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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">98TbFCrKKbpqTJrz7YWL86v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220529</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia da Hidrata&#231;&#227;o Oral na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste em Indiv&#237;duos Submetidos a Interven&#231;&#245;es Coron&#225;rias Eletivas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8840-4805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pioli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couto</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Muller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Arimat&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniassi</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Quilles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Regina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivio</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Ynada de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anh&#234;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Forato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0996-9603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giopatto</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0047-7859</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Translacional</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Programa de Farmacologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Interna &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Disciplina de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Rodrigues Pioli &#8226; UNICAMP &#8211; Alexander Fleming, 105. CEP 13083-872, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>farmari.rp14@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220529</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) &#233; definida como deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, representada por um aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;25% ou &#8805;0,5 mg/dL at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste iodado (MCI). A medida preventiva mais eficaz at&#233; o momento &#233; a hidrata&#231;&#227;o venosa (HV). Pouco se sabe sobre a efic&#225;cia da hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral (HO) ambulatorial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar se a HO ambulatorial com &#225;gua &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto a HV com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9% na preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC em procedimentos coronarianos eletivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo observacional retrospectivo, foram analisados prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e dados laboratoriais para coletar dados de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimentos coronarianos percut&#226;neos com MCI. Os dados coletados entre 2012 e 2015 avaliaram indiv&#237;duos que foram submetidos &#224; HV e entre 2016 e 2020 (ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo de HO), os indiv&#237;duos que foram submetidos &#224; HO em casa antes e depois de procedimentos coronarianos, conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o da equipe de enfermagem. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi de &#945;=0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No total, 116 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, 58 no grupo HV e 58 no grupo HO. Observou-se incid&#234;ncia de NIC de 15% (9/58) no grupo que recebeu HV e 12% (7/58) no grupo que recebeu HO (p=0,68).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O protocolo de HO realizado pelo paciente parece ser t&#227;o eficaz quanto o protocolo de HV hospitalar na prote&#231;&#227;o renal de indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis a desenvolver NIC em interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas eletivas. Essas descobertas devem ser testadas em ensaios mais abrangentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Renal Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) foi descrita em 1954 por Bartels et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e definida por Mehran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> como um aumento na creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;25% ou &#8805;0,5mg/dL at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o a meio de contraste iodado (MCI). &#201; considerada uma iatrog&#234;nese altamente incidente em interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas, atingindo at&#233; 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o exposta ao MCI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou at&#233; 50% em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; fortemente associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis, como morbidade e mortalidade a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento da NIC est&#225; associado tanto a caracter&#237;sticas do MCI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> como &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, j&#225; que indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia renal preexistente, diabetes e idosos s&#227;o mais propensos a esse desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Medidas profil&#225;ticas foram relatadas como eficazes para reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NIC, a saber: a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco nos pacientes, o uso do menor volume poss&#237;vel de MCI e a prote&#231;&#227;o renal antes e depois do procedimento por meio de hidrata&#231;&#227;o venosa (HV) com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de ser seguro e recomendado por v&#225;rias diretrizes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> a HV tem alguns aspectos que &#224;s vezes limitam sua aplica&#231;&#227;o, como o aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, gerando altos custos para o hospital e desconforto para os pacientes. Portanto, uma estrat&#233;gia alternativa como a hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral (HO) poderia ser uma op&#231;&#227;o importante j&#225; que, al&#233;m de causar a expans&#227;o adequada do volume, &#233; f&#225;cil de ser realizada antes e depois do procedimento, econ&#244;mica e confort&#225;vel para o paciente.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores mostraram que a HO pode reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> mas outros resultados mostraram que a HV &#233; superior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em vista desses resultados conflitantes, pretendemos investigar se a HO com &#225;gua, antes e depois da administra&#231;&#227;o de MCI, &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto a HV com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%, na prote&#231;&#227;o renal de indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis a desenvolver NIC em procedimentos coronarianos eletivos para cateterismo card&#237;aco e interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da UNICAMP (#4.124.863 e CAAE: 33427720.2.0000.5404). Por tratar-se de um estudo observacional retrospectivo, os participantes da pesquisa foram dispensados do consentimento informado, aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e defini&#231;&#227;o de NIC</title>
        <p>Selecionaram-se 116 pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos a procedimentos eletivos de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e/ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP), entre janeiro de 2012 e janeiro de 2020, com alto risco de desenvolver NIC (crit&#233;rios descritos abaixo). Este &#233; um estudo de centro &#250;nico do Laborat&#243;rio de Cateteriza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico com a equipe de enfermagem para avaliar o risco de desenvolver NIC, que foi definida como um aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;25% ou &#8805;0,5mg/dL at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao MCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os pacientes com creatinina s&#233;rica &gt;1,5mg/dL ou taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) entre 40-60mL/min, foram automaticamente inclu&#237;dos no &#8220;Protocolo de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste&#8221;.</p>
        <p>No caso de pacientes com n&#237;veis normais de creatinina s&#233;rica, outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, que est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas, a fim de classificar o paciente como grupo de risco para desenvolver NIC. Os fatores considerados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco foram: idosos (&gt;75 anos), comorbidades preexistentes como <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (DM), hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e tamb&#233;m uso de drogas nefrot&#243;xicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: pacientes em di&#225;lise; casos de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia; indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em classe funcional III e IV; e sem informa&#231;&#245;es nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>At&#233; 2015, o paciente que foi inclu&#237;do no &#8220;Protocolo de Preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC&#8221; deveria ser admitido para receber HV com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%, a 1mL/kg/h, 24 horas antes, durante e 12 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Entre 48-72 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao MCI, colheu-se amostra de sangue para an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica (m&#233;todo baseado na rea&#231;&#227;o Jaffe), a fim de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Para superar as dificuldades do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica (m&#225; disponibilidade de leitos hospitalares) para internar estes pacientes para um procedimento diagn&#243;stico simples devido ao alto risco de NIC, os diretores do laborat&#243;rio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o desenvolveram, em 2016, um novo protocolo com HO ambulatorial, evitando assim a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no dia anterior.</p>
        <p>Conforme esse novo protocolo, os pacientes eram aconselhados a beber 2 litros de &#225;gua oralmente, em casa, 24 horas antes e 24 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao MCI. Durante o tempo de espera e durante o procedimento, realizou-se HV com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%, 1mL/kg/h, permanecendo na sala de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o procedimento por 6 horas, ap&#243;s as quais o paciente recebia alta. Entre 48-72 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, o paciente retornava ao hospital para recolher amostra de sangue para avaliar o n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica (m&#233;todo baseado na rea&#231;&#227;o Jaffe). Se n&#227;o fosse detectado qualquer NIC, o paciente recebia alta definitiva, caso contr&#225;rio, o paciente era convocado a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o por cardiologistas e nefrologistas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desenho do estudo com protocolos para a preven&#231;&#227;o de nefropatia induzida por contraste, por via venosa e oral. NIC: Nefropatia induzida por contraste; MCI: Meio de contraste iodado; HV: hidrata&#231;&#227;o venosa; SS: Solu&#231;&#227;o salina; HO: hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em todos os pacientes, foi administrada uma MCI n&#227;o i&#244;nico e de baixa osmolaridade ou isosmolar, utilizando o menor volume poss&#237;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Realizou-se a coleta de dados retrospectivamente atrav&#233;s dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos f&#237;sicos e eletr&#244;nicos do Servi&#231;o de Arquivo M&#233;dico e tamb&#233;m atrav&#233;s do Portal de Sistemas do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. Analisaram-se 5393 procedimentos de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a HV entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2015 e 6073 procedimentos de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a HO entre janeiro de 2016 e janeiro de 2020 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Linha do tempo com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Coletaram-se os seguintes dados: idade; sexo; ra&#231;a; peso; tabagismo; n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica antes e depois do procedimento; data dos procedimentos; hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral anterior; hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a renal; hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas como DM e dislipidemia; tipo e volume (mL) de MCI aplicado; procedimento realizado (cateterismo card&#237;aco e/ou angioplastia coron&#225;ria) e medica&#231;&#245;es em uso pelos pacientes. A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foi calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault.</p>
        <p>Todos os dados foram coletados e verificados por apenas 2 membros da equipe de pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o desenvolvimento de NIC em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos eletivos de cateterismo card&#237;aco e/ou angioplastia coron&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise do desfecho prim&#225;rio, os pacientes foram dicotomizados de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de NIC e aplicou-se o teste de Fisher. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney ou o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, como idade, creatinina s&#233;rica, TFGe e volume de MCI, de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, que foram verificados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para todos os outros dados, realizou-se uma dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o e aplicou-se o teste de Fisher. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagem (%) e n&#250;mero absoluto e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos, ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para dados n&#227;o distribu&#237;dos normalmente. Procedeu-se &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para analisar os par&#226;metros de creatinina s&#233;rica basal, volume de MCI, terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla e hepariniza&#231;&#227;o, com o desenvolvimento da NIC como fator dependente. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi &#945;=0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando os programas GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 6 para Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) e SigmaPlot, vers&#227;o 12 (Systat Software Inc).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, analisaram-se 11 466 registros e foram coletados dados do per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 e janeiro de 2020. Foram selecionados 116 indiv&#237;duos que participaram do &#8220;Protocolo de Preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC&#8221; que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, onde 58 pacientes receberam HV e 58 pacientes receberam HO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e de medicamentos dos sujeitos do estudo</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais basais dos 116 pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Comparando os grupos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, ra&#231;a, DM, dislipidemia, DRC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral e TFGe. Entretanto, constatou-se que aqueles que receberam HV apresentavam percentual maior de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n&#237;veis mais altos de creatinina s&#233;rica basal, administraram o maior volume de MCI e realizaram mais procedimentos para cateterismo card&#237;aco mais ICP. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra a terapia medicamentosa.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o Venosa (n= 58)</th>
                  <th>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral (n= 58)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cor branca n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica basal (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 (1,29 &#8211; 2,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (1,18 &#8211; 1,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe basal (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,89 (32,11 &#8211; 57,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,88 (35,40 &#8211; 49,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume de MCI (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50 &#8211; 100)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50 &#8211; 100)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC + ICP n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>A idade est&#225; representada como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os outros dados s&#227;o expressos em n (%) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; MCI: meio de contraste iodado AC: angiografia coronariana; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medicamentos utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medicamentos</th>
                  <th>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o Venosa (n= 58)</th>
                  <th>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral (n= 58)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Drogas anti-hipertensivas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECAs n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRAs n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BCCs n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#946;-bloqueadores n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilatadores n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Simpaticomim&#233;ticos n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hipoglicemiantes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Biguanidas n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sulfonilureias n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IDPP-4 n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulinas n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hipolipemiantes</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibratos n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ezetimiba n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Outras classes farmacol&#243;gicas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAS n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores dos receptores P2Y12 n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulantes orais n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepariniza&#231;&#227;o n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anti-inflamat&#243;rios n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores s&#227;o expressos em n&#250;mero e percentual. IECAs: inibidores de enzimas conversoras de angiotensina; BRAs: bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina; BCCs: bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio; IDPP-4: inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase-4; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; TAPD: terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (inibidores P2Y12 + AAS).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que a creatinina s&#233;rica basal [RC 1,457; IC95% 0,75 - 2,82; p=0,46], volume de contraste [RC 0,998; IC95% 0,99 - 1,01; p=0,80], terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla [RC 1,678; IC95% 0,46 - 6,12; p=0,43] e uso de heparina [RC 0,979; IC95% 0,19 - 5,10; p=0,98] n&#227;o interferiu no desenvolvimento de NIC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>Apenas 2 pacientes do grupo HV receberam MCI n&#227;o i&#244;nico isosmolar (iodixanol) e todos os outros pacientes do estudo receberam MCI n&#227;o i&#244;nico de baixa osmolaridade (iobitridol, iopamidol, ioexol ou ioversol) (dados n&#227;o revelados).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incid&#234;ncia de NIC</title>
        <p>Observou-se NIC em 9/58 pacientes (15%) no grupo HV e em 7/58 pacientes (12%) no grupo HO (p=0,68; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref> ). Observou-se aumento &#8805;0,5mg/dL da creatinina s&#233;rica em 6 pacientes (66%) do grupo HV e 3 pacientes (43%) do grupo HO e 4 pacientes em cada grupo (44% e 57%, respectivamente) apresentaram aumento &#8805;25% ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCI (dados n&#227;o revelados).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Efic&#225;cia da Hidrata&#231;&#227;o Oral na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste em Indiv&#237;duos Submetidos a Interven&#231;&#245;es Coron&#225;rias Eletivas</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Incid&#234;ncia de nefropatia induzida por contraste em ambos os protocolos de estudo. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em porcentagem. Teste de Fisher; p=0,68.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso principal resultado &#233; que a HO pode auxiliar no processo de preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC antes e depois de procedimentos percut&#226;neos eletivos e pode ser t&#227;o eficaz quanto a infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina intravenosa a 0,9%. Deve-se enfatizar que todos os pacientes estavam em alto risco de desenvolver NIC, e o grupo selecionado &#233; compat&#237;vel com outros pacientes submetidos a procedimentos card&#237;acos eletivos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual.</p>
      <p>Os laborat&#243;rios de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seguem recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas a fim de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NIC, como o uso de MCI n&#227;o i&#244;nico de baixa osmolaridade e no menor volume poss&#237;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mas ainda assim os casos de NIC ainda ocorrem. Por isso, &#233; essencial associar outras alternativas, como a hidrata&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, a HV &#233; a mais indicada para a preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> por&#233;m estudos mais recentes mostram resultados favor&#225;veis &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de fluidos oralmente em ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conduziram uma metan&#225;lise e observaram que a HO foi t&#227;o eficaz quanto a HV em pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana ou interven&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o de NIC (5,88% vs. 8,43%; RC: 0,73; IC95%: 0,36-1,47; p&gt;0,05). Esses resultados tiveram um impacto tal que uma diretriz recente do Instituto Nacional de Excel&#234;ncia em Sa&#250;de e Cuidados (NICE) do Reino Unido recomenda a HO antes e depois de procedimentos com MCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante notar que todos esses estudos t&#234;m varia&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica e diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, resultando em uma varia&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de 1 a 50% na incid&#234;ncia de NIC com a administra&#231;&#227;o de HO em ICPs invasivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, nenhum estudo comparativo indicou o volume ideal de HO. Em nosso protocolo, o volume de ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua foi padronizado em 2 litros antes e depois dos procedimentos, sem ajuste para peso ou condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, sendo a maior ingesta de l&#237;quidos entre todos os estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes que receberam HV apresentavam condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave, devido a maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e n&#237;veis mais elevados de creatinina s&#233;rica basal quando comparados com os pacientes que receberam HO. Dependendo da complexidade do procedimento, &#233; necess&#225;rio utilizar diferentes volumes de MCI; assim pacientes graves, como possivelmente os casos do grupo de HV, necessitaram tanto de procedimentos de angiograma quanto de ICP, exigindo volume maior de MCI, causando assim mais NIC. Mesmo nesses pacientes, o volume de MCI administrado foi igual ou menor ao encontrado em outros estudos randomizados que comparavam os protocolos de HO e HV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O perfil dos pacientes do grupo HV tamb&#233;m refletiu o uso de medicamentos, com maior uso de inibidores P2Y12 (clopidogrel), terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico mais clopidogrel) e hepariniza&#231;&#227;o (enoxaparina ou heparina), por&#233;m isso n&#227;o parece ter afetado a incid&#234;ncia de NIC.</p>
      <p>Nosso trabalho apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, inerentes a estudos observacionais. Primeiro, &#233; um estudo observacional retrospectivo, o que impossibilitou a randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, resultando na heterogeneidade dos grupos. Em segundo lugar, foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro e com um tamanho de amostra relativamente pequeno, o que confere baixo poder estat&#237;stico. Tamb&#233;m sugerimos que a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados n&#227;o &#233; recomendada para procedimentos radiol&#243;gicos utilizando MCI intravenoso. Finalmente, procedimentos coronarianos invasivos podem levar a um processo de embolia de colesterol das art&#233;rias renais e, portanto, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ap&#243;s alguns dias, tornando-se um fator de confus&#227;o para o MCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Essa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; pouco relatada e pode ocorrer tanto em pacientes que recebem HV como naqueles que recebem HO. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo foi projetado para comparar a incid&#234;ncia de NIC entre estrat&#233;gias de HO e HV. Portanto, n&#227;o foi projetado para avaliar resultados a longo prazo, como mortalidade ou interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar prolongada.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados corroboram resultados anteriores que sugerem que a HO poderia ser usado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, para potencialmente reduzir os custos hospitalares, melhorando o rod&#237;zio de leitos hospitalares e propiciar menos interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para o paciente. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos aleat&#243;rios e multic&#234;ntricos mais cautelosos para confirmar essas descobertas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com os dados analisados, podemos sugerir que um protocolo de HO, em casa, pelo paciente, &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto o de HV realizado em hospital, visando a prote&#231;&#227;o renal de indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis a desenvolver NIC em procedimentos eletivos de cateterismo card&#237;aco e angioplastia coron&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>&#192; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), Brasil.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Mariana Rodrigues Pioli pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effectiveness of Oral Hydration in Preventing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Individuals Undergoing Elective Coronary Interventions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8840-4805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pioli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couto</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Muller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Arimat&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniassi</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Quilles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Regina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivio</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Ynada de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anh&#234;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Forato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0996-9603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giopatto</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0047-7859</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Programa de Farmacologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Interna &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Disciplina de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mariana Rodrigues Pioli &#8226; UNICAMP &#8211; Alexander Fleming, 105. Postal Code 13083-872, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: farmari.rp14@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as worsening renal function, represented by an increase in serum creatinine of &#8805; 25% or &#8805; 0.5 mg/dL up to 72 h after exposure to iodinated contrast medium (ICM). The most effective preventive measure to date is intravenous hydration (IVH). Little is known about the effectiveness of outpatient oral hydration (OH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetive</title>
          <p>To investigate whether outpatient OH with water is as effective as IVH with 0.9% saline solution in preventing CIN in elective coronary procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed the medical records and laboratory data of individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures with ICM. Data collected between 2012 and 2015 refer to individuals who underwent IVH and those collected between 2016 and 2020 (after implementation of an OH protocol) correspond to individuals who underwent OH at home before and after coronary procedures as instructed by the nursing team. Statistical significance was established at &#945; = 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In total, 116 patients were included in this study: 58 in the IVH group and 58 in the OH group. An incidence of CIN of 15% (9/58) was observed in the group that received IVH and an incidence of 12% (7/58) was seen in the group that received OH (p = 0.68).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The OH protocol, performed by the patient, appears to be as effective as the in-hospital IVH protocol for the renal protection of individuals susceptible to CIN in elective coronary interventions. These findings should be put to test in larger trials.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Kidney Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Effectiveness of Oral Hydration in Preventing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Individuals Undergoing Elective Coronary Interventions</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in both studied protocols. Data expressed as percentages. Fisher&#8217;s test; p = 0.68. IV: intravenous.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) was described in 1954 by Bartels et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and defined by Mehran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as an increase in serum creatinine of &#8805; 25% or &#8805; 0.5 mg/dL up to 72 h after exposure to iodinated contrast medium (ICM). It is considered a highly incident iatrogenesis in coronary interventions, reaching up to 2% of the population exposed to ICM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or up to 50% of high-risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, it is strongly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes such as long-term morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The development in CIN is associated with both ICM characteristics<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and the patient&#8217;s clinical condition, since individuals with preexisting renal failure, diabetes, and older adults are more prone to this outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Prophylactic measures have been reported to be effective in reducing the incidence of CIN, namely: identification of risk factors, use of the lowest possible volume of ICM, and renal protection before and after the procedure by means of intravenous hydration (IVH) with 0.9% saline solution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite being safe and recommended by several guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> IVH has characteristics that sometimes limit its application, such as increased hospitalization time, which generates high costs for the hospital and discomfort for the patients. An alternative strategy such as oral hydration (OH) could be a relevant option, since in addition to causing an adequate volume expansion, it is easily performed before and after the procedure, low-cost, and comfortable for the patient.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that OH may reduce the incidence of CIN,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> but others showed superiority of IVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In view of these conflicting results, we aimed to investigate whether OH with water, pre- and post-ICM administration, is as effective as IVH with 0.9% saline solution in the renal protection of individuals susceptible to CIN in elective procedures for cardiac catheterization and coronary interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of UNICAMP (#4.124.863 and CAAE: 33427720 2 0000 5404). Since this is a retrospective observational study, there was no need for an informed consent form by the research participants, as approved by the ethics committee.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population and definition of CIN</title>
          <p>This study selected 116 consecutive patients who underwent elective procedures of cardiac catheterization and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between January 2012 and January 2020 and were at high risk for developing CIN (criteria described below). This is a single-center study from the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; UNICAMP.</p>
          <p>All patients underwent medical history evaluation with the nursing team for assessing the risk of developing CIN, which was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of &#8805; 25% or &#8805; 0.5 mg/dL up to 72 h after exposure to ICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with serum creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 40 and 60 mL/min were automatically included in the &#8220;CIN Prevention Protocol.&#8221;</p>
          <p>For those with normal serum creatinine levels, other clinical features (related to worsening renal function) were assessed to classify them as at risk for developing CIN. The factors considered for this risk assessment were: older adults (&gt; 75 years old); preexisting comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD); hemodynamic instability; and use of nephrotoxic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Exclusion criteria were as follows: dialysis patients, urgency and emergency cases, individuals with congestive heart failure (functional class III and IV), and those without information in their medical records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>Until 2015, patients included in the &#8220;CIN Prevention Protocol&#8221; should be admitted to receive IVH with 0.9% saline solution at 1 mL/kg/h 24 h before, during, and 12 h after the procedure. Between 48 and 72 h after exposure to ICM, a blood sample was collected for analyzing serum creatinine levels (method based on the Jaffe reaction) to assess renal function. In view of the difficulties of the public health system (poor availability of hospital beds) to hospitalize these patients for a simple diagnostic procedure due to the high risk of CIN, the directors of the catheterization laboratory developed a new protocol with outpatient OH in 2016, thus precluding hospitalization a day before the procedure.</p>
          <p>In this new protocol, patients were advised to drink 2 liters of water at home, 24 h before and 24 h after exposure to ICM. During the waiting time and throughout the procedure, IVH with 0.9% saline solution at 1 mL/kg/h was performed, continuing after the procedure (in the recovery room) for 6 h, after which the patient was discharged. Between 48 and 72 h after the procedure, the patient returned to the hospital for blood sample collection to assess serum creatinine levels (method based on the Jaffe reaction). If no CIN was detected, the patient was discharged definitively; otherwise, the patient was referred to an evaluation by cardiologists and nephrologists ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study design with protocols for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy through intravenous and oral hydration. CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy; ICM: iodinated contrast medium; IV: intravenous; SS: saline solution.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The lowest possible volume of a non-ionic and low-osmolar or iso-osmolar ICM was administered to all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Data collection was performed retrospectively from the physical and electronic medical records of the Medical Archive Service and also through the Systems Portal of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; UNICAMP. Between January 2012 and December 2015, we analyzed 5,393 procedures in individuals who underwent IVH and, between January 2016 and January 2020, 6,073 procedures in individuals who underwent OH ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Timeline of study participant selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220529-20529-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The following data were collected: age; sex; race; weight; smoking status; serum creatinine levels before and after the procedure; date of procedures; history of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and stroke; history of kidney disease; history of metabolic diseases such as DM and dyslipidemia; type and volume (mL) of ICM used; procedure performed (cardiac catheterization and/or coronary angioplasty); and medications used by the patients. Creatinine clearance was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation.</p>
          <p>All data were collected and checked by 2 members of the research team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the development of CIN in patients undergoing elective procedures of cardiac catheterization and/or coronary angioplasty.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For analyzing the primary outcome, patients were dichotomized according to the presence or absence of CIN, and the Fisher&#8217;s test was applied. For comparing clinical and laboratory data such as age, serum creatinine, eGFR, and ICM volume, the Mann-Whitney test or the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was applied according to the data distribution, which was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. All other data were dichotomized and analyzed by the Fisher&#8217;s test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages (%) and absolute numbers, whereas continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations for normally distributed data or median values and interquartile ranges for non-normally distributed data. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze baseline serum creatinine, ICM volume, dual antiplatelet therapy, and heparinization, with the development of CIN as a dependent factor. Statistical significance was established at &#945; = 0.05. All statistical analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism version 6 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and SigmaPlot version 12 (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In this retrospective study, we analyzed 11,466 records and collected data from January 2012 to January 2020. One hundred and sixteen individuals who participated in the &#8220;CIN Prevention Protocol&#8221; were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 58 patients received IVH and 58 patients received OH ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, and medication use data of the study participants</title>
          <p>General baseline characteristics of the 116 patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . When comparing the IVH and OH groups, there were no differences in age, sex, race, hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, CKD, heart failure, stroke, and eGFR. However, those who received IVH had a higher percentage of previous myocardial infarction, higher baseline levels of serum creatinine, were administered the largest volumes of ICM, and performed a greater number of procedures for cardiac catheterization plus PCI. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the medication therapies taken by the participants.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinic data of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>IV hydration (n= 58)</th>
                    <th>Oral hydration (n= 58)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White race n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (81)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoker n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial hypertension n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (95)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (97)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (59)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (41)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Serum creatinine, baseline (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.77 (1.29 &#8211; 2.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.44 (1.18 &#8211; 1.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR baseline (mL/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.89 (32.11 &#8211; 57.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.88 (35.40 &#8211; 49.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICM volume (mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50 &#8211; 100)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (50 &#8211; 100)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CA n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (71)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (97)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CA + PCI n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Age is presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). All other data are expressed in n (%) or median values and interquartile ranges. IV: intravenous; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICM: iodinated contrast medium; CA: coronary angiogram; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medications used by the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>IV hydration (n= 58)</th>
                    <th>Oral hydration (n= 58)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Antihypertensive drugs</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEIs n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARBs n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (64)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCBs n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#946;-blockers n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (64)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vasodilators n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sympathomimetics n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Antidiabetic drugs</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Biguanide n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sulphonylureas n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DPP-4 inhibitors n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Hypolipidemic drugs</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statins n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (69)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrates n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ezetimibe n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Other pharmacological classes</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ASA n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (71)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P2Y12 inhibitors n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (52)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DAPT n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral anticoagulation n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heparinization n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>bn Anti-inflammatory drugs n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed in numbers and percentages. IV: intravenous; ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs: calcium channel blockers; DPP-4 inhibitors: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy (P2Y12 inhibitors + ASA).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A multivariate analysis showed that baseline serum creatinine (odds ratio [OR] 1.457; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-2.82; p = 0.46), contrast volume (OR 0.998; 95% CI 0.99-1.01; p = 0.80), dual antiplatelet therapy (OR 1.678; 95% CI 0.46-6.12; p = 0.43), and use of heparin (OR 0.979; 95% CI 0.19-5.10; p = 0.98) did not interfere with the development of CIN in the studied population.</p>
          <p>Only two patients in the IVH group received non-ionic iso-osmolar ICM (iodixanol); all the other patients in this study received nonionic low-osmolar ICM (iobitridol, iopamidol, iohexol, or ioversol) (data not shown).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incidence of CIN</title>
          <p>CIN was seen in 9/58 patients (15%) in the IVH group and in 7/58 patients (12%) in the OH group (p = 0.68; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref> ). Six patients (66%) in the IVH group and 3 patients (43%) in the OH group had increases in serum creatinine levels &#8805; 0.5mg/dL, and 4 patients from each group (44% and 57%, respectively) had increases in serum creatinine levels &#8805; 25% after ICM administration (data not shown).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our main result is that OH before and after elective percutaneous procedures may assist in the process of preventing CIN and may be as effective as IV infusion with 0.9% saline solution. It should be emphasized that all patients were at high risk for developing CIN, and the selected group is compatible with other patients undergoing elective cardiac procedures in current clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Catheterization laboratories follow specific recommendations in order to reduce the incidence of CIN, such as the use of non-ionic, low-osmolar ICM and the lowest possible contrast volume,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> but CIN events still manage to occur; it is thus essential to associate these measures with other alternatives such as hydration. Currently, IVH is the most indicated measure for preventing CIN,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> although more recent studies show favorable results of the oral administration of fluids in patients undergoing PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A meta-analysis by Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> analyzed such studies and noticed that OH was as effective as IVH in patients undergoing coronary angiography or intervention for preventing CIN (5.88 vs 8.43%; OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.36-1.47; <italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.05). These results had such an impact that a recent guideline by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) encourages OH before and after procedures using ICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Of note, all these studies have methodological variations and differences between studied populations, resulting in considerable variation (ranging from 1 to 50% in the incidence of CIN with OH in percutaneous invasive coronary procedures).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In addition, no comparative studies stated the ideal volume for OH. In our protocol, the volume of water ingestion was standardized at 2 liters before and after the procedures, without adjusting for the weight or clinical conditions of patients; this is the largest fluid intake among all studies to date.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, patients who received IVH had more severe clinical conditions due to a higher incidence of previous acute myocardial infarction and higher baseline serum creatinine levels when compared to patients who received OH. Depending on the complexity of the procedure, different volumes of ICM are required; severely ill patients (as were potentially the cases in the IVH group) thus needed both angiogram and PCI procedures, requiring larger volumes of ICM that could lead to more CIN. Even in these patients, the volume of ICM administered was equal to or less than that found in other randomized studies comparing OH and IVH protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The profile of patients in the IVH group also reflected their medication therapy&#8212;with greater use of P2Y12 inhibitors (clopidogrel), dual antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid plus clopidogrel), and heparinization (enoxaparin or heparin)&#8212;; however, this does not seem to have impacted the incidence of CIN.</p>
        <p>Our work has several limitations that are inherent to observational studies. First, it is a retrospective observational study, which made it impossible to randomize patients and resulted in heterogeneous groups. Second, it was carried out in a single center with a relatively small sample size, which gives it low statistical power. We also do not recommend extrapolating the results for radiological procedures using intravenous ICM. Finally, invasive coronary procedures can lead to a process of atheroembolism of the renal arteries and consequent acute renal failure after a few days, becoming a confounding factor for CIN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This complication is underreported and can occur both in patients who receive IVH and those who receive OH. In addition, our study was designed to compare the incidence of CIN between oral and intravenous hydration strategies; therefore, it was not designed to evaluate long-term results such as mortality or prolonged hospital stay.</p>
        <p>Our results corroborate previous findings that suggest that OH could be used in clinical practice to potentially reduce hospital costs (improving hospital bed rotation) and provide shorter in-hospital stays for the patients. However, more thorough randomized and multi-center clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>According to the analyzed data, we can suggest that an OH protocol performed at home, by the patient, is as effective as hospital IVH for the renal protection of individuals susceptible to the development of CIN in elective procedures of cardiac catheterization and coronary angioplasty.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>We thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil.,</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mariana Rodrigues Pioli, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
