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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d7BK3PRW7yjjT3QMtrXjhJP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220403</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preven&#231;&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gica Secund&#225;ria da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes Submetidos ao Manejo Cl&#237;nico, Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea ou Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucca</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6351-9588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia PREVER</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia PREVER &#8211; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Sandra C. Fuchs &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, INCT PREVER &#8211; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sfuchs@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220403</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; recomendada a pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) independentemente da indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento por cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou se o tratamento cl&#237;nico, a ICP ou o CABG teve influ&#234;ncia na ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria farmacol&#243;gica em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Esta coorte incluiu pacientes com idade &#8805;40 anos com DAC est&#225;vel confirmada por angiografia coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. A decis&#227;o por tratamento cl&#237;nico isolado, ou combinado com ICP ou CABG foi feita por m&#233;dicos assistentes. A ades&#227;o &#224;s drogas prescritas recomendadas pelas diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo), incluindo agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, drogas hipolipemianetes, betabloqueadores, e bloqueadores do sistema angiotensina aldosterona, foi avaliada no acompanhamento. Diferen&#231;as com valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Dos 928 pacientes inclu&#237;dos inicialmente, 415 apresentaram DAC leve e 66 apresentaram DAC leve a moderada. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi 5,2 &#177; 1,5 anos. Os pacientes submetidos ao CABG apresentaram maior probabilidade de receberem tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo que aqueles submetidos &#224; ICP ou tratamento cl&#237;nico (63,5% versus 39,1% versus 45,7% respectivamente, p=0,003). Fatores basais independentemente associados com maior probabilidade de prescri&#231;&#227;o de tratamento &#243;timo foram CABG [39% maior (6% - 83%, p=0,017)] em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros tratamentos e diabetes [25% maior (1% - 56%), p=0,042] em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; aus&#234;ncia de diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Pacientes com DAC submetidos ao CABG s&#227;o mais frequentemente tratados com preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria farmacol&#243;gica &#243;tima que pacientes tratados com ICP ou exclusivamente com tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>HCPA</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013-0171</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>309023/2015-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>316802/2021-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88887.144302/2017-00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (FIPE-HCPA no. 2013-0171) e pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES; c&#243;digo de financiamento 001). Sandra C. Fuchs &#233; bolsista do CNPq (no. 309023/2015-7 e, posteriormente, 316802/2021-2), e Marcelo B. Lucca era bolsista do CAPES (no. 88887.144302/2017-00).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Preven&#231;&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gica Secund&#225;ria da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes Submetidos ao Manejo Cl&#237;nico, Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea ou Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>
          <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</italic>
        </attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular tem sido a principal causa de morte e peso de doen&#231;a no mundo nos &#250;ltimos 15 anos. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), uma de suas apresenta&#231;&#245;es, afeta entre 5% e 8% dos brasileiros com idade superior a 40 anos. Pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de DAC, tais como angina pectoris, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e evid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es na angiografia coron&#225;ria s&#227;o candidatos &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> As diretrizes recomendam o uso de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, drogas hipolipemiantes, betabloqueadores e bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), todos com altos n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o realizada por <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) melhora a sobrevida de pacientes com doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda desprotegida, DAC de tr&#234;s vasos, ou diabetes, principalmente para aqueles com sintomas graves, testes n&#227;o invasivos positivos precoces, ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; geralmente a op&#231;&#227;o de escolha para indiv&#237;duos sem uma indica&#231;&#227;o clara para CABG, cujos sintomas persistem apesar do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Ensaios randomizados grandes comparando estrat&#233;gias conservadoras invasivas iniciais para pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas em eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Independentemente de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, o manejo farmacol&#243;gico continua sendo o tratamento padr&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Contudo, a ades&#227;o tem sido sub&#243;tima em muitos contextos. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> No Euro Heart Study, uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos com DAC est&#225;vel em tratamento cl&#237;nico ou invasivo n&#227;o estava em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo, o que foi associado a piores desfechos. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise p&#243;s-hoc do estudo &#8220; <italic>Synergy Between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX)</italic> &#8221; mostrou ainda que a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo foi de 41% na alta de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e caiu para um ter&#231;o ap&#243;s cinco anos. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Em uma metan&#225;lise de estudos sobre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo reduziu de 40% em um ano de seguimento para 38% em cinco anos, e as porcentagens de ICP permaneceram mais altas que as de CABG em todos os momentos. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Os dados tamb&#233;m sugerem uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as na ades&#227;o e desfechos cl&#237;nicos ao se comparar ICP com CABG em cinco anos. Um estudo conduzido no Brasil detectou diferen&#231;as no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico entre indiv&#237;duos de baixa renda e indiv&#237;duos de alta renda. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Em nosso conhecimento, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de tratamento, CABG, e ICP, ou exclusivamente a ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria n&#227;o foram avaliadas em uma coorte contempor&#226;nea. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o m&#233;todo de tratamento de DAC est&#225;vel &#8211; CABG, ICP, ou tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo &#8211; influenciou a ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os participantes deste artigo foram avaliados em um estudo do tipo coorte delineado para avaliar v&#225;rios desfechos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> A distribui&#231;&#227;o de mortes e outros eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) no acompanhamento, segundo o tratamento inicial, foi descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A coorte incluiu homens e mulheres com idade &#8805; 40 anos, com DAC est&#225;vel e significativa na angiografia. Os pacientes foram encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva devido &#224; suspeita cl&#237;nica de DAC <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> com ou sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia em testes n&#227;o invasivos. No basal, indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (CABG ou ICP), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, diagn&#243;stico atual ou pr&#233;vio de c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica grave, ou nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de DAC significativa [escore SYNTAX (SXscore) &lt;1] foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais, fatores socioecon&#244;micos e demogr&#225;ficos, estilo de vida, e dados pr&#233;vios de morbidade foram avaliados no per&#237;odo basal durante uma entrevista presencial usando um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o. Assistentes treinados realizaram as medidas de press&#227;o arterial e medidas antropom&#233;tricas na inclus&#227;o, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou uso de agentes anti-hipertensivos. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) [peso (Kg)/altura (m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> )] foi categorizado como &lt; 25, 25-29, ou &#8805;30 kg/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> .</p>
      <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais foram avaliadas 12 horas ap&#243;s jejum. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas da bainha femoral imediatamente ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter card&#237;aco e antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina. Diabetes mellitus foi definido como glicemia de jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL ou uso de agentes hipoglicemiantes. Hipercolesterolemia foi caracterizada por n&#237;veis de colesterol total &#8805;200 mg/dL ou uso de drogas hipolipemiantes. A angiografia coron&#225;ria no cateterismo foi realizada por cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes por acessos radial e transfemoral. DAC significativa foi diagnosticada por an&#225;lise quantitativa de vasos epic&#225;rdicos principais (por exemplo art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda, art&#233;ria descendente anterior, art&#233;ria circunflexa, art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, e vasos com di&#226;metros &#8805;2,5 mm), ramos diagonais, art&#233;ria marginal obtusa, ramo posterolateral, e art&#233;ria descendente posterior. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> DAC significativa foi definida pela presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica principal com estenose &#8805;50%. O escore SXscore foi calculado para cada art&#233;ria afetada, e os escores adicionados para se obter o SXscore final do paciente. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Um SXscore &#8804; foi categorizado como DAC leve e escores maiores que 22 foram categorizados como DAC moderada &#224; grave. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Dois cardiologistas intervencionistas avaliaram independentemente uma subamostra de imagens, e o controle de qualidade foi feito por um terceiro m&#233;dico que avaliou a varia&#231;&#227;o entre observadores. Os m&#233;dicos assistentes que n&#227;o participaram do estudo receberam as imagens e um laudo da angiografia coron&#225;ria, mas desconheciam os valores do SXscores. A decis&#227;o entre CABG, ICP, ou tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo foi definida pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes, com base em treinamento pr&#233;vio em cardiologia, mas pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual n&#227;o padronizada. Os m&#233;dicos assistentes geralmente discutiam casos complexos com cardiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es intervencionistas que conduziram o procedimento diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>No seguimento, os pacientes foram convidados por telefone para serem entrevistados por um m&#233;dico treinado. Utilizou-se um question&#225;rio padronizado para registrar o tratamento realizado ap&#243;s a angiografia coron&#225;ria inicial, comorbidades subsequentes, admiss&#245;es hospitalares, tratamento m&#233;dico atual, e estado geral de sa&#250;de. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo foi definida como o uso relatado pelo paciente de todas as medica&#231;&#245;es recomendadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria a que os pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis, incluindo agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, estatinas ou outras drogas hipolipemiantes, betabloqueadores, e bloqueadores do SRAA, fornecidas pelo sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho amostral e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho amostral foi calculado para testar a hip&#243;tese prim&#225;ria, <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> com poder de 80% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (bicaudal) para detectar uma raz&#227;o de chance ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> ) de pelo menos 2,4, considerando que 5% dos pacientes com um SXscore baixo e 12% com um SXscore alto apresentaria MACE. Nessa an&#225;lise adicional, inclu&#237;mos pacientes sobreviventes que apresentaram um SXscore &gt; 0 e foram, portanto, eleg&#237;veis para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Todas as an&#225;lises foram conduzidas pelo programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS; vers&#227;o 22.0; IBM corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). Diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas se apresentassem um valor de p &lt;0,05. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada usando o <italic>boxplot</italic> e o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em n&#250;meros absolutos, com porcentagens e intervalos de confian&#231;a quando relevante. As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram analisadas usando a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (one-way ANOVA com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas para comparar tratamento cl&#237;nico, ICP e CABG. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tratados com tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo entre pacientes tratados com terapia cl&#237;nica exclusiva com aqueles tratados tamb&#233;m com CABG ou ICP. Ainda, avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas basais com a ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria pela regress&#227;o de Poisson com um estimador robusto. O risco relativo (RR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram calculados, e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecida pelo teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. O ajuste para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo sequencial de Bonferroni. Fatores de confus&#227;o foram selecionados entre caracter&#237;sticas basais associadas com o m&#233;todo de tratamento no basal e com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo no seguimento (p&lt;0,2). A magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o foi determinada pelo c&#225;lculo do RR, controlada por idade, sexo, cor de pele, anos de escolaridade, e diabetes mellitus no basal. Riscos relativos foram transformados em propor&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o por caracter&#237;stica basal, e apresentado com seus IC95% correspondentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre os 928 pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva, 481 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade no basal. Desses, 415 (86,7%) pacientes apresentaram um SXscore baixo (&gt;0 e &#8804;22) e 66 (13,7%) apresentaram um SXscore &gt;22. Ap&#243;s uma m&#233;dia de 5,2 &#177; 1,5 anos de seguimento, 410 pacientes foram reavaliados, e 71 foram a &#243;bito, 54 entre aqueles com SXscore baixo (13,1%) e 15 (22,6%) com um SXscore alto ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes, classificados de acordo com o m&#233;todo de tratamento. A maioria dos pacientes submetidos a CABG ou ICP era do sexo masculino, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles tratados exclusivamente com tratamento cl&#237;nico (p&lt;0,02). Os pacientes submetidos ao CABG apresentaram um SXscore significativamente mais alto em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles submetidos &#224; ICP ou &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica exclusiva (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o foram observadas outras diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. A <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> apresenta a propor&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos terap&#234;uticos entre os participantes classificados pelo c&#225;lculo post-hoc do SXscore. Os pacientes com DAC moderada a grave foram submetidos principalmente &#224; CABG, seguido por ICP, e somente aproximadamente 13% estavam sob terapia m&#233;dica exclusiva. Por outro lado, os pacientes com DAC leve apresentaram maior probabilidade de serem tratados por ICP.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo, n (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>Tratamento cl&#237;nico (n=127)</th>
                <th>ICP (n=220)</th>
                <th>CABG (n=63)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">69 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (69,5)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (65,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor de pele branca</td>
                <td align="center">88 (69,3)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (68,6)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (82,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anos de escolaridade &#8805; 12</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (Kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">85 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (65,9)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">118 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">208 (94,5)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (95,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">41 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">175,7 &#177; 47,0</td>
                <td align="center">171,1 &#177; 44,5</td>
                <td align="center">175,2 &#177; 55,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total /HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)*</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore SYNTAX*</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,4 &#177; 9,5*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; *corre&#231;&#227;o post-hoc de Bonferroni: p&lt;0,001 entre CABG e ICP; CABG e tratamento cl&#237;nico; e para ICP e tratamento cl&#237;nico, p=NS.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Escolha do tratamento ap&#243;s cateterismo coron&#225;rio diagn&#243;stico e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana confirmada de acordo com o SXscore calculado post-hoc. O valor de p para a intera&#231;&#227;o foi &lt;0.001. CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que haviam recebido tratamento cl&#237;nico &#243;timo foi maior entre os pacientes submetidos ao CABG que naqueles submetidos &#224; ICP ou tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (p=0,003) ( <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). Comparando-se individualmente, o uso de betabloqueadores, agentes hipolipemiantes, e bloqueadores do SRAA tamb&#233;m foi significativamente mais frequente em pacientes submetidos ao CABG (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao uso de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em terapia de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no seguimento de acordo com o tratamento inicial; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o independente do tratamento cl&#237;nico &#243;timo no seguimento com idade, sexo, cor de pele, anos de escolaridade ou tabagismo no momento basal. Por outro lado, pacientes que se submeteram ao CABG e pacientes diab&#233;ticos no basal apresentaram maior probabilidade de receberem tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo no seguimento (p = 0,017 e 0,042, respectivamente), independentemente da idade, sexo, cor de pele, escolaridade, e tabagismo no basal ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada mostrando a probabilidade de pacientes em receberam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo na avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguimento, controlada por fatores de confus&#227;o (idade, sexo, cor de pele, anos de escolaridade, tabagismo, diabetes, e procedimento inicial); CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte contempor&#226;nea de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, encaminhados para diagn&#243;stico por angiografia coron&#225;ria, e que apresentaram DAC na angiografia anteriormente, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em tratamento cl&#237;nico &#243;timo para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC foi significativamente maior entre os tratados com CABG no basal, e compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que receberam exclusivamente tratamento cl&#237;nico ou ICP exclusiva. Ap&#243;s considerar os fatores de confus&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o persistiu, e os pacientes com diabetes no basal apresentaram maior probabilidade de receberem tratamento &#243;timo no seguimento, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem diabetes. Individualmente, betabloqueadores, drogas hipolipemiantes, e bloqueadores do SRAA foram usados com maior frequ&#234;ncia por pacientes submetidos ao CABG. O uso de betabloqueadores e, especialmente, de bloqueadores do SRAA foi baixo em todos os pacientes.</p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o a diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; desej&#225;vel a todos os pacientes com DAC, independentemente de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, comorbidades, e outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Estudos anteriores <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> mostraram taxas similares de ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC; no entanto, em todos eles, CABG foi associado &#224; menor ades&#227;o, em contraste aos nossos resultados. No entanto, nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com uma metan&#225;lise de ensaios sobre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, que mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na ades&#227;o global ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo sem uso de bloqueadores do SRAA de 67% em um ano para 53% em cinco anos. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Ao incluir os bloqueadores do SRAA, a ades&#227;o foi ainda mais baixa e diminuiu de 40% em um ano para 38% em cinco anos, sendo maior na ICP que no CABG em todos os tempos analisados. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise p&#243;s-hoc do ensaio SYNTAX mostrou que o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo foi subutilizado em pacientes tratados com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, especialmente CABG. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios e drogas hipolipemiantes foram usados em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes do estudo SYNTAX. Embora v&#225;rios agentes possam ser utilizados na terapia antitromb&#243;tica preventiva o sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro fornece apenas clopidogrel e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, o que reduz o desafio da sele&#231;&#227;o do medicamento. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> O uso dos bloqueadores do SRAA e de betabloqueadores foi consistentemente abaixo de 50%, <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> o que foi compar&#225;vel aos estudos com pacientes tratados com CABG no ensaio PREVENT IV <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> e na alta hospitalar ap&#243;s uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda descrito em um estudo polon&#234;s. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Um estudo brasileiro com pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel tamb&#233;m mostrou baixas taxas de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo, especialmente de bloqueadores do SRAA, mas detectou diferen&#231;as significativas de acordo com sexo e sistema de sa&#250;de (se p&#250;blico ou privado). <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Neste estudo, n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o de sexo com tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo, e os pacientes inclu&#237;dos eram todos do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico, em que agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, drogas hipolipemiantes, betabloqueadores e bloqueadores do SRAA s&#227;o fornecidos gratuitamente. Assim, a acessibilidade n&#227;o foi um impedimento para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC.</p>
      <p>Diferen&#231;as na ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo no seguimento podem ser explicadas pelo entendimento err&#244;neo por parte dos pacientes e m&#233;dicos de que doen&#231;a grave (isto &#233;, que requer cirurgia ou envolve diabetes) demanda maior cuidado intensivo, e vice-versa. Outro fator que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; o medo de supermedica&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, o conceito de se usar agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios e drogas hipolipemiantes est&#225; tradicionalmente relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca no conhecimento popular, ao passo que o conceito do uso de betabloqueadores e bloqueadores do SRAA para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC &#233; mais recente e talvez menos difundido entre os m&#233;dicos.</p>
      <p>Vale mencionar que a DAC &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que envolve v&#225;rios segmentos arteriais <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e, portanto, o tratamento cl&#237;nico &#243;timo &#233; importante para reduzir sua progress&#227;o, bem como o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> A ades&#227;o a todos os medicamentos para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; desej&#225;vel para todos os pacientes com DAC.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. Primeiro, apesar de v&#225;rios estudos haverem investigado a ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, nosso estudo avaliou o acompanhamento dos pacientes que se submeteram angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica e suas terapias subsequentes, e estabeleceu o uso, em m&#233;dio prazo, do tratamento &#243;timo para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC. No entanto, n&#227;o conseguimos distinguir se os pacientes que haviam se submetido ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo eram n&#227;o aderentes ao tratamento ou se eles n&#227;o haviam recebido prescri&#231;&#227;o completa dos medicamentos. Contudo, este estudo descreve um cen&#225;rio da vida real para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em pacientes vulner&#225;veis. Segundo, estudos com acompanhamento de pacientes via entrevistas por telefone poderiam ser mais suscet&#237;veis a vi&#233;s que por visitas no consult&#243;rio. Por&#233;m, as entrevistas foram conduzidas por um &#250;nico cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco treinado, que realizou a anamnese e processou as respostas dos pacientes ou familiares. Assim, provavelmente, o vi&#233;s de medida n&#227;o influenciou nos nossos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da DAC &#233; mais alta em pacientes submetidos ao CABG em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles submetidos &#224; ICP ou ao manejo cl&#237;nico, e naqueles que apresentavam diabetes no momento do diagn&#243;stico. Diferen&#231;as na ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#243;timo nos estudos podem ser explicadas por uma concep&#231;&#227;o err&#244;nea por parte dos pacientes sobre tratamento invasivo da DAC e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria subsequente. Estrat&#233;gias para aumentar a ades&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; DAC s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Disponibilidade dos dados</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Marcelo B. Lucca pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn8">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (FIPE-HCPA no. 2013-0171) e pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES; c&#243;digo de financiamento 001). Sandra C. Fuchs &#233; bolsista do CNPq (no. 309023/2015-7 e, posteriormente, 316802/2021-2), e Marcelo B. Lucca era bolsista do CAPES (no. 88887.144302/2017-00).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Secondary Pharmacological Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Submitted to Clinical Management, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucca</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6351-9588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia PREVER - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Sandra C. Fuchs &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, INCT PREVER &#8211; Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sfuchs@hcpa.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Secondary prevention is recommended for patients with evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) regardless of the indication for treatment by coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study evaluated whether clinical treatment, PCI or CABG had an influence on adherence to the pharmacological secondary prevention in patients with stable CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This cohort included patients aged &#8805;40 years with stable CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. The decision for medical treatment alone, or additionally with PCI or CABG, was made by the attending physicians. Adherence to the prescribed drugs recommended by the guidelines for secondary prevention (optimal pharmacological treatment), including antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, was assessed at follow-up. Differences were considered significant for p values &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>From 928 patients enrolled at baseline, 415 had mild CAD and 66 moderate to severe CAD. The average follow-up was 5.2 &#177; 1.5 years. Patients submitted to CABG were more likely to receive the optimal pharmacological treatment than those submitted to PCI or treated clinically (63.5% versus 39.1% versus 45.7% respectively, p=0.003). Baseline factors independently associated with greater probability of having a prescription of optimal treatment at follow-up were CABG [39% higher (6% - 83%, p=0.017) and diabetes [25% higher (1% - 56%), p=0.042] than their counterparts treated by other methods and participants without diabetes, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Patients with CAD submitted to CABG are more commonly treated with optimal pharmacological secondary prevention than patients treated by PCI or exclusively with medical therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Secondary Pharmacological Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Submitted to Clinical Management, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>
            <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</italic>
          </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death and burden of disease worldwide in the last 15 years. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Coronary artery disease (CAD), one of its presentations, affects 5% to 8% of Brazilians over 40 years of age. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Patients with clinical manifestations of CAD, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or evidence of lesions on coronary angiography, are candidates for secondary prevention. Guidelines recommend the use of antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers, all of them with high levels of evidence. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Revascularization performed by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) improves survival in patients with unprotected left main stem disease, three-vessel CAD, or diabetes, particularly for those with severe symptoms, early positive noninvasive tests, or impaired left ventricular function. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is usually preferred for individuals without a clear indication for CABG, whose symptoms persist despite of pharmacological treatment. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Large randomized trials, comparing the initial invasive or conservative strategies for patients with stable CAD, did not find significant differences in cardiovascular events and mortality. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Regardless of revascularization, pharmacological management remains the standard treatment for secondary prevention of CAD. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> However, adherence has been suboptimal in many settings. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> - <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> In the Euro Heart Survey, a considerable proportion of individuals with stable CAD managed medically or invasively were not on optimal pharmacological treatment, and this was associated with worse outcomes. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> A post-hoc analysis of the Synergy Between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial additionally showed that the proportion of patients for whom optimal pharmacological treatment had been prescribed was 41% at discharge of revascularization, and dropped to one-third after five years. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> In a metanalysis of studies on coronary revascularization, optimal pharmacological treatment decreased from 40% at one-year follow-up to 38% at five years, and percentages remained higher in PCI than in CABG at all time points. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Data also suggest a correlation between the differences in adherence and clinical outcomes when comparing PCI and CABG at five years. A study conducted in Brazil detected differences in optimal pharmacological treatment between low versus high-income individuals. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> To our knowledge, the association between the type of treatment, CABG, and PCI, or exclusively medical adherence to secondary prevention was not assessed in a contemporary cohort. The purpose of this report was to assess if the method of treatment of stable CAD &#8211; CABG, PCI, or exclusive medical treatment &#8211; influenced the adherence to the optimal pharmacological treatment for secondary prevention of CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Participants of this report were evaluated in a cohort study designed to assess several outcomes in patients with stable CAD. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> Distribution of deaths and other major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at follow-up, according to initial treatment, was previously reported elsewhere. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>The cohort included men and women, aged &#8805;40 years, with stable and angiographically significant CAD. Patients were referred for elective coronary angiography due to clinical suspicion of CAD <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> with or without evidence of ischemia in noninvasive tests. At baseline, individuals with acute coronary syndrome, previous revascularization (CABG or PCI), chronic renal disease, previous or current cancer diagnosis, severe psychiatric disease, or no evidence of significant CAD (SYNTAX score [SXscore]&lt;1) were excluded.</p>
        <p>At baseline, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic and demographic factors, lifestyle, and previous morbidity data were assessed during a face-to-face interview using a standardized questionnaire. Trained research assistants performed blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements at enrolment, prior to the index catheterization. Hypertension was defined systolic BP &#8805;140 mmHg, diastolic BP &#8805;90 mmHg, or use of BP-lowering drugs. Body mass index (BMI) (weight [kg] /height [m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> ]) was categorized as &lt;25, 25&#8211;29, or &#8805;30 kg/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> .</p>
        <p>Laboratory assessments were performed after 12 hours of fasting. Blood samples were withdrawn from the femoral artery sheath immediately after cardiac catheter insertion but before heparin administration. Diabetes mellitus was characterized by fasting glucose &#8805;126 mg/dL or use of antidiabetic agents. Hypercholesterolemia was characterized by a total cholesterol level &#8805;200 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering drugs. Coronary angiography at the index catheterization was performed by experienced interventional cardiologists through radial or transfemoral accesses. Significant CAD was diagnosed by quantitative analysis of the major epicardial vessels (e.g., the left main coronary artery, anterior descending artery, circumflex artery, right coronary artery, and vessels with diameters &#8805;2.5 mm), diagonal branches, obtuse marginal artery, posterolateral branches, and posterior descending artery. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Significant CAD was defined by the presence of at least one major epicardial coronary artery presenting a stenosis &#8805;50%. The SXscore was calculated for each affected artery, and the scores were added to provide the patient&#8217;s final SXscore. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> An SXscore &#8804;22 was categorized as mild CAD and scores higher than 22 were categorized as moderate to severe CAD. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Two interventional cardiologists independently evaluated a subsample of images, and quality control was made by a third physician who assessed interobserver variation. The attending physicians, who did not participate in the study, received the images and a coronary angiography report, but were unaware of additional SXscores. The decision between CABG, PCI, or exclusive medical treatment was defined by the attending physicians, based on previous training in cardiology, but non-standardized usual clinical practice. The attending physicians used to discuss complex cases with the interventional cardiologists and surgeons who had performed the diagnostic procedure.</p>
        <p>At follow-up, participants were invited by phone to be interviewed by a trained physician. A standardized questionnaire was used to record the treatment performed after index coronary angiography, subsequent comorbidities, hospital admissions, current medical treatment, and general health status. Adherence to optimal pharmacological treatment was defined as the reported use of all medications recommended for secondary prevention for which patients were eligible, including antiplatelet agents, statins or other lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, and RAAS blockers, which are provided by the Brazilian public healthcare system.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated to test the primary hypothesis, <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> which had 80% power and 0.05 significance level (two-tailed) to detect a hazard ratio of at least 2.4, considering that 5% of patients with a low SXscore and 12% with a high SXscore would present MACE. In this additional analysis, we included only surviving participants who had a baseline SXscore &gt;0 and were, therefore, eligible for secondary prevention. All analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; version 22.0; IBM corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Differences were considered significant for a P value &lt;0.05. Data normality was verified using the boxplot and the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers with percentages and confidence intervals when relevant. Baseline characteristics were analyzed using the analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA with and Bonferroni post-hoc test) for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables to compare clinical treatment, PCI and CABG. Chi-square tested the proportion of patients treated with optimal pharmacological treatment between participants treated with exclusive medical therapy with those who were additionally treated with CABG or PCI. In addition, we explored the association of several baseline characteristics with adherence to secondary prevention by Poisson regression with a robust estimator. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and statistical significance was established by the likelihood ratio test. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was done by the Sequential Bonferroni test. Confounding factors were selected among baseline characteristics associated with the method of treatment at baseline and optimal pharmacological treatment at follow-up (p value &lt;0.2). The magnitude of the association was determined by calculating the RR, controlling for age, sex, skin color, years of schooling, current smoking, and diabetes mellitus at baseline. Relative risks were transformed into proportion of adherence by baseline characteristic and presented with their corresponding 95% CIs.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among 928 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography, 481 fulfilled the eligibility criteria at baseline. Of these, 415 (86.7%) patients had a low SXscore (&gt;0 and &#8804;22) and 66 (13.7%) had SXscore &gt;22. After 5.2 &#177; 1.5 years mean follow-up, 410 patients were further evaluated, and 71 patients died, 54 among patients with low SXscore (13.1%) and 15 (22.6%) with high SXscore ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study flow diagram. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> presents the baseline characteristics of the participants according to the method of treatment. Patients submitted to CABG or PCI were mostly male, compared to those treated exclusively with medical therapy (p&lt;0.02). Patients treated by CABG had significantly higher SXscore compared to PCI or exclusive medical therapy (p&lt;0.001). No other statistically significant differences were observed. <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> shows the proportion of therapeutic methods among participants classified by the post hoc calculation of SXscore. Patients with moderate to severe CAD were mostly submitted to CABG, followed by PCI, and only approximately 13% were under exclusive medical therapy. On the other hand, patients with mild CAD were more likely to have been treated by PCI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of study participants at baseline, n (%) or mean &#177; SD</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Clinical (n=127)</th>
                  <th>PCI (n=220)</th>
                  <th>CABG (n=63)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 9.5</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (54.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (69.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (65.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White skin color</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (69.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (68.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (82.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Years of schooling &#8805; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ever smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (67.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (65.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (54.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (92.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (94.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (95.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (41.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">175.7 &#177; 47.0</td>
                  <td align="center">171.1 &#177; 44.5</td>
                  <td align="center">175.2 &#177; 55.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular fraction ejection (%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 14.2</td>
                  <td align="center">64.1 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SYNTAX score*</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.4 &#177; 9.5*</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD: standard deviation. * Post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni test: P&lt;0.001 between CABG and PCI; CABG and clinical treatment; and for PCI and clinical treatment (P=NS).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Choice of treatment after diagnostic coronary catheterization and confirmed coronary artery disease, according to the post-hoc calculated SXscore. P-value for interaction &lt;0.001. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The proportion of patients who were being treated with the optimal medical treatment was higher among those submitted to CABG than in those submitted to PCI or exclusive medical treatment (p=0.003) ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). When compared individually, the use of beta-blockers, lipid-lowering drugs, and RAAS blockers were also significantly more frequent in patients submitted to CABG (p&lt;0.05). No significant difference was found regarding the use of antiplatelet agents.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Proportion of patients under secondary prevention therapy at follow-up according to the index treatment; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There was no independent association of optimal medical treatment at follow-up with age, sex, skin color, years of schooling or current smoking at baseline. In contrast, patients who underwent CABG and those who were diabetic at baseline had a higher probability of being under optimal pharmacological treatment at follow-up (p = 0.017 and 0.042, respectively), independently of age, sex, skin color, years at schooling, and current smoking at baseline ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariable analysis showing the probability of patients being under optimal pharmacological treatment at the follow-up assessment, controlling for confounding factors (age, sex, skin color, years at school, current smoking, diabetes, and index procedure); CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220403-20403-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this contemporary cohort of patients with stable CAD, referred for diagnostic coronary angiography, and who had angiographically significant CAD, the proportion of patients under optimal medical treatment for secondary prevention of CAD was significantly higher among those treated with CABG at baseline, compared to those who received exclusive medical therapy or PCI. After considering confounding factors, the association persisted, and patients with diabetes at baseline had a higher probability of being treated with optimal treatment at follow-up than patients without diabetes. Individually, beta-blockers, lipid-lowering drugs, and RAAS blockers were more frequently used among CABG patients. The use of beta-blockers and especially of RAAS blockers was low in all patients.</p>
        <p>Adherence to secondary prevention guidelines is desirable for all patients with CAD, regardless of revascularization, comorbidities, and other clinical characteristics. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Previous studies <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> have shown similar overall rates of adherence to optimal pharmacological treatment for secondary prevention of CAD, however, in all of them CABG was associated with lower adherence, in contrast to the results of this report. However, our results are in accordance with a meta-analysis of contemporary revascularization trials which showed that overall adherence to optimal pharmacological treatment without RAAS blockers decreased over time from 67% at one year to 53% at five years. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> When including RAAS blockers, adherence was even lower and decreased from 40% at one year to 38% at five years, and was higher in PCI than in CABG at all time points. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> A post hoc analysis of the SYNTAX trial showed that optimal pharmacological treatment was underutilized in patients treated with coronary revascularization, especially CABG. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Antiplatelet agents and lipid-lowering drugs were used in more than two-thirds of the SYNTAX patients. Despite several drugs can be used in preventive antithrombotic therapy, the Brazilian public health care system provides clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid only, which avoids the challenge of drug selection. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> The use of RAAS blockers and beta-blockers was consistently below 50%, <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> which was comparable to the reports of patients treated with CABG in the PREVENT IV trial <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> and at discharge after acute coronary syndrome in study conducted in Poland. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> A Brazilian study with patients with stable CAD also showed low rates of optimal pharmacological treatment, especially of RAAS blockers, but detected significant differences according to sex and health care system (public vs. private). <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> In this report, sex was not associated with optimal pharmacological treatment, and patients included were all from the public health care system, where antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers and RAAS blockers are provided free of charge. Therefore, affordability was not a deterrent to secondary prevention of CAD.</p>
        <p>Differences in adherence to optimal pharmacological treatment at follow-up may be explained by misconceptions on the part of patients and physicians that severe disease (i.e., that requires surgery or involves diabetes) would require more intensive care, and vice versa. Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the fear of overmedicating. Furthermore, the concept of using antiplatelet and lipid-lowering drugs is traditionally linked to heart disease in the popular knowledge, while the concept of using beta-blockers and RAAS blockers for secondary prevention of CAD is more recent and maybe less spread among physicians.</p>
        <p>It is worth mentioning that CAD is a systemic disease that involves multiple arterial segments <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> and thus, optimal medical treatment is important in reducing its progression, the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Adherence to the full set of drugs for secondary prevention is desirable for all patients with CAD.</p>
        <p>Our study had limitations that need to be addressed. First, although several studies have investigated adherence to secondary prevention, our study assessed the follow-up of patients who had undergone elective diagnostic coronary angiography and their subsequent therapies and established the mid-term use of optimal treatment for secondary prevention of CAD. However, we were unable to determine whether those who had not undergone optimal pharmacological treatment were nonadherent or whether they had not received full prescriptions of these drugs. Nevertheless, this report describes a real-life scenario for preventing future cardiovascular events among vulnerable patients. Second, follow-up investigations through phone interviews could be more susceptible to bias than office visits. Nonetheless, interviews were conducted by a single trained cardiac surgeon who was able to perform an anamnesis and correctly process the answers of patients or relatives. Therefore, measurement bias was unlikely to play a role in our results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Secondary prevention of CAD is higher in patients submitted to CABG compared to clinical management or PCI, and in those who had diabetes at the time of diagnosis. Differences in reported adherence to optimal pharmacological treatment may be explained by misconceptions on the part of patients regarding invasive treatment of CAD and subsequent secondary prevention. Strategies to increase adherence to secondary prevention for CAD are warranted.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Data availability</p>
          <p>Data are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Porto Alegre General Hospital (GPPG: 13-0171), which is an Institutional Review Board accredited by the Office for Human Research Protections, and all patients signed an informed consent form previous to inclusion.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marcelo B. Lucca, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn8001">
          <p><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> This study was partially funded by Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (FIPE-HCPA no. 2013-0171) and the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES; finance code 001). Sandra C. Fuchs received a scholarship from CNPq (no. 309023/2015-7 and later 316802/2021-2) and Marcelo B. Lucca received a scholarship from CAPES (no. 88887.144302/2017-00).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
