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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4Wm4ZXdTsWkfyXCQGMzjWWC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220881</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore SAGE e Velocidade da Onda de Pulso em Indiv&#237;duos sem Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220881</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>orrespond&#234;ncia: Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur &#8226; Av</kwd>
        <kwd>Dr</kwd>
        <kwd>En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</kwd>
        <kwd>CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: ajmansur@cardiol</kwd>
        <kwd>br, ajmansur@incor</kwd>
        <kwd>usp</kwd>
        <kwd>br</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Uma das etapas do exame cl&#237;nico cardiol&#243;gico &#233; o exame dos pulsos arteriais. Na inspe&#231;&#227;o, na palpa&#231;&#227;o e na ausculta identificamos caracter&#237;sticas semiol&#243;gicas do pulso arterial &#8211; a simetria dos pulsos nos dim&#237;dios direito e esquerdo, o ritmo, a regularidade, a frequ&#234;ncia, a rigidez das paredes arteriais (particularmente art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas), a press&#227;o de pulso e a velocidade de ascens&#227;o da onda de pulso e a presen&#231;a de fr&#234;mitos e sopros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mais recentemente a tecnologia desenvolveu-se de modo a permitir a avalia&#231;&#227;o, o registro e a possibilidade de observa&#231;&#245;es evolutivas da rigidez arterial, por meio do estudo press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica e central, press&#227;o de pulso perif&#233;rica e central, da velocidade da onda de pulso e do &#237;ndice de amplifica&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>augmentation index</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O aumento da rigidez arterial se exprime por aumento da velocidade da onda de pulso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e a intera&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade da onda de pulso a jusante e a onda refletida exprime-se no &#237;ndice de amplifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais da vasculatura poderiam explicar as altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; senesc&#234;ncia e constitu&#237;rem per se um fator de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudadas em amostras de portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o estudo da rigidez arterial &#233; tamb&#233;m de interesse em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos.</p>
    <p>No estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> os pesquisadores avaliaram o quanto indicadores cl&#237;nicos (idade e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica) e metab&#243;licos (glicemia, taxa estimada de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular) reunidos em uma escore (SAGE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> se relacionariam com vari&#225;veis medidas nas estimativas de rigidez arterial avaliadas por m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo em 100 participantes normotensos (n= 80) ou pr&#233;-hipertensos (n=20) de uma amostra de 1594 pacientes; o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (n=1349) foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o na an&#225;lise. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima do escore empregado &#233; 17. A pontua&#231;&#227;o mais frequente observada na amostra ficou entre 0 e 3 (64% da amostra). A mediana da velocidade da onda de pulso nessa amostra foi 7,3 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>. &#192; medida que se aumentou o ponto de corte da velocidade da onda de pulso (percentis 50% - 7,3 m.seg<sup>-1</sup> e 75% - 9,8 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>) elevou os valores preditivos positivos e negativos da identifica&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial com base no aumento dos escores SAGE registrados na amostra de estudo. Nos participantes com velocidade da onda de pulso superior a 10 m.seg <sup>-1</sup> o escore mais frequente foi 7. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o escore SAGE permitiria identificar participantes n&#227;o hipertensos com maior frequ&#234;ncia de rigidez arterial. Isto posto, estudos adicionais poderiam identificar o benef&#237;cio de interven&#231;&#245;es nessa popula&#231;&#227;o para prevenir hipertens&#227;o arterial ou outras afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ou vasculares, al&#233;m de permitir estudos evolutivos, garantida a reprodutibilidade das medidas.</p>
    <p>O estudo do envelhecimento arterial com a contribui&#231;&#227;o da possibilidade de registro n&#227;o invasivo tamb&#233;m toma em considera&#231;&#227;o os mecanismos estruturais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> subcelulares e moleculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que participam da tradu&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica para as modifica&#231;&#245;es nas paredes arteriais. H&#225; estudos feitos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es que avaliaram as velocidades de onda de pulso registradas de tal forma que pudessem indicar velocidade mais altas e que significariam maior risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Admite-se que a art&#233;ria senescente se caracteriza por disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, estresse oxidativo, migra&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outro mecanismo aventado para a calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial foi a exposi&#231;&#227;o a fosfato extracelular e tissular, nos quais pode se precipitar o c&#225;lcio e iniciar o processo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Eventualmente outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o podem tamb&#233;m vir a contribuir com esse conhecimento como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo da rigidez arterial &#233; campo de investiga&#231;&#227;o de interesse e que deve trazer novos conhecimentos, tendo em vista a sugest&#227;o de que o envelhecimento vascular possa n&#227;o ser considerado um evento inexor&#225;vel mas pass&#237;vel de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas no futuro,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> al&#233;m das medidas tradicionais, entre eles a idade, a dieta saud&#225;vel, atividade f&#237;sica regular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> a obesidade, o tabagismo, a hipercolesterolemia, a hipertens&#227;o arterial, o diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Escore SAGE em Normotensos e Pr&#233;-Hipertensos: Uma Prova de Conceito</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editoria</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SAGE Score and Pulse Wave Velocity in Non-Hypertensive Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ajmansur@cardiol.br, ajmansur@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis/methods, trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Circadian Rhythm</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>An important step of physical examination is the evaluation of arterial pulses. On inspection, palpation and auscultation we are able to study the characteristics of the arterial pulses &#8211; symmetry, rate, rhythm, rigidity of arterial wall (mainly in carotid arteries), pulse pressure, contour, velocity of ascension of the ulse wave, thrill, bruits and murmurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Current day technology made possible to register graphically the pulse wave and to make serial evaluations of arterial rigidity by studying central and peripheral blood pressure, central and peripheral pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity e augmentation index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> An increase in arterial rigidity leads to increase in the pulse wave velocity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and the interaction between the forward pulse wave with the backward reflexion is observed in the augmentation index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Anatomical and functional changes of the arteries is one of the mechanisms involved in senescence and may constitute per se a cardiovascular risk factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studies of arterial rigidity were performed in patients with arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Indeed, the study of arterial rigidity is also interesting in samples of individuals without hypertension.</p>
      <p>In the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> researchers reported a study devised to evaluate clinical (age, peripheral systolic arterial pressure) and metabolic (serum glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate) characteristics in a previously published score (SAGE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> relative to variables of arterial rigidity evaluated non-invasively in a sample of 100 participants with normal blood pressure (n=80) or pre-hypertensive (n=20) out of a large sample of 1594 patients; diagnosis of arterial hypertension (n=1349) was an exclusion criteria for this analysis. The maximal score value is 17. The distribution of the score in this study sample ranged between 0 and 3 (64% of the sample). Median of pulse wave velocity in this study sample was 7,3 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>. The increase in cut off value of pulse wave velocity (percentis 50% - 7,3 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>e 75% - 9,8 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>) was associated with an increase in positive and negative predictive values on the basis of scores SAGE observed in the study sample. In participants with pulse wave velocity higher than 10 m.seg<sup>-1</sup>the most frequent score was 7. The authors concluded that the SAGE score might be useful to screening non hypertensive subjects with higher risk of increase in arterial rigidity. Additional studies might be of help of therapeutic interventions in these clinical scenarios, including follow-up studies provided appropriate reproducibility of the measurements.</p>
      <p>The study of arterial senescence with the help of non-invasive registry of pulse wave velocity also take involve structural<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> as well as subcellular and molecular mechanisms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> active in the hemodynamic consequences of changes in arterial wall. Researches performed in different populations evaluated values of pulse wave velocity that might identify higher cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Senecescent arteries may be associated with endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells and calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Other mechanism suggested for arterial calcification is the exposition to extracellular and tissular phosphates favouring calcium deposition and beginning of calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> New methods such as magnetic resonance may also add to the study of arterial rigidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In closing, the study of arterial rigidity is an active research field and new knowledge may be of therapeutic value, in such a way that vascular senescence might not be considered inexorable but an opportunity for prevention and specific therapy in the future<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in addition to traditional risk factors such as age, healthy diet, exercise,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: SAGE Score in Normotensive and Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Proof of Concept</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
