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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">v6frqD3vjqyP4nqSYyWwz4v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220940</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesidade e Risco de Hipertens&#227;o: Um Problema Crescente em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill &#8226; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. CEP 29042-770, Maru&#237;pe, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>josegmill@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220940</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) afeta cerca de 30% dos adultos no Brasil.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Condi&#231;&#227;o anteriormente rara em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, esse quadro vem se modificando dada a pandemia de obesidade ocorrendo atualmente nesta faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A HA prim&#225;ria &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa pois seu aparecimento depende de predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e de fatores ligados ao estilo de vida.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>N&#227;o existe ainda um escore gen&#233;tico robusto e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o para ser usado clinicamente como preditor de HA.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> O mesmo n&#227;o ocorre com os fatores ligados ao estilo de vida, pois sabe-se que sedentarismo, obesidade, consumo elevado de sal e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina predisp&#245;em ao aumento da press&#227;o ao longo da vida.</p>
    <p>Em rec&#233;m-nascidos, a press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica situa-se entre 70 e 90 mmHg e a diast&#243;lica entre 40 a 60 mmHg.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A expans&#227;o da rede vascular com o crescimento, e a consequente perda de energia da circula&#231;&#227;o com o atrito e aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, exigem aumento do gradiente press&#243;rico entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e a microcircula&#231;&#227;o para que a press&#227;o de filtra&#231;&#227;o nos capilares, determinada pelas for&#231;as de Starling, seja mantida constante. Assim, h&#225; necessidade de aumento progressivo da press&#227;o nas grandes art&#233;rias com o crescimento ponderal que, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, se correlaciona com a idade (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Press&#227;o Arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 6-17 anos (meninos: 478; meninas: 373). Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento, Serra, ES (2014-2016).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220940-20940-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Assim, a defini&#231;&#227;o de PA normal at&#233; 18 anos &#233; feita em fun&#231;&#227;o de percentis, e n&#227;o em valor fixo como no adulto e, portanto, tabelas espec&#237;ficas devem ser consultadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes a &#8216;press&#227;o alta&#8217; decorre da acentua&#231;&#227;o do incremento press&#243;rico com a idade, a qual pode ocorrer por causas identific&#225;veis (doen&#231;as renais, tumores, etc.), quando se obt&#233;m o diagn&#243;stico de &#8216;HA secund&#225;ria&#8217; ou sem causas definidas, tal como ocorre na HA essencial do adulto.</p>
    <p>O ac&#250;mulo de gordura &#233; o principal fator que acentua o incremento press&#243;rico durante o crescimento, sendo o principal fator que predisp&#245;e ao aparecimento da HA na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> A pandemia de obesidade, afetando fortemente crian&#231;as e adolescentes, traz duas consequ&#234;ncias importantes: aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (predispondo ao diabetes tipo 2) e da PA.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Em estudo de abrang&#234;ncia nacional (ERICA) no qual a PA foi medida em mais de 70 mil escolares de 12 a 17 anos, a preval&#234;ncia de HA alcan&#231;ou a cifra de 9,6% (IC 95%: 9,0-10,3%).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Poucos estudos, entretanto, foram realizados no Brasil avaliando a incid&#234;ncia de HA. Este n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia traz artigo com relato de seguimento de 3 anos em 469 escolares de 7-17 anos em cidade do Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se incid&#234;ncia de HA de 11,5%. Dentre os v&#225;rios preditores inclu&#237;dos no modelo anal&#237;tico, incluindo um polimorfismo gen&#233;tico, constatou-se que, de longe, o excesso de peso foi o principal, com medida de associa&#231;&#227;o (odds ratio = 4,84; IC 95% = 1,57-14,95) muito elevada.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Mas outro dado relevante no estudo foi a grande frequ&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a de classifica&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica (normotens&#227;o, press&#227;o elevada e hipertens&#227;o) dentro dos grupos ao se comparar as medidas press&#243;ricas iniciais e as do seguimento. Assim, dos 16 identificados como portadores de &#8216;hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica&#8217; na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, apenas 7 mantiveram essa classifica&#231;&#227;o na reavalia&#231;&#227;o de 3 anos. Entre os 18 classificados como portadores de &#8216;press&#227;o arterial elevada&#8217; na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, 6 migraram para o grupo de hipertens&#227;o, 2 permaneceram no mesmo grupo e 10 migraram para normotens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Esses dados sinalizam que o diagn&#243;stico de &#8216;hipertens&#227;o&#8217; deve ser feito com grande cautela em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sendo necess&#225;rias tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es separadas por, pelo menos, uma semana. Deve-se dar prefer&#234;ncia ao uso de aparelho oscilom&#233;trico com bra&#231;adeira adequada &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o mais suscept&#237;veis ao efeito do jaleco branco, exigindo cuidados adicionais na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das medidas press&#243;ricas, principalmente obtidas fora do ambiente cl&#237;nico, como em escolas.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os dados indicam a necessidade de vigil&#226;ncia press&#243;rica de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, principalmente em presen&#231;a de sobrepeso ou obesidade e que medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o devem ser intensificadas com mais rigor nesse grupo. Duas interven&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mandat&#243;rias: redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de produtos industrializados pois cont&#233;m teores mais elevados de s&#243;dio e carbo-hidratos simples (frutose e sacarose) e aumento do gasto cal&#243;rico em atividades ou exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Obesos tamb&#233;m apresentam maior ingest&#227;o de sal, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para o consumo cal&#243;rico.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Valores press&#243;ricos elevados na fase de crescimento contribuem para a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e aumento da rigidez arterial, predispondo &#224; HA no adulto.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico seria a medida mais efetiva para frear o crescimento da obesidade e, consequentemente, melhorar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina e atenuar o incremento press&#243;rico com a idade. Nesta fase da vida o exerc&#237;cio deve constituir atividade l&#250;dica e n&#227;o um h&#225;bito de vida, como no adulto. Essas atividades devem ocorrer no lazer e na escola. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostram que o aumento do n&#250;mero de aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica atenua o incremento press&#243;rico com a idade,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> prevenindo o desenvolvimento da HA.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Zaniqueli</surname>
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              <surname>Baldo</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Griep</surname>
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          <article-title>The association between salt intake and blood pressure is mediated by body mass index but modified by hypertension: The ELSA-Brasil study</article-title>
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              <surname>Oliosa</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Cunha</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Incid&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial est&#225; Associada com Adiposidade em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obesity and Risk of Hypertension: A Growing Problem in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill &#8226; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#8211; Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. Postal Code 29042-770, Maru&#237;pe, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: josegmill@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) affects approximately 30% of adults in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A previously rare condition in children and adolescents, this situation has been changing given the obesity pandemic currently occurring in this age group.</p>
      <p>Primary AH is a complex disease, as its appearance depends on genetic predisposition and factors linked to lifestyle.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> There is still no robust and easily obtainable genetic score to be used clinically as a predictor of AH.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> The same does not occur with the lifestyle factors, as it is known that a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, high salt intake and insulin resistance, predisposes to blood pressure increase throughout life.</p>
      <p>In newborns, systolic blood pressure (BP) is between 70 and 90 mmHg and diastolic between 40 and 60 mmHg.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> The expansion of the vascular network with growth, and the consequent loss of energy by the circulation with friction and increase in peripheral vascular resistance, require an increase in the pressure gradient between the heart and the microcirculation so that the filtration pressure in the capillaries, determined by Starling forces, is kept constant. Thus, there is a need for a progressive increase in pressure in the great arteries with height weight growth, which correlates with age in children and adolescents (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Blood Pressure in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years (boys: 478; girls: 373). Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento, Serra, ES (2014-2016).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220940-20940-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Thus, the definition of normal BP up to 18 years of age is based on percentiles and not a fixed value as in adults; therefore, specific tables must be consulted for blood pressure assessment. In children and adolescents, &#8216;high blood pressure&#8217; results from the increase in blood pressure with age, which can occur due to identifiable causes (kidney diseases, tumors, etc.), when a diagnosis of &#8216;secondary AH&#8217; is obtained or without defined causes, as occurs in the adult essential AH.</p>
      <p>Fat accumulation is the main factor that accentuates the pressure increase during growth, being the main factor that predisposes the appearance of AH in childhood and adolescence.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> The obesity pandemic, strongly affecting children and adolescents, has two important consequences: increased insulin resistance (predisposing to type 2 diabetes) and BP.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> In a nationwide study (ERICA) in which BP was measured in more than 70,000 schoolchildren aged 12 to 17 years, the prevalence of AH reached 9.6% (95% CI: 9.0-10.3%).<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Only some studies, however, were carried out in Brazil evaluating the incidence of AH. This number of the<italic> Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> publishes as article with a 3-year follow-up of 469 schoolchildren aged 7-17 years in a city in Rio Grande do Sul. There was an incidence of AH of 11.5%. Among the various predictors included in the analytical model, including a genetic polymorphism, it was found that, by far, overweight was the main one, with a measure of association (odds ratio = 4.84; 95% CI = 1.57- 14,95) very high.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> But another relevant data in the study was the high frequency of changes in pressure classification (normotension, high blood pressure, and hypertension) within groups when comparing initial and follow-up blood pressure measurements. Thus, of the 16 identified as having &#8216;systolic hypertension&#8217; in the initial assessment, only 7 maintained this classification at the 3-year reassessment. Among the 18 classified as having &#8216;high blood pressure&#8217; in the first evaluation, 6 migrated to the hypertension group, 2 remained in the same group, and 10 migrated to normotension.</p>
      <p>These data indicate that the diagnosis of &#8216;hypertension&#8217; must be made with great caution in children and adolescents, requiring three measurements separated by at least one week. Preference should be given to using an oscillometric device with a cuff suitable for the arm&#8217;s circumference. Children and adolescents are more susceptible to the effect of the white coat, requiring additional care in the interpretation of blood pressure measurements, mainly obtained outside the clinical environment, such as in schools.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The data indicate the need for blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents, especially in the presence of overweight or obesity, and that prevention measures should be intensified more rigorously in this group. Two interventions are mandatory: reducing the consumption of industrialized products because they contain higher levels of sodium and simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose) and increasing caloric expenditure in activities or physical exercises. Obese individuals also have higher salt intake, even after adjusting for caloric intake.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> High blood pressure values in the growth phase contribute to vascular remodeling and increased arterial stiffness, predisposing to AH in adults.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Physical exercise would be the most effective measure to curb the growth of obesity and, consequently, improve insulin sensitivity and attenuate the pressure increase with age. At this stage of life, exercise should be a recreational activity and not a habit of life, as in adults. These activities should take place at leisure and school. Clinical trials show that increasing the number of physical education classes attenuates the pressure increase with age,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> preventing the development of AH.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Incidence of Arterial Hypertension is Associated with Adiposity in Children and Adolescents</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
