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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6QRmr9qfn8cdKDzTpVvjWsL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ser&#225; que a Medi&#231;&#227;o da Big Endotelina-1 Pode Ter um Papel em Pacientes Admitidos Por Enfarte Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Supra Desnivelamento do Segmento ST?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0078-6512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Presume</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Comprehensive Health Research Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">NOVA Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nova de Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Presume &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>joaopresume@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230013</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Endotelina-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Big-Endotlina-1/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Endotelina-1 (ET-1) &#233; o principal membro da fam&#237;lia dos pept&#237;deos da endotelina e &#233; uma das subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras mais potentes conhecidas at&#233; o momento.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Atua atrav&#233;s dos receptores ETA, promovendo vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, inflama&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> V&#225;rios tipos celulares sintetizam essa mol&#233;cula, principalmente as c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares e musculares lisas, macr&#243;fagos e fibroblastos, resultantes da clivagem da big endotelina-1 (big ET-1).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Esta &#250;ltima &#233; uma mol&#233;cula intermedi&#225;ria do sistema da endotelina, que tem uma meia-vida mais longa (apesar de menor atividade biol&#243;gica), sendo um marcador mais adequado para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da atividade do pept&#237;deo endotelina.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo transversal, os investigadores avaliaram os n&#237;veis de big ET-1 em uma coorte de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSSST).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> No geral, 766 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, e o objetivo principal foi explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esse marcador e a carga de doen&#231;a coronariana avaliada pelo escore SYNTAX.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Depois de estratificar a coorte em 3 grupos de acordo com esse escore (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto), eles descobriram que os n&#237;veis medianos de ET-1 eram progressivamente mais altos conforme a doen&#231;a coronariana tornou-se mais complexa (0,30 pmol/L, 0,41 pmol/L e 0,58 pmol/L, respectivamente). Eles tamb&#233;m descobriram que esse marcador tinha uma correla&#231;&#227;o ncom o escore SYNTAX (r=0,378), que alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, e encontrou boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com escores moderados a altos (AUC 0,695).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estes resultados alinham-se com a fisiopatologia do sistema endotel&#237;nico, uma vez que estas mol&#233;culas parecem ter um papel particular no desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, tendo sido implicadas em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial e aterosclerose.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, quando se trata de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, foi demonstrado que a presen&#231;a de IM est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis mais altos de ET-1 e que n&#237;veis mais altos desse marcador foram associados a maior mortalidade a longo prazo em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os pept&#237;deos de endotelina s&#227;o biomarcadores n&#227;o invasivos e f&#225;ceis de obter que podem ser particularmente interessantes para pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Em primeiro lugar, a possibilidade de predizer um escore SYNTAX mais alto pode ajudar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAMSSST. N&#237;veis elevados desses biomarcadores podem apontar para uma abordagem invasiva mais precoce, uma vez que est&#225; associada a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana previsivelmente mais complexa, com maior risco isqu&#234;mico. Em segundo lugar, a maior probabilidade de a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria ser mais indicada para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es na escolha da terap&#234;utica antitromb&#243;tica, especialmente a dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, o que pode levar a um atraso da referida interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar desses resultados e implica&#231;&#245;es relevantes, este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m de ser um estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, que incluiu apenas pacientes chineses, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre grandes n&#237;veis de ET-1 e o escore SYNTAX foi razo&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, e como esperado, os subgrupos n&#227;o foram homog&#234;neos ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com esse escore. A popula&#231;&#227;o com maior carga de doen&#231;a coronariana tamb&#233;m apresentou mais marcadores de risco (mais velhos, classe Killip mais alta, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixa e escore GRACE mais alto), que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o aspectos importantes na previs&#227;o da complexidade da doen&#231;a. No entanto, o ponto de corte mais bem identificado de grandes n&#237;veis de ET-1 (0,35 pmol/L) ainda foi um preditor independente de escore SYNTAX moderado/alto, mesmo ap&#243;s o controle desses fatores significativos (OR 2,962).</p>
    <p>Relativamente &#224;s perspectivas futuras, estes resultados dever&#227;o suscitar novas investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre o valor deste marcador como indicador de estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco invasivo, nomeadamente em estudos prospectivos. Al&#233;m disso, esse biomarcador e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o escore SYNTAX tamb&#233;m podem ter um papel importante em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas cr&#244;nicas, pois podem auxiliar na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para angiografia invasiva precoce devido a um poss&#237;vel risco aumentado de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica mais grave.</p>
    <p>Em suma, a big ET-1 pode ser mais uma pe&#231;a que pode ajudar a prever a carga de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e orientar o manejo desses pacientes, como evidenciado por este interessante estudo.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Stehl</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
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              <surname>Fuernau</surname>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;vel de Big Endotelina-1 Plasm&#225;tica e a Gravidade da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can the Measurement of Big Endothelin-1 Have a Role in Patients Admitted Due to Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0078-6512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Presume</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Presume &#8226; Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: joaopresume@hotmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelin-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Big-Endothelin-1/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the main member of the endothelin peptide family and is one of the most potent vasoconstrictor substances known to date.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> It acts through ET<sub>A </sub>receptors, promoting vasoconstriction, inflammation, and cell proliferation.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Several cell types synthesize this molecule, particularly the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, resulting from the cleavage of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>The latter is an intermediate molecule from the endothelin system, which has a longer half-life (despite lower biological activity), being a more appropriate marker for the quantification of endothelin peptide activity.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this cross-sectional study, investigators evaluated the levels of big ET-1 in a cohort of patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Overall, 766 patients were included, and the main objective was to explore the relationship between this marker and coronary disease burden as assessed by the SYNTAX score.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> After stratifying the cohort into 3 groups according to this score (low, intermediate, and high), they found that the median big ET-1 levels were progressively higher as the coronary disease became more complex (0.30 pmol/L, 0.41 pmol/L, and 0.58 pmol/L, respectively). They also found that this marker had a fair correlation with the SYNTAX score (r=0.378), which met statistical significance, and found good discrimination in identifying patients with moderate-high scores (AUC 0.695).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These results align with the pathophysiology of the endothelin system since these molecules seem to have a particular role in developing endothelial dysfunction, having been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, when it comes to coronary artery disease, it has been demonstrated that the presence of MI is associated with higher levels of ET-1 and that higher levels of this marker were associated with higher long-term mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Endothelin peptides are non-invasive, easy-to-obtain biomarkers that can be particularly interesting to patients with myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Firstly, the possibility of predicting a higher SYNTAX score may help in the stratification of patients with NSTEMI. High levels of these biomarkers may point towards an earlier invasive approach since it is associated with predictably more complex coronary artery disease, with higher ischemic risk. Secondly, the higher probability of coronary disease being more suitable for surgical revascularization may have implications regarding antithrombotic therapy choice, especially double antiplatelet therapy, which may lead to a delay of said intervention.</p>
      <p>Despite these relevant results and implications, this study had some limitations. Besides being a retrospective, single-center study, which only included Chinese patients, the correlation between big ET-1 levels and SYNTAX score was only fair. Moreover, and as expected, subgroups were not homogeneous after stratification according to this score. The population with higher coronary disease burden also had more risk markers (older, higher Killip class, lower ejection fraction, and higher GRACE score), which are also important aspects of predicting disease complexity. Nevertheless, the best-identified cut-off of big ET-1 levels (0.35 pmol/L) was still an independent predictor of moderate/high SYNTAX score, even after controlling for these significant factors (OR 2.962).</p>
      <p>Regarding future perspectives, these results should elicit further investigations regarding the value of this marker as an indicator for earlier invasive risk stratification, namely in prospective studies. Moreover, this biomarker and its relationship with the SYNTAX score may also have an important role in patients with chronic coronary syndromes since it may aid in selecting patients for earlier invasive angiography due to a possible increased risk for more severe atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>All in all, big ET-1 might be yet another piece that may help predict coronary atherosclerotic disease burden and guide the management of these patients, as evidenced by this interesting study.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Plasma Big Endothelin-1 Level and The Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-ST Segment-Elevated Myocardial Infarction</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
