &#8220;enxerg&#225;-lo&#8221; de uma forma diferente.</p>
    <p>Otimista, creio que tenhamos evolu&#237;do como sociedade ap&#243;s esses 3 anos de pandemia, e o que porventura tenhamos aprendido nos permita mitigar as chances de algo semelhante acontecer novamente. Mas &#233; certo que novas doen&#231;as infecciosas ir&#227;o aparecer. Novas epidemias, qui&#231;&#225; pandemias desafiar&#227;o os m&#233;dicos do futuro, e estes precisar&#227;o de novas ideias, feitas de ideias velhas olhadas pelo caleidosc&#243;pio de uma mente criativa. Que n&#227;o se esque&#231;am de dosar a troponina.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
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        <mixed-citation>9. Lippi G, Lavie CJ, Gomar FS. Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(3):390-1. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.001.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2020</year>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Almeida Jr GL, Braga F, Jorge JK, Nobre GF, Kalichszteinet M, Faria PM, et al. Prognostic value of troponin-t and b-type natriuretic peptide in patients hospitalized for covid-19. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):660&#8211;6. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200385.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobre</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalichszteinet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Prognostic value of troponin-t and b-type natriuretic peptide in patients hospitalized for covid-19</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
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        <mixed-citation>11. Barbosa HC, Martins MAP, Jesus JC, Meira KC, Passaglia LG, Sacioto MF, et al. Myocardial Injury and Prognosis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Brazil: Results From The Brazilian COVID-19 Registry. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(2):e20220151.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>MAP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jesus</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Meira</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Passaglia</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica e Progn&#243;stico em Pacientes Hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil: Resultados do Registro Nacional de COVID-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Biochemical Kaleidoscope Called Troponin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-1705</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Confedera&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Triathlon, Vila Velha, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Fabr&#237;cio Braga &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana &#8211; Largo do Ibam, 1. Postal Code 22271-070. Humait&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fabricio.braga@lphoficial.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemic</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin/metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <italic>&#8220;There is no such thing as new ideas. We just take a bunch of old ideas and put them into a kind of mental kaleidoscope.&#8221;</italic>
      </p>
      <p>The phrase above attributed to the colossal American writer Mark Twain (1835-1910) brings me a somewhat disturbing provocation. Things are always here. Everything new has always been here and starts to &#8220;exist&#8221; until someone looks at what is old differently. For example, electrical energy has always been here, but to evolve from mysticism to domestic utility, many had to see this phenomenon differently.</p>
      <p>Among the stages of medical propaedeutics, prognosis, this property of an anticipated judgment of the evolution of a clinical condition, is, in my view, the most challenging. Technological advances in several areas have allowed the physician&#8217;s diagnostic ability to grow. However, along with it came the anguish of what to do, which often takes over the doctor&#8217;s thoughts even in his moments of rest. To prescribe or not to prescribe? To operate or not operate? Do I put it in the ICU or the room? Do I give the family good news or prepare them for a bad fate for their loved one? Therefore, instruments that bring clinical evolution to present value are extremely valuable in precision medicine.</p>
      <p>Serological cardiac biomarkers promoted a real revolution, not only in the diagnosis but also in the prognosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Introduced into clinical practice in the late 1950s, oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was quickly incorporated into the World Health Organization&#8217;s definition of infarction.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Throughout the 1970s, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) also began to be used as biomarkers. All tests lacked an important property: specificity; since they are present in skeletal muscle, they also increase muscle damage. In the early 1980s, the MB fraction of CPK (CK-MB), more prevalent in cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle, promoted modest advances in specificity.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the mid-1990s, still as a cardiology resident at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (UERJ), I experienced the arrival of a new diagnostic marker for ACS with enthusiasm: Troponin. Fast, sensitive, and much more specific, it was a true revolution in cardiovascular disease diagnostic and prognostic approach. We could see patients with chest pain and normal ECG in the emergency room in a different way, even though they were always there.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the 21st century reserved even greater importance for Troponin. Its role in prognostic evaluation has extended to several situations. From chronic obstructive pulmonary disease<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> to renal failure.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> From critical patients<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> to ultramarathon runners.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Clinically similar patients began to be seen as holders of different natural histories of their diseases by the &#8220;look&#8221; of Troponin.</p>
      <p>Since World War II, the COVID-19 pandemic has been humanity&#8217;s greatest challenge. From a sanitary point of view, perhaps the greatest challenge in the contemporary age. With an exponentially growing number of cases filling hospital units, stratifying risk has become more relevant than ever as scarce intensive care beds have become precious.</p>
      <p>Having already shown its prognostic potential in the Influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in 2009,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> publications quickly began to appear, showing that, once again, Troponin could stratify risk in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this number of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Barbosa et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> bring us more evidence of the prognostic value of Troponin in patients with COVID-19. In a cohort derived from the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, containing 2,925 individuals admitted to 31 hospitals from 17 Brazilian cities, elevations of Troponin (Troponin I or T &gt; 99% percentile) in the first 24 hours after hospital admission more than doubled the risk of dying (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.60-2.58) and increased the need for mechanical ventilation by 87%. Certainly, older patients with more comorbidities had a higher incidence of troponin elevation. However, after elegant statistical adjustment, Troponin&#8217;s predictive potential was maintained.</p>
      <p>Several mechanisms are proposed for the elevation of Troponin in COVID-19: interaction of SARS-CoV2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, present in cardiac myocytes, systemic inflammatory response, immune-mediated injury, etc. However, although what causes their serum concentrations to rise is still unclear, there is no doubt that an elevated Troponin in patients with COVID-19 determines a worse prognosis. Again, a high Troponin value in the first 24 hours allowed us to &#8220;see&#8221; it differently.</p>
      <p>Optimistic, I believe that we have evolved as a society after these 3 years of the pandemic and that perhaps we have learned to allow us to mitigate the chances of something similar happening again. Nevertheless, new infectious diseases will certainly appear. New epidemics, perhaps pandemics, will challenge future doctors, and they will need new ideas made from old ideas seen through the kaleidoscope of a creative mind. Do not forget to measure the Troponin.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Myocardial Injury and Prognosis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Brazil: Results From The Brazilian COVID-19 Registry</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
