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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">T5tx45GmhdyV3pywHXpqtBt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220233</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda em um Jovem do Sexo Masculino com Uso Prolongado de Esteroides Androg&#234;nicos Anabolizantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3586-707X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ranchord&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Sara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-6199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel A. Gomes &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>danielssagomes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220233</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores Androg&#234;nicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Anabolizantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os esteroides androg&#234;nicos anabolizantes (EAA) s&#227;o drogas sint&#233;ticas que mimetizam os efeitos da testosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O uso n&#227;o m&#233;dico de EAA ainda &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pouco reconhecido, mas relevante, e tem se tornado cada vez mais comum, especialmente em jovens do sexo masculino para fins f&#237;sicos ou est&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de ter aplicabilidade no tratamento de algumas condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, o abuso de EAA j&#225; foi associado &#224; aterosclerose e &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Um homem de 43 anos, sem hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, deu entrada no pronto-socorro com dor tor&#225;cica retroesternal iniciada no come&#231;o daquela manh&#227;. Ele negou quaisquer sintomas acompanhantes. Os sinais vitais mostravam press&#227;o arterial de 130/80mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 88bpm e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 98%, e o exame f&#237;sico foi normal, exceto por seu aspecto musculoso. Ele era fisiculturista e praticante de Muay Thai e relatava fazer uma dieta hiperproteica e hipercal&#243;rica. O paciente negou o uso de qualquer medicamento, bem como tabagismo ou etilismo. No entanto, quando questionado diretamente, ele relatou uso n&#227;o-m&#233;dico regular de EAA, incluindo nandrolona e testosterona intramuscular (1000mg a cada tr&#234;s meses) por mais de 20 anos. A hist&#243;ria familiar era negativa para hipercolesterolemia ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o revelou ritmo sinusal e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular inespec&#237;ficos, sem desvios do segmento ST ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). A Troponina-T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade chegou a 1224ng/L. O perfil lip&#237;dico em jejum mostrou lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C) significativamente baixo de 21mg/dL e n&#237;veis elevados de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C) de 229mg/dL. Os n&#237;veis de glicose e HbA1C estavam dentro da faixa de normalidade. O restante dos exames laboratoriais foi normal. Foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava diminu&#237;da (FEVE de 39%) devido a hipocinesia difusa. Uma angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva revelou les&#245;es suboclusivas do ramo posterolateral (culpado) e da art&#233;ria descendente posterior (DP), oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica total da art&#233;ria circunflexa distal e les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA) m&#233;dia esquerda e primeiro ramo diagonal (D1) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). O paciente foi submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) (art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) esquerda sequencial para D1 e DA, ATI direita como enxerto em T para o segundo ramo marginal obtuso e veia safena para DP).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220233-20233-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angiografia coron&#225;ria. A) Les&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria na ADA m&#233;dia na bifurca&#231;&#227;o com D1 (*). DA distal com les&#245;es difusas. B) Oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica da art&#233;ria circunflexa distal (*) com enchimento colateral retr&#243;grado. C) Coron&#225;ria direita dominante com les&#245;es sub-oclusivas do ramo posterolateral (*culpado) e DP (**).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220233-20233-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias e ele recebeu alta ap&#243;s 5 dias com prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador, inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina, espironolactona, estatina de alta intensidade, terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla por um ano, seguida de aspirina vital&#237;cia. O paciente foi orientado a seguir um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel e aderir &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es, e foi fortemente desaconselhado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de EAA.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, ele permanece assintom&#225;tico e livre de eventos cardiovasculares. Uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) aos 12 meses de seguimento revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o biventricular moderada (FEVE 37%, FEVD 38%) sem defeitos de perfus&#227;o induzidos por estresse. Apesar de todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, o paciente ainda mant&#233;m consumo regular de corticoide e relata n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; terapia com estatina.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Existem apenas alguns relatos de casos de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas relacionadas a EAA em indiv&#237;duos jovens, a maioria relacionada &#224; ingest&#227;o prolongada de altas doses de EAA e dislipidemia grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sejam visivelmente escassas, estudos anteriores sugerem que o abuso de EAA est&#225; associado &#224; aterosclerose coronariana acelerada e eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais os EAA podem promover DAC s&#227;o diversos e incluem aterogenicidade, trombogenicidade e reatividade vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O uso de EAA induz uma modifica&#231;&#227;o aterog&#234;nica do perfil lip&#237;dico, ao reduzir consistentemente o HDL-colesterol e, em menor grau, aumentar os n&#237;veis do LDL-colesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m se constatou que os EAA promovem um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, principalmente pelo aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso &#233; ilustrativo dos efeitos delet&#233;rios dos EAA no sistema cardiovascular. Ele relata a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) em um usu&#225;rio de EAA com dislipidemia grave e carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. O abuso de EAA pode ser considerado um importante fator predisponente, ao promover o desenvolvimento de dislipidemia grave. De fato, as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas no perfil lip&#237;dico desse paciente (n&#237;veis notavelmente baixos de HDL-C e altos de LDL-C) s&#227;o consistentes com relatos anteriores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e IAM relacionada a EAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Juntamente com o consumo de EAA, h&#225;bitos alimentares n&#227;o saud&#225;veis tamb&#233;m podem ter contribu&#237;do para a aterogenicidade. Embora n&#227;o possamos excluir uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o individual &#224; aterosclerose atrav&#233;s de testes gen&#233;ticos, n&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria familiar de hipercolesterolemia ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura.</p>
      <p>O fato de o paciente manter o consumo de corticosteroides e apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular um ano ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa &#8211; e sem isquemia residual na RMC de estresse &#8211; levanta a possibilidade de cardiomiopatia associada ao EAA. De fato, estudos anteriores demonstraram o papel do EAA isoladamente no desenvolvimento de comprometimento revers&#237;vel do mioc&#225;rdio e cardiomiopatia dilatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma RMC realizada ap&#243;s cessa&#231;&#227;o do consumo de EAA seria de interesse para confirmar esta hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o abuso de EAA, ainda pouco reconhecido, deve sempre ser considerado como um potencial fator de risco modific&#225;vel e predisponente em indiv&#237;duos jovens com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Dra. Marta Marques, Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, e &#224; Dra. Maria Jo&#227;o Andrade, Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, pelos conselhos e pelo seu papel no tratamento do paciente.</p>
    </ack>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glazer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atherogenic Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Serum Lipid Levels</article-title>
          <source>A Literature Review. Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1925</fpage>
          <lpage>1933</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, Hutter AM Jr, et al. Long-Term Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use is Associated with Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(4):472-6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.931063.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baggish</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiner</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanayama</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hudson</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutter</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use is Associated with Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2010</year>
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          <fpage>472</fpage>
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          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.931063</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Young Male with Long-Term Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3586-707X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ranchord&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Sara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-6199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Daniel A. Gomes &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: danielssagomes@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Androgen Receptors</kwd>
        <kwd>Anabolic Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of testosterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Non-medical use of AAS is still an underrecognized but relevant public health issue and it has become increasingly common, especially in young males for physical performance or aesthetic purposes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite having applicability in treating some medical conditions, AAS abuse was previously linked to atherosclerosis and premature coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case report</title>
          <p>A 43-year-old man, without a past medical history, was admitted in the emergency room with retrosternal chest pain starting earlier that morning. He denied any accompanying symptoms. The vital signs showed a blood pressure of 130/80mmHg, heart rate of 88bpm and oxygen saturation of 98%, and physical examination was unremarkable except for his muscular appearance. He was a bodybuilder and <italic>Muay Thai</italic> practitioner and reported eating a hyperproteic and hypercaloric diet. The patient denied taking any medication, as well as smoking or alcohol consumption. However, when asked directly, he reported regular non-medical use of AAS, including intramuscular nandrolone and testosterone (1000mg every three months) for more than 20 years. Family history was negative for hypercholesterolemia or cardiovascular disease.</p>
          <p>The admission electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm and nonspecific intraventricular conduction disturbances, without ST segment deviations ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T was up to 1224ng/L. Fasting lipid profile showed significantly low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) of 21mg/dL and high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) of 229mg/dL. Glucose and HbA1C levels were within the normal range. The remaining laboratory workup was normal. Non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed. On the transthoracic echocardiography, the left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced (LVEF of 39%) due to diffuse hypokinesia. An invasive coronary angiography revealed sub-occlusive lesions of the posterolateral branch (culprit) and of the posterior descending artery (PD), chronic total occlusion of the distal circumflex artery, and intermediate lesions of the mid left anterior descending artery (LAD) and first diagonal branch (D1) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The patient was submitted to a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (left internal thoracic artery (ITA) sequential to D1 and LAD, right ITA as a T-graft to the second obtuse marginal branch and saphenous vein to PD).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Electrocardiogram at hospital admission.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220233-20233-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronary angiography. A) Intermediate lesion in the mid LAD at the bifurcation with D1 (*). Distal LAD with diffuse lesions. B) Chronic total occlusion of the distal circumflex artery (*) with retrograde collateral filling. C) Dominant right coronary artery with sub-occlusive lesions of the posterolateral branch (* culprit) and PD (**).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220233-20233-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and he was discharged after 5 days with a prescription of beta-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, spironolactone, high-intensity statin, dual antiplatelet therapy for 1 year followed by lifelong aspirin. The patient was recommended to comply with a healthy lifestyle and medication, and strongly advised against the use of AAS.</p>
          <p>To date, he remains asymptomatic and free of cardiovascular events. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 12 months of follow-up revealed moderate biventricular disfunction and dilatation (LVEF 37%, RVEF 38%) without any stress-induced perfusion defects. Despite all the recommendations, the patient still maintains regular steroid consumption and reports not adhering to statin therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There are only a few case reports of AAS-related acute coronary syndromes in young individuals, most related to long-term intake of high doses of AAS and severe dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although the available evidence is noticeably scarce, previous studies suggest that AAS abuse is associated with accelerated coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mechanisms by which AAS may promote CAD are diverse and include atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and vascular reactivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> AAS use induces an atherogenic modification of the lipid profile, by consistently lowering HDL cholesterol and, to a lesser extent, increasing LDL cholesterol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> AAS have also been consistently found to promote a pro-thrombotic state, mainly by increasing platelet activation and aggregation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This case is illustrative of the deleterious effects of the AAS on the cardiovascular system. It reports an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presenting in a AAS user with severe dyslipidemia and coronary atherosclerotic burden. AAS abuse could be considered a major predisposing factor, by promoting the development of severe dyslipidemia. In fact, the observed changes in this patient&#8217;s lipidic profile (remarkably low HDL-C levels and high LDL-C) are consistent with previous reports of AAS-related coronary artery disease and AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Along with AAS consumption, unhealthy dietary habits may have also contributed to the atherogenicity. Even though we cannot exclude an individual predisposition to atherosclerosis by means of genetic testing, there was no family history of hypercholesterolemia or premature coronary artery disease.</p>
        <p>The fact that the patient maintains steroids consumption and presents with biventricular dysfunction one year after complete revascularization &#8211; and without residual ischemia in the stress CMR &#8211; raises the possibility of associated AAS-related cardiomyopathy. In fact, previous studies have shown the role of AAS alone in the development of reversible myocardial impairment and dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A CMR performed after cessation of AAS consumption would be of interest to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, AAS abuse, still largely underrecognized, should always be considered as a potential predisposing and modifiable risk factor in young subjects presenting with an acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank Dr. Marta Marques, Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, and Dr. Maria Jo&#227;o Andrade, Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, for advice and their role in patient management.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
