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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">krMnnB7PyWNCCF8vmQmLGHM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220357</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio, H&#225;bitos Alimentares e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes Fisicamente Ativos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6583-4490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Adriana dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0116-7411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jordana Herzog</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8827-1793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Haysla Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6873-1641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliosa</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Romano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6146-1658</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zaniqueli</surname>
            <given-names>Divanei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3150-4239</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alvim</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael de Oliveira Alvim &#8226; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Oct&#225;vio Jord&#227;o Ramos, 3000 &#8211; Coroado I &#8211; Campus Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Senador Arthur Virg&#237;lio Filho &#8211; Setor Sul, Bloco 2. CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rafa.alvim20@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220357</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O comportamento sedent&#225;rio tem sido associado a diversos fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos durante a inf&#226;ncia. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto do comportamento sedent&#225;rio na sa&#250;de e nos h&#225;bitos alimentares de crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos e h&#225;bitos alimentares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Esse estudo transversal avaliou 516 crian&#231;as e adolescentes (10 a 18 anos; ambos os sexos) fisicamente ativos integrados no projeto social &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento-Vale&#8221;. O comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi determinado de maneira indireta (question&#225;rio), utilizando como ponto de corte o tempo sentado &#8805; 3 h/dia. Foram estatisticamente significantes as an&#225;lises com p-valor &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O comportamento sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o foi associado ao excesso de peso (odds ratio = 0,72 [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%: 0,325-1,389]), hipertrigliceridemia ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,63 [IC95%: 0,306-1,297]), HDL colesterol baixo ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,57 [IC95%: 0,323-1,019]) e HDL n&#227;o colesterol alto ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,63 [IC95%: 0,283-1,389]). Contudo, crian&#231;as e adolescentes que adotavam comportamento sedent&#225;rio apresentaram maior chance de consumir regularmente alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> =1,96 [IC95%: 1,114-3,456]) e de consumir pelo menos um alimento ultraprocessado por dia ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> =2,42 [IC95%: 1,381-4,241]). Al&#233;m disso, apresentaram menor chance de consumir frutas regularmente (OR=0,52 [IC95%: 0,278-0,967]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. Contudo, o comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi associado a h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados. Dessa forma, podemos sugerir que a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica pode atenuar os efeitos delet&#233;rios do comportamento sedent&#225;rio nos par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos de crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Alimentar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Programa Pesquisa para o SUS</funding-source>
          <award-id>65854420/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo e um dos principais fatores que levam &#224; incapacidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estudos demonstram que a presen&#231;a de obesidade e dislipidemia durante a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De acordo com estudos evolvendo uma amostra representativa de adolescentes brasileiros, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e hipercolesterolemia foi de 8,4% e 21%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A partir desses n&#250;meros alarmantes, torna-se importante a implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de que visem melhorar a qualidade da alimenta&#231;&#227;o, impulsionar a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e desestimular o comportamento sedent&#225;rio durante a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>O comportamento sedent&#225;rio j&#225; foi considerado sin&#244;nimo de inatividade f&#237;sica, contudo, atualmente &#233; definido como tempo gasto, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, em atividades de baixo gasto energ&#233;tico (&#8804; 1,5 equivalente metab&#243;lico - MET).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Atualmente, h&#225; grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o com o comportamento sedent&#225;rio, visto que este engloba muitas atividades nas quais crian&#231;as e adolescentes costumam realizar por longos per&#237;odos na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, tais como: uso de celular, computador, <italic>tablet</italic> , <italic>videogame</italic> e assistir &#224; televis&#227;o. A partir disso, organiza&#231;&#245;es estadunidenses de sa&#250;de ( <italic>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</italic> e <italic>American Academy of Pediatrics</italic> ) t&#234;m recomendo que as crian&#231;as limitem o tempo de lazer em frente &#224; televis&#227;o, celular e computador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Resultados de recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise evidenciaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre o elevado tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio e aumento do ganho de peso, redu&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados, eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, aumento da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e piora no perfil lip&#237;dico e controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Contudo, o impacto do comportamento sedent&#225;rio no perfil cardiometab&#243;lico de crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos ainda &#233; objeto de discuss&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os h&#225;bitos alimentares, constru&#237;dos e consolidados na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, tendem a permanecer durante toda a vida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e est&#227;o associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem sido observado aumento global no consumo de bebidas e alimentos ultraprocessados, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> (frutas e hortali&#231;as) na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As crian&#231;as que apresentam h&#225;bito de realizar as refei&#231;&#245;es em frente &#224; tela tendem a optar por alimentos e bebidas de baixa qualidade nutricional, pois s&#227;o convenientes e hiperpalat&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, a qualidade nutricional das refei&#231;&#245;es parece sofrer influ&#234;ncia de comportamentos alimentares, como comer sozinho em frente &#224; tela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante desse cen&#225;rio e considerando que a maioria dos estudos investigam o impacto do comportamento sedent&#225;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente inativos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos e h&#225;bitos alimentares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em uma amostra recrutada de um projeto social denominado &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221; (Serra, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brasil), no qual compreende uma parceria entre o setor p&#250;blico, a mineradora VALE, e a comunidade. O projeto &#233; direcionado a crian&#231;as e adolescentes residentes no entorno da &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. A maioria das fam&#237;lias que vivem nesta regi&#227;o pertence &#224; classe socioecon&#244;mica mais baixa. Todos os participantes estavam regularmente matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas do munic&#237;pio e frequentavam o projeto no contraturno da jornada escolar para terem acesso a aulas complementares e a oportunidade de participar de atividades esportivas e culturais.</p>
        <p>De fevereiro de 2014 a abril de 2016, 856 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 6 a 18 anos de idade foram atendidos na Cl&#237;nica de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular localizada na Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames cl&#237;nicos, bioqu&#237;micos e coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao estilo de vida por interm&#233;dio de question&#225;rio. Do total de participantes avaliados, 264 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o apresentarem algum dos dados avaliados no presente estudo (crian&#231;as com idade inferior a 10 anos n&#227;o responderam os question&#225;rios relacionados &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e h&#225;bitos alimentares) e 76 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o praticarem modalidades esportivas na &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221;. Dessa forma, foram eleg&#237;veis 516 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ). O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, bem como o termo de assentimento, quando necess&#225;rio, foram obtidos dos pais ou tutores antes da participa&#231;&#227;o em conformidade com as normas do Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (n&#250;mero 30385014.8.0000.5060).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da amostra.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: autores.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220357-20357-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e est&#225;gio puberal</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e de estilo de vida foram coletados atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a/cor foi autorreferida e avaliada por um &#250;nico entrevistador. Para os pr&#233;-p&#250;beres (&lt; 10 anos), a an&#225;lise do entrevistador foi dominante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida pelo participante. Entretanto, para os p&#250;beres e os p&#243;s-p&#250;beres a informa&#231;&#227;o autorreferida foi mantida no banco de dados. Pouca informa&#231;&#227;o divergente foi observada em qualquer est&#225;gio puberal. Os fen&#243;tipos associados &#224; ascend&#234;ncia &#233;tnico-racial como cor de pele, caracter&#237;sticas do cabelo e tra&#231;os faciais, foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o para classificar o indiv&#237;duo como branco, negro ou pardo.</p>
        <p>A Escala de Tanner foi adotada para definir as fases do desenvolvimento sexual de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas sexuais secund&#225;rias. As categorias relacionadas ao est&#225;gio puberal (pr&#233;-p&#250;bere, p&#250;bere e p&#243;s-p&#250;bere) foram elencadas considerando os crit&#233;rios validados para meninos e meninas nos estudos de Marshall e Tanner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        <p>O peso foi medido em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica com precis&#227;o de 0,05 kg (Toledo, Brasil) com os participantes descal&#231;os, usando apenas roupas &#237;ntimas e ap&#243;s mic&#231;&#227;o. A estatura foi obtida em estadi&#244;metro de parede (Seca Stadiometer - Seca GmBH &amp; Co) com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, percentual de gordura corporal e massa magra, foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica multifrequencial (MF-BIA8, InBody 230, Biospace). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como a raz&#227;o entre o peso e a altura ao quadrado (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ). Os percentis do IMC para sexo e idade foram determinados por meio das curvas padronizadas disponibilizadas pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de e transformados em escore z. Os indiv&#237;duos com escore z do IMC &#8805; +1 foram alocados na categoria sobrepeso/obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>A coleta de sangue foi obtida em jejum de 8 a 12 horas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa no antebra&#231;o. As amostras foram processadas no pr&#243;prio local da coleta e enviada para um laborat&#243;rio central (Laborat&#243;rio Tommasi, Vit&#243;ria, Brasil) para determinar as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de colesterol total, HDL colesterol (HDL-c), triglic&#233;rides (TG) e glicose. O LDL-c foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald para aqueles participantes com triglicer&#237;deos at&#233; 400 mg/dL. O n&#227;o HDL-c foi calculado subtraindo-se o HDL-c do colesterol total. Foram classificados como par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos indesej&#225;veis: TG &gt; 90mg/dL; HDL-c &lt; 45mg/dL; n&#227;o HDL-c &gt;120 mg/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida no bra&#231;o esquerdo com o uso de um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico validado (Omrom 705CP, Intellisense, Jap&#227;o) ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 5 minutos com o participante sentado na cadeira de medida. O tamanho do manguito foi escolhido ap&#243;s medida da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do participante, tomada no ponto m&#233;dio entre o acr&#244;mio e o ol&#233;crano, de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do fabricante. Ap&#243;s o repouso, foram feitas tr&#234;s medidas com intervalo de 1 minuto entre elas. Quando observada varia&#231;&#227;o de mais de 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), uma quarta medida foi realizada. Para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores da PAS e PAD, a primeira medida foi descartada, e a m&#233;dia entre as duas medidas mais pr&#243;ximas dentro da varia&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg foi calculada. Os indiv&#237;duos com PAS ou PAD &#8805; percentil 95 foram classificados como hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comportamento sedent&#225;rio e h&#225;bitos alimentares</title>
        <p>Os dados referentes ao comportamento sedent&#225;rio e h&#225;bitos alimentares foram obtidos por meio de quest&#245;es pertencentes ao question&#225;rio aplicado na Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Escolar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Todos os participantes do presente estudo eram ativos, pois praticavam exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos durante os treinamentos aplicados em cada modalidade esportiva (futebol, nata&#231;&#227;o, jud&#244; e atletismo) dentro da &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221;. Todos os participantes realizavam pelo menos 180 min/semana de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico com intensidade moderada a vigorosa. A informa&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi extra&#237;da por meio da seguinte pergunta: &#8220;Em um dia de semana comum, quanto tempo voc&#234; fica sentado(a), assistindo televis&#227;o, usando computador, jogando videogame, conversando com amigos(as) ou fazendo outras atividades sentado(a)? (n&#227;o contar s&#225;bado, domingo, feriados e o tempo sentado na escola)&#8221;, sendo as op&#231;&#245;es de resposta: 1) menos de 1 h/dia; 2) 1 a 2 h/dia; 3) 3 a 4 h/dia; 4) 5 a 6 h/dia; 5) 7 a 8 h/dia; 6) mais de 8 h/dia. Foram classificados como apresentando comportamento sedent&#225;rio todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes que ficavam por tempo igual ou superior a 3 h/dia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> realizando algumas das atividades descritas na quest&#227;o acima.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis de comportamento alimentar foram estudadas: (1) comer enquanto estudava ou assistia televis&#227;o; (2) consumo de bebidas e alimentos ultraprocessados (guloseimas, biscoitos recheados, doces, balas, chocolates, refrigerante, embutidos, salgados de pacote, salsicha, mortadela, salame, presunto, nuggets, lingui&#231;a); e (3) consumo de frutas <italic>in natura</italic> . O consumo di&#225;rio de pelo menos 1 ultraprocessado (alimento/bebida) e comer regularmente enquanto estuda ou assiste televis&#227;o (&#8805; 5 dias na semana) foram considerados marcadores de comportamento alimentar inadequado. O consumo regular de frutas <italic>in natura</italic> (&#8805; 5 dias na semana) foi considerado um marcador de comportamento alimentar adequado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas entre os sexos pelo teste qui-quadrado e relatadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e relatadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil). A normalidade dos dados foi confirmada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria multivariada foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&#8805; 3 h/dia sentado), sobrepeso/obesidade, dislipidemia (TG e n&#227;o HDL-c elevados e HDL-c baixo) e comportamento alimentar (consumo de alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o e consumo de frutas e ultraprocessados). Todas as an&#225;lises foram ajustadas para sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e est&#225;gio puberal. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> SPSS (vers&#227;o 22) (Chicago, IL, EUA), com o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia fixado em 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliadas 516 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, sendo 318 (61,6%) do sexo masculino. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os meninos apresentaram maior massa magra, menor percentual de gordura corporal e maiores n&#237;veis de PAS. Contudo, as meninas apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-c. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos alimentares, um maior percentual de meninas consome pelo menos um alimento ultraprocessado por dia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos estratificadas por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Meninas n=198</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Meninos n=318</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p-valor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 1,81</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">42 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (16,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preto</td>
                <td align="center">87 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (60,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">62 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (22,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Est&#225;gio puberal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-p&#250;bere</td>
                <td align="center">14 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#250;bere</td>
                <td align="center">151 (79,5)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (77,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-p&#250;bere</td>
                <td align="center">25 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,8 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gordura corporal (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa magra (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso/obesidade (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">103,6 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">106,8 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicose (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">85,0 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">49 (42-55)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (41-54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">73 (37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">98 (84-115)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (79-110)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">44 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">67 (55-88)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (47-85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (21,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,963</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comportamento sedent&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">30 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comportamento e h&#225;bitos alimentares</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo regular<sup>#</sup> de alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">83 (45,4)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (49,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo regular<sup>#</sup> de frutas</td>
                <td align="center">73 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,187</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo di&#225;rio de pelo menos 1 ultraprocessado</td>
                <td align="center">88 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (35,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis foram expressas em n (%) e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). <sup><italic>&#8224;</italic></sup> Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. <sup><italic>#</italic></sup> Consumo regular de alimentos e frutas foi considerado para frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 5 dias/semana. *Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. HDL-c, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade: IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto aos dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, hemodin&#226;micos, bioqu&#237;micos, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e desenvolvimento puberal. O grupo que apresentou comportamento sedent&#225;rio teve maior percentual de p&#243;s-p&#250;beres, maior propor&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes que consumiam pelo menos um alimento ultraprocessado por dia e que tinham h&#225;bito regular de consumir alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, esse grupo apresentou menor percentual de indiv&#237;duos que consumiam regularmente frutas frescas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos estratificadas pelo comportamento sedent&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 3 horas n=451</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805; 3 horas n=65</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p-valor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninas</td>
                <td align="center">168 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (46,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninos</td>
                <td align="center">283 (62,7)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (53,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">79 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preto</td>
                <td align="center">243 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (55,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">121 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (16,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Est&#225;gio puberal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-p&#250;beres</td>
                <td align="center">48 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#250;beres</td>
                <td align="center">344 (78,7)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (75,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-p&#250;beres</td>
                <td align="center">45 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,7 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gordura corporal (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,3 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,703</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa magra (Kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,7 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso/obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">87 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">105,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">105,4 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47,5 (41-55)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (43-54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">185 (41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">95 (81-112)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (74-105,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">81 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicose (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">85,9 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66 (50-87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (49,5-81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">99 (22,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,196</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comportamentos e h&#225;bitos alimentares</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo regular<sup><bold>#</bold></sup> de alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">186 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (62,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo regular<sup><bold>#</bold></sup> de frutas</td>
                <td align="center">154 (36,2)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo di&#225;rio de pelo menos 1 ultraprocessado</td>
                <td align="center">158 (37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (59,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis foram expressas em n (%) e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil).<sup><italic>&#8224;</italic></sup> Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi definido como tempo sentando &#8805; 3 horas. <sup><bold>#</bold></sup> Consumo regular de alimentos e frutas foi considerado para frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 5 dias/semana. *Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos/h&#225;bitos alimentares na amostra de crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. Ap&#243;s ajuste por vari&#225;veis potencialmente confundidoras, as crian&#231;as e adolescentes que apresentaram comportamento sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o demonstraram maior <italic>odds ratio</italic> para sobrepeso/obesidade e dislipidemia (TG, HDL-c e n&#227;o HDL-c indesej&#225;veis) quando comparadas aos que n&#227;o apresentaram comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Entretanto, as crian&#231;as e adolescentes que apresentaram comportamento sedent&#225;rio tinham maior <italic>odds ratio</italic> para consumo regular de alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o e consumo de pelo menos um alimento ultraprocessado por dia. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor <italic>odds ratio</italic> para consumo regular de frutas. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura central</xref> sumariza os principais achados do manuscrito.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos/h&#225;bitos alimentares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p-valor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso/obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,325-1,389)</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,306-1,297)</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (0,323-1,019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o HDL-c indesej&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,283-1,389)</td>
                <td align="center">0,250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Consumo regular de alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1,96 (1,114-3,456)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Consumo regular de frutas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,278-0,967)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Consumo di&#225;rio de pelo menos 1 ultraprocessado</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &lt; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo sentado &#8805; 3 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 (1,381-4,241)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e est&#225;gio puberal. HDL-c, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IC 95%, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; OR, odds ratio. Consumo regular de alimentos e frutas foi considerado para frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 5 dias/semana. Comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi definido como tempo sentado &#8805; 3 h/dia. *Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Autores.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio, H&#225;bitos Alimentares e Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes Fisicamente Ativos</title>
            <p>Principais achados do manuscrito.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Autores.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220357-20357-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que a ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamento sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o foi associada a fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. Contudo, a presen&#231;a de comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi associada &#224; maior chance de se consumir regularmente alimentos em frente &#224; televis&#227;o e de consumir pelo menos um alimento ultraprocessado por dia e &#224; menor chance de se consumir frutas regularmente.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos t&#234;m crescido o n&#250;mero de estudos avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Um dos fatores que limita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos s&#227;o as diferentes formas de classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento sedent&#225;rio, que pode ser por meio de medidas diretas como aceler&#244;metros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ou por meio de ferramentas indiretas (question&#225;rios), usando tempo de tela ou tempo sentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Parte dos estudos classificam a ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamento sedent&#225;rio quando o indiv&#237;duo fica, pelo menos, 2 h/dia sentado assistindo televis&#227;o, manuseando celular ou executando tarefas no computador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nosso estudo foi realizado com crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos e, para aumentar a sensibilidade do instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o, optamos por utilizar como ponto de corte &#8805; 3 h/dia de tempo sentado para determina&#231;&#227;o de comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Esse mesmo ponto de corte tamb&#233;m foi adotado por outros estudos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, diversos estudos t&#234;m mostrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> estudando 457 adolescentes matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas no munic&#237;pio de Curitiba-PR, demonstraram que os adolescentes que permaneceram maior tempo sentado apresentaram maiores valores de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e escore de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Contudo, resultados de uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> envolvendo estudos prospectivos com medida direta do comportamento sedent&#225;rio (acelerometria), mostraram que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. De modo semelhante, o presente estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fen&#243;tipos de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, hemodin&#226;micos e lip&#237;dicos, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. A partir desses e de outros achados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que os efeitos delet&#233;rios provocados pelo elevado tempo de comportamento sedent&#225;rio possam ser minimizados pela pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica com intensidade moderada a vigorosa.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos, alguns estudos t&#234;m avaliado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos como obesidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> hipertens&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Vicente-Rodr&#237;guez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> estudando 1.960 adolescentes espanh&#243;is, demonstraram que o acr&#233;scimo de 1 h/dia no tempo de tela elevou em 15% o risco de sobrepeso/obesidade. Estudo recente avaliando 1.992 adolescentes iranianos, demonstrou que aqueles que despendiam mais tempo em atividades sedent&#225;rias apresentaram maior chance de serem hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise envolvendo 8 estudos transversais do <italic>International Children&#8217;s Accelerometry Database</italic> , demonstrou que o aumento de 1 hora no tempo de comportamento sedent&#225;rio aumentou em 28% as chances de os indiv&#237;duos apresentarem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Contudo, quando o modelo foi ajustado para o tempo de atividade f&#237;sica moderada/vigorosa, a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi encontrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> No presente estudo n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos como obesidade e dislipidemia. Hipertens&#227;o e diabetes n&#227;o foram avaliadas devido ao baixo percentual (&lt; 0,5%) de crian&#231;as e adolescentes acometidos por essas enfermidades (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabelas). Existem alguns fatores que poderiam explicar os diferentes achados relatados acima. Nosso estudo s&#243; avaliou crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. Dois dos estudos acima n&#227;o ajustaram os dados para o tempo gasto com atividades f&#237;sicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> o que pode ser um importante vi&#233;s, visto que a atividade f&#237;sica pode atenuar os impactos do comportamento sedent&#225;rio na sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. Outro fator que dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados &#233; a forma de classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Nosso estudo utilizou uma medida indireta, enquanto outros estudos utilizaram medida direta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que alguns contextos alimentares, como o h&#225;bito de realizar refei&#231;&#245;es assistindo &#224; televis&#227;o, associam-se a uma pior qualidade da dieta. Cartany&#224;-Hueso et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Onita et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e Rocha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> conduziram estudos transversais com amostras representativas de crian&#231;as e adolescentes da Espanha, Reino Unido e Brasil, respectivamente, e evidenciaram que o h&#225;bito de comer em frente &#224; tela associou-se a piores h&#225;bitos alimentares. Resultados de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> de estudos realizados com crian&#231;as mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre comer enquanto assiste &#224; televis&#227;o e consumo de alimentos/bebidas com alto grau de processamento industrial, como pizza, doces, salgadinhos de pacote e refrigerantes e, al&#233;m disso, menor consumo de frutas e vegetais. J&#225; foi sugerido na literatura que o h&#225;bito de fazer as refei&#231;&#245;es em frente &#224; tela acarreta um mecanismo de &#8220;alimenta&#231;&#227;o inconsciente&#8221;, al&#233;m da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>marketing</italic> persuasivo dos alimentos ultraprocessados. Essas formula&#231;&#245;es industriais apresentam baixo valor nutricional, uma vez que s&#227;o densos em calorias e cont&#233;m quantidades excessivas de gordura, a&#231;&#250;car e sal e, al&#233;m disso, aporte insuficiente de fibras alimentares, prote&#237;nas, micronutrientes e compostos bioativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a maior praticidade dos alimentos ultraprocessados permite o consumo em qualquer lugar, sem a necessidade de preparo, cozimento ou uso de pratos ou talheres, ao mesmo tempo em que a crian&#231;a ou adolescente assiste &#224; televis&#227;o ou utiliza computador/ <italic>video game</italic> . Apesar de n&#227;o termos encontrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados associados ao sedentarismo na inf&#226;ncia podem desencadear o aparecimento de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas no futuro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, trata-se de um estudo transversal, portanto, n&#227;o podemos inferir rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito. Segundo, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi realizada por um m&#233;todo indireto (aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio). Terceiro, os question&#225;rios foram preenchidos pelos pr&#243;prios participantes, havendo alguma possibilidade de vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, as quest&#245;es utilizadas neste question&#225;rio s&#227;o consideradas de f&#225;cil entendimento, sendo pequena a possibilidade desse vi&#233;s. Quarto, os resultados do presente estudo n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para popula&#231;&#227;o geral de crian&#231;as e adolescentes do Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos. Contudo, o comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi associado a h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados. A partir disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica pode atenuar os efeitos delet&#233;rios do comportamento sedent&#225;rio nos par&#226;metros cardiometab&#243;licos de crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem o grande apoio da Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento e Funda&#231;&#227;o VALE, Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brasil, durante o per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (Fundo do Programa Institucional de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa 2015); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES); Programa de Pesquisa para o SUS (PPSUS) (subs&#237;dio 65854420/2014); Funda&#231;&#227;o VALE; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES); e Laborat&#243;rio Thommasi de Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brasil, que financiou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de parte dos exames bioqu&#237;micos. Os financiadores n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel na concep&#231;&#227;o e condu&#231;&#227;o do estudo; coleta, gerenciamento, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; prepara&#231;&#227;o, revis&#227;o ou aprova&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito; e decis&#227;o de submeter o manuscrito para publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (Fundo do Programa Institucional de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa, 2015); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES) &#8211; Programa Pesquisa para o SUS (PPSUS) (subs&#237;dio n&#250;mero 65854420/2014); Funda&#231;&#227;o VALE; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e Laborat&#243;rio Tommasi de Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brasil, que custeou parte dos exames bioqu&#237;micos.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sedentary Behavior, Dietary Habits, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Physically Active Children and Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6583-4490</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Adriana dos Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0116-7411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Jordana Herzog</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8827-1793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Haysla Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6873-1641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliosa</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Romano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6146-1658</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zaniqueli</surname>
            <given-names>Divanei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0987-368X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3150-4239</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alvim</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rafael de Oliveira Alvim &#8226; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Oct&#225;vio Jord&#227;o Ramos, 3000 &#8211; Coroado I &#8211; Campus Universit&#225;rio &#8211; Senador Arthur Virg&#237;lio Filho &#8211; Setor Sul, Bloco 2. Postal Code 69077-000, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rafa.alvim20@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Sedentary behavior has been associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors during childhood. However, little is known about the impact of sedentary behavior on the health and eating habits of physically active children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors and eating habits in physically active children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted, including 516 physically active children and adolescents (10 to 18 years old; both sexes) enrolled in the social project &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento-Vale&#8221; were evaluated. Biochemical and lifestyle variables (questionnaire) were collected. Sedentary behavior was determined indirectly (questionnaire), by using sitting time &#8805; 3 hours per day as a cutoff point. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Sedentary behavior was not associated with overweight/obesity (odds ratio = 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.325-1.389]), hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratio = 0.63 [95% CI: 0.306-1.297]), low HDL cholesterol (odds ratio = 0.57 [95% CI: 0.323-1.019]), or high non-HDL cholesterol (odds ratio = 0.63 [95% CI: 0.283-1.389]). However, children and adolescents with sedentary behavior were more likely to regularly consume food in front of the television (odds ratio = 1.96 [95% CI: 1.114-3.456]) and to consume at least one ultra-processed food per day (odds ratio = 2.42 [95% CI: 1.381-4.241]). In addition, they were less likely to consume fruit regularly (odds ratio = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.278-0.967]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>There was no association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors in physically active children and adolescents. However, sedentary behavior was associated with inadequate eating habits. Thus, we may suggest that the regular engagement in physical activity may attenuate the deleterious effects of sedentary behavior on the cardiometabolic parameters of children and adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sedentary Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiometabolic Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Feeding Behavior</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and one of the main causes of disability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studies have shown that the presence of obesity and dyslipidemia during childhood and adolescence is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to studies with a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents, the prevalence of obesity and hypercholesterolemia was 8.4% and 21%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Because of these alarming numbers, it is important to promote public health policies aimed at improving the quality of food, promoting regular engagement in physical activity, and fighting sedentary lifestyle during childhood and adolescence.</p>
        <p>Sedentary behavior was once considered synonymous of physical inactivity. However, it is currently defined as the time spent with low-energy activities in a sitting position (&#8804; 1.5 metabolic equivalents [MET]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Currently, there is a great concern about sedentary behavior, as it encompasses many activities in which children and adolescents usually engage for long periods during the day, such as using cell phones, computers, tablets, video games, and watching television. On this basis, some organizations from the United States have recommended that children limit leisure time in front of the television, cell phones, and computers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Results of a recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed an association between long time spent in sedentary behavior and increased body weight, decreased physical fitness, inadequate eating habits, increased blood pressure, increased prevalence of chronic diseases, and worsening of lipid profile and glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the impact of sedentary behavior on the cardiometabolic profile of physically active children and adolescents is still a matter of debate.</p>
        <p>Eating habits, built and consolidated in childhood and adolescence, tend to remain throughout life,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and they are associated with the occurrence of chronic diseases in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In recent years, there has been a global increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages, as well as a reduction in the consumption of <italic>in natura</italic> foods (fruits and vegetables) by the child population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Children who usually eat in front of the screen are more likely to consume foods and drinks with poor nutritional quality, as they are convenient and hyperpalatable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, the nutritional quality of meals seems to be influenced by eating behaviors, such as eating alone in front of the screen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given that most studies have investigated the impact of sedentary behavior on physically inactive children and adolescents, the present study sought to evaluate the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors and eating habits in physically active children and adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sample selection</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample recruited from a social project called &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221; (Serra, Esp&#237;rito Santo State, Brazil) comprising a partnership between the public sector, the Vale mining company, and the community. The project is directed to schoolchildren and adolescents living in the vicinity of &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. The majority of the families living in this region belong to the lowest socioeconomic class. All participants were regularly enrolled in public schools of the municipality, and they attended the project for a half-day period when they were not in school to receive additional classes (apart from regular school classes) and to have the opportunity to participate in sport and cultural activities.</p>
          <p>From February 2014 to April 2016, 856 children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) attended the Cardiovascular Investigation Clinic located at the Federal University of Esp&#237;rito Santo for clinical and biochemical exams and collection of information related to lifestyle. Of the total, 264 participants were excluded because of missing data (children younger than 10 years old did not answer the questionnaire related to physical activity and eating habits), and 76 because they were not physically active. Thus, 516 children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years of both sexes were eligible ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> ). Informed written consent and assent were obtained from parents or guardians in accordance with the Center for Health Sciences Ethics Committee (register number: 30385014.8.0000.5060).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sample flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Source: Authors.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220357-20357-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic characteristics and pubertal stage</title>
          <p>Demographic and lifestyle data (nutritional patterns, physical activity, and use of medications) were obtained through a questionnaire during an interview. Classification of race/color was self-reported and interviewer-reported. For prepubescent participants, interviewer&#8217;s impression was superimposed over the self-reported when divergent information was obtained. For pubescent/postpubescent participants, self-reported prevailed over the interviewer&#8217;s impression. Little divergent information was obtained in all pubertal stages. The phenotypes associated with race/color, such as skin color, hair shape, and facial traces were taken into account to classify the individuals as White, Black, or mixed race ( <italic>pardo</italic> , in Brazilian Portuguese).</p>
          <p>The Tanner Scale was adopted to define the phases of sexual development according to secondary sex characteristics. The categories (pre-pubertal, pubertal, and post-pubertal) took into account the criteria validated for boys and girls in the studies by Marshall and Tanner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric variables</title>
          <p>The anthropometric measurements were weight (Toledo Scale, Brazil, with accuracy of 0.05 kg) in barefoot individuals using only undergarments and height obtained using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca Stadiometer; Seca GmBH &amp; Co, Hamburg, Germany) with accuracy of 0.1 cm. Muscle mass and fat mass (both in kilograms) were measured by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA8, InBody 230, Bioespace, South Korea). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio between weight and squared height (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ). BMI for age and sex percentile was calculated according to the standards provided by the World Health Organization and converted to Z scores. Children and adolescents with a BMI Z-score &#8805; +1 were positioned in the category overweight/obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical Variables</title>
          <p>Blood collection was obtained by venipuncture after overnight fasting (8 to 12 hours) and sent to a central laboratory (Laborat&#243;rio Tommasi, Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil) to determine serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and glucose. LDL-c was calculated by the Friedewald equation for those with TG &#8804; 400 mg/dL. Non-HDL-c was calculated by subtracting HDL-c from total cholesterol. Undesirable biochemical parameters were considered as follows: TG &gt; 90 mg/dL; HDL-c &lt; 45mg/dL; non-HDL cholesterol &gt; 120 mg/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure measurements</title>
          <p>Blood pressure (BP) was measured in the left arm using an automatic validated oscillometric device (Omrom 705CP; Intellisense, Tokyo, Japan) after a resting period of 5 minutes in the sitting position. Three consecutive readings with a minimum interval of 1 minute between measurements were taken from each patient. In the case of variation of more than 5 mmHg between the second and third measurement, a fourth measurement was required. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were calculated as the arithmetic mean of 2 measurements with a difference lower than 5 mmHg. Individuals with SBP or DBP above the 95th percentile were classified as hypertensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sedentary behavior and eating habits</title>
          <p>Data referring to sedentary behavior and eating habits were obtained through the options from the questionnaire applied by the National School Health Survey.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> All participants in the present study were physically active, as they were engaged in physical exercises during sports training (soccer, swimming, judo, and athletics) within the &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221; project. All the participants performed at least 180 minutes weekly of moderate-vigorous physical exercise. Information about sedentary behavior was collected using the following question: &#8220;On a typical weekday, how much time do you spend sitting, watching television, using a computer, playing video games, talking to friends or doing other sitting activities? (Not including Saturday, Sunday, holidays, and time spent sitting at school)&#8221;. Answer options: 1) less than 1 hours/day; 2) 1 to 2 hours/day; 3) 3 to 4 hours/day; 4) 5 to 6 hours/day; 5) 7 to 8 hours/day; 6) more than 8 hours/day. All the participants who spent &#8805; 3 hours per day on these activities were classified as having sedentary behavior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Three variables on eating behavior were studied: (1) eating while studying or watching television; (2) consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages (candy, stuffed cookies, sweets, chocolates, soft drinks, packaged snacks, sausages, salami, ham, nuggets); and (3) consumption of fresh fruit. Daily consumption of at least 1 ultra-processed food/drink and eating regularly while studying or watching television (&#8805; 5 days a week) were considered markers of inadequate eating behavior. Regular consumption of fresh fruit (&#8805; 5 days a week) was considered a marker of adequate eating behavior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were compared between sexes using the chi-square test and were reported as absolute and relative frequencies, whereas continuous variables with parametric distribution were compared using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test and reported as mean &#177; standard deviation. The continuous variables with non-parametric distribution were compared using Mann-Whitney test and reported as median (interquartile range). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of variables. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between sedentary behavior (&#8805; 3 hours/day sitting) and overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia (high levels of TG and non-HDL-c, and low levels of HDL-c), and eating behavior (food consumption in front of the television and consumption of fruits and ultra-processed foods). All analyses were adjusted for sex, race/color, and pubertal stage. Analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 22) (Chicago, IL, USA), with the significance level set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 516 children and adolescents were evaluated, of which 318 (61.6%) male. The general characteristics of the sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Muscle mass and SBP were higher in boys than in girls, whereas body fat percentage and non-HDL-c were lower in boys than in girls. Also, the proportion of girls who consumed at least one ultra-processed food per day was higher than the proportion of boys</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics stratified by sex in physically active children and adolescents</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Girls n=198</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Boys n=318</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 1.81</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race/color</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (16.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (43.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (60.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed race</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (31.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (22.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pubertal Stage</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prepubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (11.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (79.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (77.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postpubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (11.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.8 &#177; 3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body fat (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 9.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lean mass (Kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight/Obesity (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42 (21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.268</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">103.6 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">106.8 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">62.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85.0 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">49 (42-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (41-54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Low HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73 (37.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Non-HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">98 (84-115)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (79-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High non-HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44 (22.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67 (55-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (47-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High Triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (21.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.963</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sedentary behavior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eating behavior/habits</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular consumption<sup>#</sup>of food in front of the television</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (45.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (49.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular consumption<sup>#</sup>@of fruits</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.187</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daily consumption of at least 1 ultra-processed</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (35.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Variables were expressed as n (%) and mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). &#8224;Variables with non-parametric distribution. #Regular consumption of food and fruits was considered for frequencies &#8805; 5 days/week. *Statistically significant difference. BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Source: Authors.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the comparison between groups in hemodynamic, biochemical, body composition, pubertal stages, and sociodemographic data. A higher proportion of post-pubertal individuals was observed in the group presenting sedentary behavior. The consumption of at least one ultra-processed food per day and the consumption of food in front of the television were more frequent in the group with sedentary behavior. In this group a lower proportion of individuals who regularly consumed fresh fruit was also observed.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics stratified by sedentary behavior in physically active children and adolescents</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;3 hours n=451</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#8805;3 hours n=65</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Girls</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (37.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (46.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boys</td>
                  <td align="center">283 (62.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (53.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race/color</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.150</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (53.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (55.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed race</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (16.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pubertal Stage</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prepubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">344 (78.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (75.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postpubertal</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body fat (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.3 &#177; 9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.703</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lean mass (Kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.7 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight/Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">87 (19.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.451</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">105.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">105.4 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.901</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.5 (41-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (43-54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Low HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">185 (41.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Non-HDL-c (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">95 (81-112)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (74-105.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High non-HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81 (18.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85.9 &#177; 10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.302</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (50-87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (49.5-81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High Triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">99 (22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.196</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Eating behavior/habits</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular consumption<sup>#</sup>of food in front of the television</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (45.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (62.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular consumption<sup>#</sup>of fruits</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (36.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daily consumption of at least 1 ultra-processed</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (37.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (59.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Variables were expressed as n (%) and mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). &#8224;Variables with non-parametric distribution. Sedentary behavior was defined as sitting time &#8805; 3 hours. #Regular consumption of food and fruits was considered for frequencies &#8805; 5 days/week. *Statistically significant difference. BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Source: Authors.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> presents the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors/eating habits in the sample. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables, children and adolescents who showed sedentary behavior did not show a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia (high TG, HDL-c, and non-HDL-c) when compared to those who did not show sedentary behavior. However, children and adolescents who showed sedentary behavior had higher odds ratio for regular consumption of food in front of the television and consumption of at least one ultra-processed food per day. In addition, they also had a lower odds ratio for regular fresh fruit consumption. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central figure</xref> summarizes the main findings of the manuscript.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors/eating habits in physically active children and adolescents</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Variables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight/Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.325-1.389)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High Triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.306-1.297)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Low HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 (0.323-1.019)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High Non-HDL-c</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.283-1.389)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Regular consumption of food in front of the television</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1.96 (1.114-3.456)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Regular consumption of fruits</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 (0.278-0.967)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Daily consumption of at least 1 ultra-processed</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &lt;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sitting time &#8805;3 hours/day</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 (1.381-4.241)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Logistic regression model adjusted for sex, race/color, and pubertal stage. HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. Regular consumption of food and fruits was considered for frequencies &#8805; 5 days/week. Sedentary behavior was defined as sitting time &#8805; 3 hours. *Statistically significant difference.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Source: Authors.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Sedentary Behavior, Dietary Habits, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Physically Active Children and Adolescents</title>
              <p>Main findings of the manuscript.</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220357-20357-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that sedentary behavior was not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in physically active children and adolescents. However, the presence of sedentary behavior was associated with higher odds of regular food consumption in front of the television and daily consumption of at least one ultra-processed food, as well as lower odds of regular fruit consumption.</p>
        <p>In recent years, the number of studies analyzing the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors has increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> One of the factors that limits the comparison between studies is the different ways of classifying sedentary behavior, which can be done through direct measures such as accelerometers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> or indirect tools (questionnaires), by using screen time or sitting time as parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Part of the studies consider classifying as sedentary behavior when the individual spends at least 2 hours/day sitting watching television, using a cell phone, or performing tasks on the computer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Our study was carried out with physically active children and adolescents. To increase the sensitivity of the assessment instrument, we chose to use a cutoff point of &#8805; 3 hours/day of sitting time to determine sedentary behavior. This same cut-off point has also been preferred by other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, several studies have shown a positive association between the adoption of sedentary behavior and changes in cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> studying 457 adolescents enrolled in public schools in the city of Curitiba, Paran&#225;, Brazil, showed that adolescents who remained seated longer had higher glucose, TG, and cardiometabolic risk scores. However, the results of a recent systematic review and meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> involving prospective studies with direct measurement of sedentary behavior (accelerometry), showed that no association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic health. Similarly, the present study also did not show an association between sedentary behavior and body composition, hemodynamic, and lipid phenotypes in physically active children and adolescents. Based on these and other findings,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> it is possible to suggest that the deleterious effects caused by a long period of sedentary behavior can be minimized by regular engagement in moderate/vigorous physical activity.</p>
        <p>In addition to changes in cardiometabolic parameters, some studies have assessed the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and metabolic syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Vicente-Rodr&#237;guez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> studying 1960 Spanish adolescents, reported that the addition of 1 hour/day of screen time increased the risk of overweight/obesity by 15%. A recent study with 1992 Iranian adolescents showed that those who spent more time in sedentary activities were more likely to be hypertensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A meta-analysis involving 8 cross-sectional studies of the International Children&#8217;s Accelerometry Database indicated that increasing 1 hour in the time of sedentary behavior increased the odds of metabolic syndrome by 28%. However, when the model was adjusted for time spent with moderate/vigorous physical activity, no such association was detected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In the present study, there was no association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity and dyslipidemia. Hypertension and diabetes were not tested because of the low proportion (&lt; 0.5%) of children and adolescents affected by these diseases (data not shown in tables). There are some factors that could explain the different findings reported above. Our study only considered physically active children and adolescents. Two of the studies above did not adjust the data for time spent on physical activities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which may be an important bias, as physical activity might attenuate the impact of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health. Another factor that makes it difficult to compare the results is the method of classifying sedentary behavior. Our study used an indirect measure, while other studies used a direct measure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Evidence suggests that some dietary contexts, such as the habit of having meals while watching television, are associated with poorer diet quality. Cartany&#224;-Hueso et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Onita et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and Rocha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> conducted cross-sectional studies with representative samples of children and adolescents from Spain, UK, and Brazil, respectively, and showed that the habit of eating in front of the screen was associated with worse eating habits. Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> of studies carried out with children showed an association between eating while watching television and the consumption of foods/beverages with a high degree of industrial processing, such as pizza, sweets, packaged snacks, and soft drinks, in addition to lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. It has been suggested that the habit of having meals in front of the screen leads to a mechanism of &#8220;unconscious eating&#8221;, in addition to exposure to persuasive marketing of ultra-processed foods. These industrial formulations have low nutritional value, since they are dense in calories and contain excessive amounts of fat, sugar, and salt, in addition to insufficient intake of dietary fiber, proteins, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In this way, the greater practicality of ultra-processed foods allows consumption anywhere, without the need to prepare, cook, or use dishes or cutlery, while the child or adolescent watches television or uses a computer or video game. Although we did not find an association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors, inadequate eating habits associated with a sedentary lifestyle in childhood may trigger the appearance of cardiometabolic diseases in the future.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. First, this is a cross-sectional study; therefore, we cannot infer a cause-and-effect relationship. Second, the classification of sedentary behavior was performed by an indirect method (questionnaire application). Third, the questionnaires were completed by the participants themselves, with some possibility of information bias. However, the questions used in this questionnaire are considered easy to understand, with little possibility of this bias. Fourth, because the sample was non-probabilistic, the results of the present study cannot be extrapolated to the general population of children and adolescents in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study showed no association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors in physically active children and adolescents. However, sedentary behavior was associated with inadequate eating habits. These results suggest that the regular engagement in physical activity may attenuate the deleterious effects of sedentary behavior on the cardiometabolic pararameters of children and adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
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      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors wish to thank the unwavering support of &#8220;Esta&#231;&#227;o Conhecimento&#8221; and VALE Foundation, Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil, during the period of data collection. This work was supported by the Pro-Rectory of Research and Post-Graduate Studies of the Federal University of Amazonas (Institutional Program of Scientific Initiation Scholarships 2021/22); Foundation for Supporting Research and Innovation of Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES)-Research Program for SUS (PPSUS) (grant 65854420/2014); Funda&#231;&#227;o VALE; and Laboratory Thommasi of Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil, who funded part of the biochemical exams. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (Fundo do Programa Institucional de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa, 2015); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES) &#8211; Programa Pesquisa para o SUS (PPSUS) (number 65854420/2014); Funda&#231;&#227;o VALE; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and Laborat&#243;rio Tommasi de Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brasil, which paid for part of the biochemical tests.</p>
        </fn>
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