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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YwNchDCCdHQYnfJ4wCVkT4F</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes P&#243;s-COVID-19: De Onde vem a Intoler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dadosObten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-2708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Goulart Prata Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9560-6520</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8447-1026</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cahalin</surname>
            <given-names>Lawrence Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6323-7003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio , Bras&#237;lia , DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias da Sa&#250;de , Bras&#237;lia , DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Programa de Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o , Bras&#237;lia , DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physical Therapy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Miami</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Miller School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Physical Therapy , University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine , Florida &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Milani &#8226; Fitcordis - SGAS 915 Advance sala 16 Segundo Subsolo. CEP 70390-150, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>milani@medicinadoexercicio.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220150</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio p&#243;s-COVID-19 n&#227;o &#233; bem entendida. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) pode identificar as limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio subjacentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar a etiologia e a magnitude da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em sujeitos p&#243;s-COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte que avaliou sujeitos com n&#237;veis de gravidades diferentes da doen&#231;a COVID-19 e um grupo de controle selecionado por pareamento por escores de propens&#227;o. Em uma amostra seleta com TECP anterior &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral dispon&#237;vel, foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es antes e depois. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5% em toda a an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados cento e quarenta e dois sujeitos com COVID-19 (idade mediana: 43 anos, 57% do sexo masculino), com n&#237;veis de gravidade de doen&#231;a diferentes (60% leve, 21% moderada, 19% grave). O TECP foi realizado 11,5 (7,0, 21,2) semanas ap&#243;s o aparecimento da doen&#231;a, com as limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio sendo atribu&#237;das aos sistemas muscular perif&#233;rico (92%), pulmonar (6%), e cardiovascular (2%). Menor valor mediano do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico percentual foi observado no subgrupo com n&#237;veis graves de doen&#231;a (72,2%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles (91,6%). O consumo de oxig&#234;nio foi diferente entre os grupos com diferentes n&#237;veis de gravidade de doen&#231;a e o controle no pico e nos limiares ventilat&#243;rios. Inversamente, os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios, a inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, e o pico do pulso de oxig&#234;nio foram semelhantes. A an&#225;lise do subgrupo de 42 sujeitos com TECP pr&#233;vio revelou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no pico de velocidade da esteira no subgrupo com n&#237;vel leve de doen&#231;a, e no consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico e nos limiares ventilat&#243;rios nos subgrupos com n&#237;veis moderado/grave. Por outro lado, os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios, a inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e o pico do pulso de oxig&#234;nio n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico foi a etiologia de limita&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio mais comum em pacientes p&#243;s-COVID-19 independentemente da gravidade da doen&#231;a. Os dados sugerem que o tratamento deve enfatizar programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o abrangentes, incluindo componentes aer&#243;bicos e de fortalecimento muscular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Teste Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes P&#243;s-COVID-19: De Onde vem a Intoler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio?</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A COVID-19 &#233; uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica com manifesta&#231;&#245;es agudas que variam de assintom&#225;ticas a cr&#237;ticas. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A limita&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria na espirometria foi descrita em um ter&#231;o ou menos dos sujeitos na alta hospitalar, <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> com incid&#234;ncia mais baixa no acompanhamento de m&#233;dio prazo. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Inversamente, anormalidades na difus&#227;o foram descritas em maiores propor&#231;&#245;es, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais graves da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, muitos casos de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m foram descritos em sujeitos afetados mais gravemente. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Ademais, ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda, h&#225; cada vez mais relatos de sintomas persistentes, e essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; chamada de &#8220;s&#237;ndrome aguda p&#243;s-COVID-19&#8221; ou &#8220;COVID longa,&#8221;. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Entretanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s causas subjacentes desses sintomas persistentes s&#227;o limitadas. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica bem estabelecida para avaliar a etiologia dos sintomas e mecanismos subjacentes que limitam o exerc&#237;cio em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e pulmonares. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Um estudo inicial com avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP em sujeitos p&#243;s-COVID-19 identificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO <sub>2</sub> ), alcan&#231;ando 66,2 &#177; 10,5% dos valores previstos 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta, apesar de a espirometria estar dentro da faixa normal. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o do pulso de oxig&#234;nio em 70% dos sujeitos, enquanto 80% tinham valores normais de equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> ), refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que fatores extrapulmonares, tais como o efeito do &#8220;repouso no leito&#8221; durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, como a poss&#237;vel etiologia das limita&#231;&#245;es para exerc&#237;cios. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo com dezoito sujeitos relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% do pico de VO <sub>2</sub> , mas um aumento de VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> , possivelmente devido ao aumento da quimiossensibilidade e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do teor e da extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, como principais contribuintes para a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Raman et al. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> avaliaram cinquenta e um sujeitos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e identificaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no pico de VO <sub>2</sub> e na inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES), bem como um aumento de VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> e t&#233;rmino do TECP devido principalmente a dor muscular generalizada e fadiga e n&#227;o a falta de ar, o que sugere descondicionamento e defici&#234;ncias musculoesquel&#233;ticas como a causa prov&#225;vel da limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio. Clavario et al. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais, especialmente devido a defici&#234;ncia muscular, em um ter&#231;o dos sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19 3 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, todos os estudos anteriores que examinaram resultados relacionados ao TECP no p&#243;s-COVID-19 <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> foram realizados ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em pacientes com os n&#237;veis mais graves da doen&#231;a. Portanto, o impacto da COVID-19 no TECP nas formas leve a moderada da doen&#231;a &#233; limitado. Por esse motivo, &#233; necess&#225;rio ter um melhor entendimento das limita&#231;&#245;es para o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes ambulatoriais p&#243;s-COVID-19 com um perfil cl&#237;nico mais amplo.</p>
      <p>Portanto, nosso objetivo principal foi caracterizar as anormalidades do TECP em subgrupos de sujeitos de n&#237;veis diferentes de gravidade de doen&#231;a no p&#243;s-COVID-19 com um espectro cl&#237;nico amplo e compar&#225;-los a um grupo controle. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi comparar as vari&#225;veis do TECP no p&#243;s-COVID-19 aos resultados obtidos antes da infec&#231;&#227;o para entender melhor os efeitos da COVID-19 na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de pacientes ambulatoriais encaminhados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP em um laborat&#243;rio experiente na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste do Brasil de junho de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram um hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico de COVID-19 sintom&#225;tica, confirmada por transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa seguida da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real, aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou pulmonar pr&#233;via, e encaminhamento para TECP devido a sintomas persistentes ou para excluir disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar na doen&#231;a ap&#243;s a fase aguda. Foi selecionado um grupo de controle por pareamento por escores de propens&#227;o entre os testes realizados em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, sem doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares anteriores e sem COVID-19 durante o mesmo per&#237;odo para garantir restri&#231;&#245;es semelhantes devido &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de mitiga&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, para a compara&#231;&#227;o pareada (antes e depois da COVID-19), foram pesquisados TECPs anteriores no banco de dados do laborat&#243;rio de janeiro de 2011 at&#233; fevereiro de 2020, com apenas o TECP mais recente considerado, se mais de um exame fosse encontrado. Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo cardiologista, certificado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. A aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional foi obtida (CAAE: 35706720.4.0000.8093) em 16 de setembro de 2021. O termo de consentimento informado foi dispensado, j&#225; que os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas antes do TECP e foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a comorbidades (fatores de risco cardiovascular e doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares anteriores), medicamentos e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas &#224; COVID-19 tamb&#233;m foram coletadas, ou seja, data do aparecimento dos sintomas, manifesta&#231;&#245;es durante a doen&#231;a viral aguda, imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC) realizadas e instala&#231;&#227;o de tratamento utilizada nesse estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de gravidade da doen&#231;a COVID-19</title>
        <p>A gravidade da COVID-19 foi classificada de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de imagem: <italic>leve</italic> - indiv&#237;duos de qualquer idade com qualquer um dos v&#225;rios sinais e sintomas da COVID-19, mas que n&#227;o apresentem falta de ar, dispneia, imagem tor&#225;cica anormal ou satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio reduzida; <italic>moderada</italic> - indiv&#237;duos que apresentam evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria do trato inferior durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens e que tenham satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio acima de 94% em ar ambiente; <italic>grave</italic> - indiv&#237;duos que tenham satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio abaixo de 94% em ar ambiente, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &gt; 30 respira&#231;&#245;es/min, ou infiltrados pulmonares &gt; 50%; e <italic>cr&#237;tica</italic> - indiv&#237;duos que tenha insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, choque s&#233;ptico ou disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os. Al&#233;m da doen&#231;a pulmonar, pacientes com a forma cr&#237;tica da doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m podem ter sofrido doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, hep&#225;tica, renal, do sistema nervoso central ou tromb&#243;tica. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>O TECP foi realizado em uma esteira (Centurium 200) com an&#225;lise de gases respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex). Foi utilizado um protocolo teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo limitado pelos sintomas com rampa individualizada para produzir uma dura&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio limitada pela fadiga de 8 a 12 min. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> Precau&#231;&#245;es para mitigar a transmiss&#227;o viral foram adotadas seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es nacionais. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis de TECP foram obtidas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>espirometria pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo (VEF1) e capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos, monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e oximetria de pulso;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pico de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC, bpm) e FC nos limiares ventilat&#243;rios (LV) 1 e 2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico (VO <sub>2</sub> pico, L/min e mL/kg/min);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>percentual atingido do VO <sub>2</sub> pico predito (VO <sub>2</sub> %);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>VO <sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min) no LV1 e no LV2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio (mL/batimento);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pico de raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>cargas de pico alcan&#231;adas (velocidade, km/h, e inclina&#231;&#227;o, %);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pico de ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto (VE, L/min e prevista por porcentagem) e raz&#227;o entre VE e ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima (VE/VVM);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pico de VE/VO <sub>2</sub> ;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>inclina&#231;&#227;o de equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O pico de VO <sub>2</sub> e a ventila&#231;&#227;o de minuto foram expressos como a maior m&#233;dia de 30 segundos obtida no minuto final de esfor&#231;o. Os valores mais altos obtidos no pico do esfor&#231;o foram considerados para outras vari&#225;veis de pico. O LV1 e o LV2 foram determinados por um m&#233;dico experiente, e o VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope foi calculado at&#233; o LV2. A FC prevista foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula 220 - idade (anos) <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e o VO <sub>2</sub> pico previsto, de acordo com os valores de refer&#234;ncia do Centro-Oeste do Brasi. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> A aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) foi classificada de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o de percentis do VO <sub>2</sub> pico nos valores de refer&#234;ncia do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> que identificaram redu&#231;&#227;o de ACR se os valores medidos estivessem abaixo do 5&#186; percentil. O pico de VE previsto por porcentagem foi calculado de acordo com uma equa&#231;&#227;o de previs&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> A VVM foi calculada conforme medida ou prevista pelo VEF1 x 40. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia brasileiros foram usados para espirometria. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A etiologia das limita&#231;&#245;es para o exerc&#237;cio foi identificada pela interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das vari&#225;veis do TECP de acordo com as an&#225;lises de gr&#225;fico de 9 pain&#233;is de Wasserman e os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Respirat&#243;ria Europeia, bem como com os sinais e sintomas do paciente. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Na amostra com TECP antes da infec&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel, &#233; poss&#237;vel haver avalia&#231;&#245;es com um intervalo entre antes e depois mais longo. Portanto, para verificar as influ&#234;ncias do envelhecimento de VO <sub>2</sub> pico p&#243;s-COVID, os c&#225;lculos das diferen&#231;as nos valores previstos relacionados &#224; idade nos dois TECPs foram realizados de acordo com os valores de refer&#234;ncia brasileiros. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas usando-se frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o foram distribu&#237;das normalmente, sendo descritas por mediana e intervalo interquartil. A normalidade dos dados foi examinada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os testes dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pareadas (dentro do grupo). Testes de Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis com Muller Dunn post hoc compararam vari&#225;veis de subgrupo conforme apropriado. A diferen&#231;a de mediana e o intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% foram calculados pelas estimativas de Hodges-Lehmann. Testes qui-quadrado examinaram vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O pareamento por escores de propens&#227;o foi usado para o grupo de controle saud&#225;vel pareado com os sujeitos com COVID-19. Os escores de propens&#227;o foram estimados de acordo com preditores: sexo, idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Uma sele&#231;&#227;o de pares correspondentes individual, usando a correspond&#234;ncia do mais pr&#243;ximo, foi realizada com base nos escores de propens&#227;o estimados de cada sujeito, e a toler&#226;ncia de correspond&#234;ncia (calibre) foi definida em 0,10. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi realizada para analisar a capacidade de vari&#225;veis independentes, como idade, sexo, gravidade da COVID-19 e presen&#231;a de obesidade, para prever a redu&#231;&#227;o da ACR. Os riscos relativos (RR) e IC 95% foram calculados. Um p-valor bilateral de &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo para todas as an&#225;lises. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software IBM-SPSS 28.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, foram realizadas 867 TECP ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ), e um hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico de COVID-19 sintom&#225;tica foi identificado em 167 sujeitos. Ap&#243;s excluir sujeitos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou pulmonares pr&#233;vias, uma amostra de 144 sujeitos foi inclu&#237;da no estudo [idade 43 (36, 53) anos, 57% do sexo masculino] ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). As gravidades da doen&#231;a foram classificadas como leve em 87 (60%), moderada em 30 (21%), grave em 25 (17%), e cr&#237;tica em 2 (1%) sujeitos. Os dois sujeitos com a forma cr&#237;tica da doen&#231;a foram acrescentados ao subgrupo de forma grave para a an&#225;lise do grupo. O subgrupo de controle (n = 144) foi selecionado por pareamento por escores de propens&#227;o de 322 adultos saud&#225;veis sem COVID-19 ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos pacientes.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) realizado entre junho de 2020 e agosto de 2021, avaliado quanto &#224; elegibilidade (n = 867) (n = 867)</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, comorbidades e medicamentos anteriores em sujeitos dos grupos de controle e da COVID-19 por gravidade da doen&#231;a</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sujeitos de controle</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sujeitos com COVID-19</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p valor*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Geral</th>
                  <th>Leve</th>
                  <th>Moderada</th>
                  <th>Grave</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sujeitos</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (19)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (67)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,722</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 (38,0, 51,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 (36,0, 53,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (33,0, 49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 (40,8, 53,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 (44,0, 61,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">76,3 (65,7, 86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2 (67,1, 85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,1 (65,0, 83,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,4 (69,1, 95,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,1 (73,1, 88,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura, m</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (1,63, 1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (1,63, 1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (1,61, 1,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (1,63, 1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74 (1,66, 1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 (23,5, 29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 (23,7, 28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0 (23,1, 27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 (25,4, 30,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,3 (26,1, 29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fase aguda da COVID-19</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">SpO <sub>2</sub> &lt;94% em ar ambiente</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Infiltrados pulmonares na TC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2"> &#8805;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2"> 25-49%</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2"> &#8804;24%</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2"> Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2"> N&#227;o realizado</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Sintomas persistentes relacionados &#224; COVID-19</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos como mediana e faixa interquartil ou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, conforme apropriado. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre sujeitos dos grupos de controle e dos grupos com COVID-19 em geral: Teste Mann-Whitney: todas as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o foram diferentes (pareamento efetivo). * Compara&#231;&#227;o entre subgrupos de sujeitos de diferentes n&#237;veis de gravidade da doen&#231;a e de controle: Teste de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TC: tomografia computadorizada; SpO <sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:  satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes era saud&#225;vel previamente, com uma frequ&#234;ncia baixa de hipertens&#227;o ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). Durante a fase aguda da COVID-19, o &#237;ndice de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi baixo, com apenas 2 pacientes precisando de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, embora alguns pacientes tivessem dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em repouso e anormalidades na TC pulmonar. Sintomas residuais relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome do p&#243;s-COVID-19 (tais como fadiga, falta de ar, dispneia e toler&#226;ncia reduzida ao exerc&#237;cio) foram identificados em 60 sujeitos (42%), com aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Sujeitos p&#243;s-COVID-19 e de controle n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as em idade, sexo, dados antropom&#233;tricos, indicando uma estrat&#233;gia de pareamento eficaz. Entretanto, ao comparar os grupos com diferentes gravidades de doen&#231;a e de controle, os sujeitos nos grupos com as formas de doen&#231;a moderada e grave eram mais velhos e tinham peso e IMC mais altos do que os sujeitos dos grupos de doen&#231;a leve e de controle ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). Entre os subgrupos de p&#243;s-COVID-19, a preval&#234;ncia mais baixa de hipertens&#227;o e uso de medicamento foi observada em sujeitos com a forma leve da doen&#231;a do naqueles com formas de maior gravidade durante a fase aguda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>O TECP foi realizado em m&#233;dia 11,5 (7,0, 21,2) semanas ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda com a maioria dos TECP limitados por fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico (92%), com limita&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima devida aos sistemas pulmonar e cardiovascular (6% e 2%, respectivamente) ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ). Embora a fadiga muscular perif&#233;rica seja a etiologia predominante da limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio, a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da ACR variou entre os grupos de gravidade de COVID-19 diferentes e foi mais baixa nos subgrupos com as formas moderada e grave do que nos sujeitos nos subgrupos de forma leve e de controle. Um VO <sub>2</sub> % significativamente mais baixo foi observado no subgrupo com a forma grave da doen&#231;a quando comparado aos subgrupos de forma leve e de controle ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar em sujeitos com COVID-19 de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a e os sujeitos do grupo de controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Sujeitos de controle (n=144)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sujeitos com COVID-19</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p valor*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Geral (n=144)</th>
                  <th>Leve (n=87)</th>
                  <th>Moderada (n=30)</th>
                  <th>Grave (n=27)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis de TECP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda da COVID-19, semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">11,5 (7,0, 21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4 (6,7, 22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 (6,5, 15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 (7,9, 23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,288</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 (8,9, 1,3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">10,4 (9,0, 1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 (9,0, 11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3 (8,8, 11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 (9,4, 11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (162, 180)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">172 (160, 180)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (169, 185)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (155, 179)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (147, 169)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,001; &#8225; &lt;0,001; &#8214; 0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">98,3 (94,0, 101,7)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">97,2 (93,2, 101,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,3 (94,5, 102,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,7 (93,1, 101,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,0 (87,0, 100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade, km/h</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 (7,6, 11,9)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">9,2 (7,3, 11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (8,5, 12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3 (6,9, 11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 (6,6, 7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; &#8225; &lt;0,001; &#167; 0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de inclina&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 4,0)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3,5 (3,0, 4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (3,5, 6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,001; &#8225; &lt;0,001; &#167; 0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,11, 1,22)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">1,13 (1,08, 1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (1,08, 1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (1,05, 1,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (1,10, 1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017 &#182; 0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">2,49 (1,76, 3,11)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">2,40 (1,85, 2,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60 (1,95, 3,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46 (1,67, 3,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,06 (1,48, 2,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026 0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">30,9 (25,3, 38,4)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">31,1 (23,6, 37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7 (28,1, 40,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 (22,7, 35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6 (20,4, 29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; &#8225; &lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6 (78,2, 111,8)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">92,4 (76,7, 107,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5 (86,5, 111,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,1 (74,9, 103,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,2 (64,1, 89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,001; &#8225; &lt;0,001;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio, mL/batimento</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 (10,6, 18,4)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">14,0 (11,1, 17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 (11,3, 18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 (10,5, 17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 (11,1, 15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,558</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">2.544 (1.900, 3.246)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">2.570 (1.968, 3.236)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.707 (2.035, 3.389)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.742 (1.767, 3.248)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.240 (1.729, 2.767)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE, L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">100,1 (70,9, 128,1)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">94,8 (75,6, 118,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,5 (77,9, 125,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5 (77,1, 112,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,0 (64,9, 100,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">106,2 (92,4, 118,7)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">104,9 (93,6, 115,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">104,9 (96,0, 116,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,8 (91,8, 115,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,3 (75,1, 111,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE/VVM, %</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3 (59,7, 83,7)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">72,0 (63,1, 81,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,9 (63,3, 80,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2 (65,0, 81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,1 (56,6, 84,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,888</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE/VO <sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">40,2 (37,0, 43,3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">40,2 (36,4, 44,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,8 (36,1, 44,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4 (36,9, 42,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1 (37,4, 46,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5 (29,7, 35,1)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">33,8 (30,6, 36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,6 (30,0, 35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 (31,4, 37,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 (30,6, 39,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> no LV1, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 (13,4, 23,2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">15,6 (12,9, 23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8 (13,5, 24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 (11,7, 20,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1 (12,0, 14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,002; &#8225; &lt;0,001;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no LV1, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (112, 129)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">120 (112, 130)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (114, 137)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (109, 126)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (106, 120)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8225; &lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> no LV2, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 (21,0, 34,2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">28,5 (22,3, 35,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,8 (25,7, 36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 (20,7, 33,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,0 (17,5, 26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,001; &#8225; &lt;0,001; &#8214; 0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no LV2, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (146, 167)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">162 (151, 172)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (158, 174)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (152, 167)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (135, 154)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001 &#8224; 0,002; &#8225; &#8214; &lt;0,001; &#167; 0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o de SpO <sub>2</sub> no exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">7 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Motivo para t&#233;rmino do TECP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fadiga muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">132 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (70)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">9 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">144 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (100)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil ou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. * Compara&#231;&#227;o entre subgrupos de sujeitos de diferentes n&#237;veis de gravidade da doen&#231;a e de controle: Teste de Kruskal-Wallis com teste Muller Dunn post hoc para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. P valores p&#243;s-teste relatados quando o p valor de Kruskal-Wallis &lt;0,05: &#8224; Grave versus Controle; &#8225; Grave versus Leve; &#167; Grave versus Moderada; &#8214;Leve versus Controle; &#182; Moderada versus Controle; # Moderada versus Leve. TECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VVM: ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; SpO <sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:  <sub/> satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; VCO <sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:  produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto; VO <sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:  consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) em sujeitos com COVID-19 de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a e os sujeitos do grupo de controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Sujeitos com TECP ap&#243;s a COVID-19 (n = 144) e de controle (n = 144). Valores expressos como mediana, intervalo interquartil, e limites. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria, VCO <sub>2</sub>:  produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto; VO <sub>2</sub>:  consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Sujeitos dos subgrupos de gravidade moderada exibiram uma mediana de VO <sub>2</sub> pico 5,8 mL/kg/min mais baixa que os do subgrupo de doen&#231;a leve, e 1,0 mL/kg/min mais baixos do que os do subgrupo de controle, embora as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o sejam significativas. Sujeitos no subgrupo de doen&#231;a grave apresentaram limita&#231;&#245;es maiores e uma mediana de VO <sub>2</sub> pico mais baixa quando comparada ao subgrupo com a doen&#231;a leve e o subgrupo de controle (13,1 e 8,3 mL/kg/min, respectivamente) ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). Como resultado, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de ACR foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos de gravidade diferente ( <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3A</xref> ), com ACR reduzida em 56% dos sujeitos com as formas graves da doen&#231;a e frequ&#234;ncias mais baixas em grupos com formas moderada e leve da doen&#231;a (23% e 10%, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) e gravidade da COVID-19. A) Dados para sujeitos com teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) ap&#243;s a COVID-19 (n = 144) e controles (n = 144); B) Dados para um subgrupo com TECP antes e depois da doen&#231;a viral (n = 42). Os valores de gravidade da doen&#231;a apresentados como porcentagem de distribui&#231;&#227;o (%) e a ACR, como percentil de classifica&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>De acordo com a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, idade e sexo n&#227;o puderem prever uma ACR reduzida, enquanto a gravidade da COVID-19 e obesidade puderam (r2 = 0,46). Sujeitos com a forma grave da COVID-19 tinham um risco mais alto de ter ACR reduzida [RR: 8,6 (IC 95%: 2,9 a 25,7)] comparados com os controles. Diferentemente, as gravidades de doen&#231;a leve ou moderada n&#227;o foram associadas a uma ACR mais baixa. Da mesma forma, as classifica&#231;&#245;es de obeso e sobrepeso foram identificadas como um preditor robusto de ACR reduzida [RR: 37,4 (IC 95%: 11,7 a 119,9) e [RR: 3,4 (IC de 95% 1,07 a 11,1), comparado com sujeitos com pesos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos limiares ventilat&#243;rios, n&#237;veis de VO <sub>2</sub> significativamente mais baixos no LV1 e no LV2 tamb&#233;m foram encontrados em sujeitos com formas mais graves da doen&#231;a ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). Da mesma forma, a FC no pico e nos LV apresentou semelhan&#231;as, com valores significativamente mais baixos no grupo com doen&#231;a grave. O pico de ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto, a OUES, e o pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio revelaram valores medianos que eram mais baixos nos sujeitos com a forma grave da doen&#231;a, mas as diferen&#231;as entre os outros subgrupos e controles n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas. Nenhuma das demais vari&#225;veis de TECP foi significativamente diferente entre os subgrupos de diferentes gravidades da doen&#231;a COVID-19 ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A espirometria em repouso realizada antes do TECP identificou valores normais em v&#225;rios sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19 com anormalidades leves em apenas 13% dos sujeitos com base nos valores de CVF e em 14% com base nos valores de VEF1. Embora n&#227;o sejam estatisticamente significativos, sujeitos com a forma grave da doen&#231;a que apresentam uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de anormalidades leves com base nos valores de CVF e de VEF1 (29% e 18%, respectivamente). Entretanto, os percentuais dos valores preditos foram significativamente mais baixos em sujeitos com a forma grave da doen&#231;a do que nos controles (CVF: 85,7 versus 99%, p = 0,022 e VEF1: 85,5 versus 94,3%, p = 0,007).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subgrupo de pacientes com avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP anterior</title>
        <p>Quarenta e dois dos 144 sujeitos (29%) tinham um TECP anterior dispon&#237;vel para compara&#231;&#227;o ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). Esse subgrupo de sujeitos teve a gravidade da COVID-19 classificada como leve em 27 sujeitos (64%), moderada em 9 (21%), e grave em 6 (14%). Para a an&#225;lise dos grupos com gravidade diferentes, os grupos de gravidade moderada e grave foram combinados.As caracter&#237;sticas desses 42 sujeitos foram semelhantes &#224;s de toda a amostra do estudo ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ). Durante a fase aguda da COVID-19, o &#237;ndice de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi baixo, e a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria para nenhum sujeito.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos, medicamentos anteriores, e informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sobre COVID-19 em um subgrupo de sujeitos com avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Sujeitos com COVID-19</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p Valor *</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Geral</th>
                  <th>Leve</th>
                  <th>Moderada/grave</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sujeitos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>42 (100)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>27 (64)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15 (36)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (67)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 (40,0, 54,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 (36,0, 51,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,0 (44,0, 55,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">81,4 (70,4, 85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,0 (69,2, 85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,3 (73,3, 87,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,906</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">173,5 (165,0, 178,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">175,0 (168,0, 180,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">173,0 (164,0, 178,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">25,8 (23,4, 27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 (23,0, 27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,4 (24,0, 27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,259</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fase aguda da COVID-19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO <sub>2</sub> &lt;94% em ar ambiente</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sintomas persistentes relacionados &#224; COVID-19</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos como mediana e faixa interquartil ou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: * Compara&#231;&#227;o entre subgrupos de n&#237;veis de gravidade da doen&#231;a: Teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SpO <sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:  satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O TECP antes da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 foi realizado com um intervalo mediano de 25,0 (16,8, 40,0) e 39,4 (19,9, 67,5) meses nos subgrupos de forma da doen&#231;a leve e moderada/grave da doen&#231;a, respectivamente, e essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa.</p>
        <p>No subgrupo com a forma leve da doen&#231;a de 27 sujeitos, o TECP antes e depois da infec&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 n&#227;o revelou mudan&#231;as significativas na maioria das medidas, exceto por uma redu&#231;&#227;o mediana na velocidade de pico da esteira de 0,4 km/h [IC 95%: -0,6 a -0,2], uma pequena redu&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio de 0,5 minutos, e um pequeno aumento no percentual atingido do pico do FC ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis de teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar no subgrupo com exame anterior e divis&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade da COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="6">Gravidade da COVID-19</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Leve (n = 27)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Moderada ou grave (n = 15)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis de TECP</th>
                  <th>Antes</th>
                  <th>Depois</th>
                  <th>p Valor * Diferen&#231;a &#8224;</th>
                  <th>Antes</th>
                  <th>Depois</th>
                  <th>p Valor * Diferen&#231;a &#8224;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (9,9, 11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 (9,0, 11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,5 (-1,0 a -0,05) p = 0,037</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3 (9,9, 12,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 (9,0, 11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,0 (-1,8 a -0,2) p = 0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (163, 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (160, 185)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 (-2,5 a 3,0) p = 0,829</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (168, 178)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (156, 176)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5 (-10 a -0,5) p = 0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de FC, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">96,3 (93,5, 99,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,3 (94,4, 102,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (0,2 a 3,1) p = 0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">97,8 96,1 (102,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,1 93,7 (101,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1 (-4,1 a 1,6) p = 0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de velocidade, km/h</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 (11,0, 14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7 (10,6, 14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 (-0,6 a -0,2) p = 0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 (8,2, 13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 (6,8, 12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,0 (-1,5 a -0,6) p = 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de inclina&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3 (-0,5 a 0) p = 0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 (3,5, 4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (3,0, 4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3 (-0,8 a 0,3) p = 0,259</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (1,06, 1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (1,08, 1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 (-0,02 a 0,07) p = 0,218</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (1,11, 1,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,10, 1,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 (-0,02 a 0,09) p = 0,196</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">2,93 (2,00, 3,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08 (2,09, 3,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05 (-0,17 a 0,05) p = 0,249</td>
                  <td align="center">2,29 (2,04, 3,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 (1,84, 2,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16 (-0,38 a -0,03) p = 0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8 (33,7, 44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0 (33,4, 41,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,8 (-2,2 a 0,3) p = 0,175</td>
                  <td align="center">34,1 (26,5, 40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,8 (22,3, 36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,1 (-9,8 a -2,3) p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> pico, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">110,4 (99,8, 122,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,3 (98,2, 124,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 (-3,7 a 2,8) p = 0,866</td>
                  <td align="center">108,1 (83,9, 113,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,1 (69,6, 103,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,4 (-20,5 a -0,7) p = 0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio, mL/batimento</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7 (11,8, 21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6 (13,0, 19,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3 (-1,1 a 0,4) p = 0,414</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 (11,8, 19,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 11,1 (16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,9 (-2,3 a 0,5) p = 0,256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">3.075 (2.176, 3.706)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.977 (2.283, 3.554)</td>
                  <td align="center">-115 -262 a 56 p = 0,121</td>
                  <td align="center">2.481 (2.209, 3.215)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.260 (2.086, 3.047)</td>
                  <td align="center">-140 (-517 a 37) p = 0,078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE, L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">121,3 (89,1, 139,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">119,2 (90,8, 139,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,7 (-5,4 a 2,8) p = 0,639</td>
                  <td align="center">98,4 (80,8, 126,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,3 (78,5, 127,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,3 (-11,1 a 2,2) p = 0,147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE, % do previsto</td>
                  <td align="center">112,8 (101,9, 120,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">114,2 (105,1, 125,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (-2,1 a 5,2) p = 0,374</td>
                  <td align="center">114,2 (95,1, 122,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">111,1 (95,9, 116,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 2,8 (-10,1 a 6,3) p = 0,570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE/VVM, %</td>
                  <td align="center">74,9 (67,4, 81,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9 (71,9, 85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 (-0,7 a 10,2) p = 0,097</td>
                  <td align="center">72,80 (62,8, 79,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,1 (71,2, 89,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7 (-2,0 a 18,3) p = 0,100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de VE/VO <sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">39,6 (36,9, 42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (36,5, 42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (-0,8 a 1,5) p = 0,360</td>
                  <td align="center">39,1 (37,6, 45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4 (40,2, 45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (-0,3 a 3,2) p = 0,167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center">33,9 (31,6, 36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2 (30,6, 35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 (-1,9 a 1,4) p = 0,631</td>
                  <td align="center">31,4 (29,6, 36,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,1 (31,5, 34,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05 (-2,8 a 3,4) p = 0,977</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> no LV1, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 (18,8, 28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 (18,5, 26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,6 (-3,4 a 0,7) p = 0,133</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8 (13,7, 25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9 (12,8, 23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,1 (-4,1 a -0,7) p = 0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no LV1, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (119, 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (116, 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2 (-7 a 4) p = 0,400</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (112, 130)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (112, 126)</td>
                  <td align="center">-6 (-13 a 2) p = 0,094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO <sub>2</sub> no LV2, mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">38,3 (29,6, 42,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1 (32,7, 37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,6 (-3,6 a 0) p = 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">30,7 (23,8, 37,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 (21,8, 33,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,2 (-6,8 a -1,7) p = 0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC no LV2, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (158, 174)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (151, 174)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 (-4 a 3) p = 0,637</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (156, 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (146, 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5 (-10 a 1) p = 0,069</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Estat&#237;sticas: * O teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis antes e depois dentro de cada subgrupo de gravidade de COVID-19. &#8224; Diferen&#231;as de mediana (depois menos antes) e estimativas de IC 95% calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de Hodges-Lehman. TECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VVM: ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO2: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto; LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as de vari&#225;veis em testes de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) de acordo com a gravidade da COVID-19. Subgrupo de pacientes (n = 42) com TECP antes e depois da COVID-19. Os valores s&#227;o diferen&#231;a de mediana e o IC 95%. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; VCO 2 : produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto; VO 2 : consumo de oxig&#234;nio; LV: limiar ventilat&#243;rio. Algumas vari&#225;veis foram ajustadas para uma escala gr&#225;fica. VO 2 pico (L/min), pico de RER, e pico de velocidade (km/h), multiplicando por 10; OUES, multiplicando por 10 -2 .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No subgrupo com a forma moderada/grave da doen&#231;a, composto de 15 sujeitos, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o mediana significativa no pico de velocidade, mas com uma magnitude maior [1,0 km/h (IC 95%: -1,5 a -0,6). Al&#233;m disso, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no VO <sub>2</sub> pico e nos LV. A redu&#231;&#227;o mediana no VO <sub>2</sub> pico de 4,1 mL/kg/min (IC 95%: -9,8 a -2,3) refletiu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 7,4% (IC 95%: -20,5 a -0,7) no VO <sub>2</sub> % pico ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ). Da mesma forma, um n&#237;vel reduzido de ACR foi identificado anteriormente em 13% dos sujeitos, que aumentou para 33% ap&#243;s a COVID-19 ( <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3B</xref> ). Considerando a redu&#231;&#227;o do VO <sub>2</sub> pico relacionada &#224; idade devido ao intervalo entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es de TECP, a diferen&#231;a mediana de valores previstos foi de -0,8 (-0,7 a -1,4) mL/kg/min, que foi respons&#225;vel por apenas cerca de 20% da redu&#231;&#227;o mediana do VO <sub>2</sub> pico.</p>
        <p>O pico de FC tamb&#233;m foi significativamente mais baixo ap&#243;s a COVID-19, com uma diferen&#231;a mediana de - 5 batimentos por minuto (IC 95%: -10 a -0,5). Apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es significativas observadas nos VO <sub>2</sub> pico e FC, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios, OUES, pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio, pico de ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto e outras vari&#225;veis de TECP antes e depois da COVID-19 no subgrupo com as formas moderada/grave da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; um dos maiores estudos a examinar os resultados de TECP em sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19, que apresenta um espectro cl&#237;nico amplo e que comparou resultados de TECP com um grupo de controle selecionado por paramento por escores de propens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o de TECP realizados antes da COVID-19 em quase 30% da coorte do estudo &#233; not&#225;vel e refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia, a novidade e a import&#226;ncia dos achados do estudo.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados indicam que pacientes que apresentaram COVID-19 na forma grave t&#234;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na ACR tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o aparecimento do sintoma, confirmada por um VO <sub>2</sub> pico mediano mais baixo do que o de sujeitos com a forma leve da doen&#231;a e do grupo de controle. A compara&#231;&#227;o pareada de sujeitos com um TECP anterior &#224; COVID-19 corrobora os achados de toda a coorte. Al&#233;m do mais, o gr&#225;fico de 9 pain&#233;is e os sinais e sintomas observados durante o TECP revelam que a fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico foi a causa mais prevalente de limita&#231;&#245;es para os exerc&#237;cios em sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19. Esses achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de estudos anteriores, incluindo sujeitos hospitalizados. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Estudos recentes de TECP em sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19 encontraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de VO <sub>2</sub> pico semelhante de 30 a 34% dos valores previstos. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> Fatores extrapulmonares, tais como hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#8220;repouso no leito&#8221;, <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> anemia, <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> e fraqueza muscular, <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> foram apresentados como poss&#237;veis mecanismos subjacentes para uma ACR reduzida. Nossos resultados corroboram esses fatores extrapulmonares, j&#225; que os sujeitos com formas moderada e grave da doen&#231;a tinham valores de VO <sub>2</sub> % que eram 11,4% e 26,3% menos que o subgrupo com a forma leve da doen&#231;a ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ), destacando o papel que a fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico teve na limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em nossa coorte composta principalmente de sujeitos n&#227;o hospitalizados no p&#243;s-COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, nos 42 pacientes com TECP anterior &#224; COVID-19, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no VO <sub>2</sub> pico e no VO <sub>2</sub> % apenas nos sujeitos com formas mais graves de doen&#231;as, o que n&#227;o poderia ser explicado pela diferen&#231;a de idade entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es por TECP. Considerando o que foi disposto acima, nossos achados e os de outros estudos identificaram os efeitos mais danosos que a forma grave da COVID-19 tem na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e no desempenho musculoesquel&#233;tico. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Semelhante aos estudos anteriores com pacientes hospitalizados, a ACR reduzida devido a defici&#234;ncia m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tica perif&#233;rica causada pela extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio perif&#233;rica anormal causada pelo catabolismo do m&#250;sculo parece ser uma consequ&#234;ncia mais prov&#225;vel da COVID-19 do que um efeito do &#8220;repouso no leito&#8221;. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Esse mecanismo &#233; fortalecido pelas redu&#231;&#245;es marcadas observadas no VO <sub>2</sub> no LV1 e no LV2, comparando grupos com gravidades diferentes de doen&#231;a e de controle ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ), bem como a compara&#231;&#227;o pareada antes e depois da COVID-19 na maioria dos sujeitos n&#227;o hospitalizados ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ). Essas observa&#231;&#245;es indicam a ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce de metabolismo anaer&#243;bico e menor efeito de tamp&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio, <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> que pode ser um dos principais mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelos sintomas de fadiga persistentes em pacientes no p&#243;s-COVID-19. Da mesma forma, Singh et al. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> utilizando avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP invasiva, relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o marcada no VO <sub>2</sub> associada &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio deficiente, apesar de um &#237;ndice card&#237;aco preservado, refor&#231;ando um limite perif&#233;rico, e n&#227;o card&#237;aco, durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do mais, observamos um pico de FC significativamente mais baixo em sujeitos com forma grave da doen&#231;a comparados aos do grupo de controle e aos do subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com forma leve da doen&#231;a ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ), bem como um pico de FC mais baixo durante o TECP realizado no p&#243;s-COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o TECP anterior &#224; COVID-19 no subgrupo com a forma moderada/grave da doen&#231;a ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ). Esse achado &#233; corroborado por um estudo anterior em sujeitos com COVID-19 <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> que relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o similar no pico de FC. Tamb&#233;m identificamos que a FC no LV1 e no LV2 era significativamente mais baixa no subgrupo com a forma grave da doen&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o com os subgrupos com a forma leve da doen&#231;a e de controle, mas essa redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada na compara&#231;&#227;o pareada. A combina&#231;&#227;o de valores de pico de FC e de VO <sub>2</sub> pico mais baixos e LV precoce pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; miopatia metab&#243;lica que limita o exerc&#237;cio, <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> o que corrobora a fadiga muscular como a principal causa para a limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em nosso estudo. &#201; importante destacar que essas diferen&#231;as em valores de pico n&#227;o foram associadas &#224; intensidade de esfor&#231;o relativa mais baixa, j&#225; que o pico de raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o era diferente entre os sujeitos dos subgrupos de gravidade de doen&#231;a diferentes e de controle, nem durante as compara&#231;&#245;es antes e depois da COVID-19 pareadas.</p>
      <p>Apesar das diferen&#231;as relatadas em VO <sub>2</sub> e FC no pico e no LV1 e LV2, nenhuma outra medida de TECP foi significativamente diferente entre os subgrupos de gravidade de doen&#231;a diferentes e de controle ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ) nem durante as compara&#231;&#245;es antes e depois da COVID-19 pareadas. Apesar do envolvimento pulmonar em sujeitos mais gravemente afetados durante a infec&#231;&#227;o aguda por COVID-19 e um &#237;ndice de 42% de sintomas residuais, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as em efic&#225;cia ventilat&#243;ria, quantificada VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope, nem nas compara&#231;&#245;es com par correspondente entre o grupo de controle ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ), ou na an&#225;lise pareada com dados anteriores &#224; COVID-19 ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref> ), que s&#227;o semelhantes aos resultados relatados por Gao et al. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Entretanto, v&#225;rios outros estudos <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup> relataram valores maiores de VE/VCO <sub>2</sub> slope em sujeitos com COVID-19 comparados com os controles, o que, conforme Baratto et al., <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> foram atribu&#237;dos ao aumento da quimiossensibilidade estimulando uma ventila&#231;&#227;o mais alta. Outra diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos nossos resultados &#233; que foram relatados valores mais baixos de OUES <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> e pulso de oxig&#234;nio <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> em sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19. No entanto, os sujeitos nesses estudos foram avaliados na admiss&#227;o hospitalar ou logo ap&#243;s ela, com uma possibilidade mais alta de disfun&#231;&#227;o ou inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup> que poderiam ter influenciado os resultados do TECP relatados nesses estudos. Em nosso estudo, pacientes no p&#243;s-COVID-19 com um espectro cl&#237;nico amplo foram avaliados, e apenas 15% dos sujeitos haviam sido hospitalizados anteriormente durante a fase viral aguda. As caracter&#237;sticas da nossa amostra de participantes podem ter produzido resultados diferentes nessas vari&#225;veis de TECP.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, identificamos que a COVID-19 grave estava associada a um risco quase 9 vezes maior de apresentar ACR reduzida, destacando o impacto da gravidade da doen&#231;a na limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio. Apesar de idade e sexo n&#227;o serem preditores, a obesidade foi um preditor robusto, com um risco aumentado em 37 vezes. O impacto do peso e da gravidade da doen&#231;a na limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado por Braga et al. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> ; entretanto, nesse estudo, a idade e o sexo foram preditores de ACR reduzida, que &#233; o oposto de nossos achados.</p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, &#233; essencial destacar que os principais achados do presente estudo indicam que a principal raz&#227;o para a limita&#231;&#227;o para o exerc&#237;cio, e provavelmente o motivo dos sintomas persistentes, foi a limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico na maioria dos sujeitos (92%). Limita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e cardiovasculares foram identificadas em apenas 12 sujeitos (8%) que foram afetados mais gravemente. No subgrupo com a forma grave da doen&#231;a, a principal limita&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico (70%), dos quais 85% relataram sintomas persistentes. Entretanto, 26% dos pacientes nesse subgrupo apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na oximetria de pulso durante o exerc&#237;cio, apesar de a maioria ter espirometria normal. Esse achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de se usar TECP em sujeitos com sintomas persistentes, especialmente nos afetados por formas mais graves da COVID-19, j&#225; que a espirometria normal ou quase normal em repouso pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para excluir a disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes no p&#243;s-COVID-19.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser descritas. Primeiramente, &#233; um estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico realizado em um laborat&#243;rio ambulatorial privado, o que resulta em vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os indiv&#237;duos encaminhados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP podem ser mais sintom&#225;ticos do que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o encaminhados para o TECP, o que pode fazer com que os resultados do estudo sejam mais aplic&#225;veis a pacientes com COVID longa e, portanto, um ponto forte e n&#227;o uma limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo. Ademais, sujeitos com a forma cr&#237;tica da doen&#231;a n&#227;o foram adequadamente representados em nosso estudo e &#233; poss&#237;vel que a redu&#231;&#227;o de ACR fosse ainda mais pronunciada nesse subgrupo. O intervalo entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es variou na amostra com o TECP anterior &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral. No entanto, os c&#225;lculos de redu&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; idade no VO <sub>2</sub> pico previsto demonstraram que o envelhecimento poderia explicar aproximadamente 20% da redu&#231;&#227;o observada na vari&#225;vel. Portanto, consideramos que nossos achados estavam principalmente relacionados &#224; COVID-19 e n&#227;o ao intervalo entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es. Por &#250;ltimo, embora este seja um estudo relativamente de m&#233;dio prazo (TECP realizado em uma mediana de 11,5 semanas ap&#243;s o aparecimento da doen&#231;a), &#233; necess&#225;rio um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento mais longo para entender melhor a COVID longa e os impactos cl&#237;nicos da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, bem como os efeitos que o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio pode ter nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A fadiga do m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico foi a etiologia de limita&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio mais comum em pacientes p&#243;s-COVID-19 independentemente da gravidade da doen&#231;a, e foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es principalmente em VO <sub>2</sub> e FC no pico do exerc&#237;cio e no limiar ventilat&#243;rio. Os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios, a OUES, e o pico de pulso de oxig&#234;nio n&#227;o variaram de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a ou nas compara&#231;&#245;es antes e depois da COVID-19. Nossos dados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de se usar o TECP em sujeitos no p&#243;s-COVID-19 com sintomas residuais para ajudar a descobrir os sistemas mais comprometidos para personalizar os esfor&#231;os de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; equipe do laborat&#243;rio aos m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos que atenderam e encaminharam os pacientes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o por TECP ap&#243;s a COVID-19. Entre eles, gostar&#237;amos de agradecer especialmente: Carlos Vieira Nascimento, Christiane Aires Teixeira, Luiz Jean Castro Xidis, Renault Mattos Ribeiro Junior e R&#244;mulo Alzuguir Montijo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da pesquisa de p&#243;s-doutorado de Mauricio Milani pela Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por bolsas de pesquisa e de estudo p&#250;blicas oferecidas pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Post-COVID-19 Patients: Where Does Exercise Intolerance Come From?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-2708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Goulart Prata Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9560-6520</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8447-1026</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cahalin</surname>
            <given-names>Lawrence Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6323-7003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Fitcordis Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Programa de Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Florida &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mauricio Milani &#8226; Fitcordis - SGAS 915 Advance sala 16 Segundo Subsolo. Postal Code 70390-150, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil E-mail: milani@medicinadoexercicio.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Post-COVID-19 exercise intolerance is poorly understood. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can identify the underlying exercise limitations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the source and magnitude of exercise intolerance in post-COVID-19 subjects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Cohort study assessing subjects with different COVID-19 illness severities and a control group selected by propensity score matching. In a selected sample with CPET prior to viral infection, before and after comparisons were performed. Level of significance was 5% in the entire analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>One hundred forty-four subjects with COVID-19 were assessed (median age: 43.0 years, 57% male), with different illness severities (60% mild, 21% moderate, 19% severe). CPET was performed 11.5 (7.0, 21.2) weeks after disease onset, with exercise limitations being attributed to the peripheral muscle (92%), and the pulmonary (6%), and cardiovascular (2%) systems. Lower median percent-predicted peak oxygen uptake was observed in the severe subgroup (72.2%) as compared to the controls (91.6%). Oxygen uptake differed among illness severities and controls at peak and ventilatory thresholds. Conversely, ventilatory equivalents, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, and peak oxygen pulse were similar. Subgroup analysis of 42 subjects with prior CPET revealed significant reduction in only peak treadmill speed in the mild subgroup and in oxygen uptake at peak and ventilatory thresholds in the moderate/severe subgroup. By contrast, ventilatory equivalents, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, and peak oxygen pulse did not change significantly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Peripheral muscle fatigue was the most common exercise limitation etiology in post-COVID-19 patients regardless of the illness severity. Data suggest that treatment should emphasize comprehensive rehabilitation programs, including aerobic and muscle strengthening components.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiorespiratory Fitness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Post-COVID-19 Patients: Where Does Exercise Intolerance Come From?</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>COVID-19 is a multisystemic disease with acute manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to critical.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Ventilatory limitation in spirometry has been described in one-third or less of the subjects upon hospital discharge,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup>with lower incidence in medium-term follow-up.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Conversely, diffusion abnormalities were described at a higher rate, mainly in individuals with more severe illness.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> </sup>Many myocardial injury cases have also been described in more severely affected subjects.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>Moreover, after acute phase recovery, there is an increasing report of persistent symptoms, and this clinical condition has been referred to as &#8220;post-acute COVID-19 syndrome&#8221; or &#8220;long COVID&#8221;.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Nevertheless, limited information is available concerning the underlying causes of these persistent symptoms.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a well-established diagnostic tool to assess symptom etiology and underlying mechanisms limiting exercise in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>An initial study with CPET assessment in post-COVID-19 subjects found a reduction in peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>) achieving 66.2 &#177; 10.5% of the predicted values at 1-month post-discharge, despite spirometry being within the normal range. A reduction in oxygen pulse was also observed in 70% of the subjects, while 80% presented normal carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) values, strengthening extrapulmonary factors, such as hospitalization &#8220;bed rest effect&#8221;, as the possible etiology of exercise limitations.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>Similarly, a study with eighteen subjects reported a 30% reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>but an increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, due possibly to increased chemosensitivity and reduced oxygen content and extraction as the main contributors to reduced exercise capacity.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Raman et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>evaluated fifty-one subjects after hospital discharge and found a reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>and the oxygen efficiency slope (OUES), as well as increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>upon the termination of CPET due mostly to generalized muscle aches and fatigue rather than breathlessness, suggesting deconditioning and peripheral skeletal muscle impairments as the probable cause of exercise limitation. Clavario et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>also reported functional limitations, mainly due to muscular impairment, in one-third of pos-COVID-19 subjects at three months after hospital discharge.</p>
        <p>However, all previous studies examining CPET-related outcomes in post-COVID-19<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>were performed after hospital discharge in patients with a greater severity of illness. Thus, the impact of COVID-19 on CPET in mild to moderately severe illness is limited. For this reason, a better understanding of exercise limitation in post-COVID-19 outpatients with a broader clinical profile is needed.</p>
        <p>Thus, our primary objective was to characterize the CPET abnormalities in severity subgroups of post-COVID-19 subjects with a broad clinical spectrum and compare them to a matched control group. The secondary objective was to compare post-COVID-19 CPET measures to results obtained before infection to better understand the effects of COVID-19 on exercise tolerance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Our study conducted a retrospective cohort study of outpatients referred for CPET assessment at an experienced laboratory in the Brazilian Midwest region from June 2020 to August 2021. The inclusion criteria were a clinical history of symptomatic COVID-19, confirmed by real-time reverse transcription&#8211;polymerase chain reaction, absence of previous cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, and referral for CPET due to persistent symptoms or to exclude cardiopulmonary dysfunction in the post-acute illness. A control group was selected by propensity score matching among the tests performed on healthy individuals, without previous cardiopulmonary diseases and without COVID-19 during the same time period to assure similar restrictions due to mitigation strategies. In addition, for pairwise comparison (before and after COVID-19), previous CPETs were searched on the laboratory database from January 2011 to February 2020, with only the most recent CPET considered if more than one exam was found. All exams were performed by the same cardiologist, certified by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Institutional review board approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board (CAAE: 35706720.4.0000.8093) on September 16, 2021. The informed consent term was waived as data were collected retrospectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical assessment</title>
          <p>Medical evaluations were performed before the CPET and clinical information regarding comorbidities (cardiovascular risk factors and previous cardiopulmonary diseases), medications, and demographic characteristics were obtained. COVID-19 related clinical information was also collected, i.e., symptom onset date, manifestations during the acute viral disease, computed tomography (CT) images, and treatment facility used for this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>COVID-19 illness severity criteria</title>
          <p>The severity of COVID-19 was classified according to clinical and imaging characteristics: <italic>mild</italic> - individuals with any of the various signs and symptoms of COVID-19, but who do not have shortness of breath, dyspnea, abnormal chest imaging, or reduced oxygen saturation; <italic>moderate</italic> - individuals who show evidence of lower respiratory disease during clinical assessment or imaging and who have oxygen saturation above 94% on room air; <italic>severe</italic> - individuals who have oxygen saturation below 94% on room air, respiratory frequency &gt; 30 breaths/min, or lung infiltrates &gt; 50%; <italic>critical</italic> - individuals who have respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunction. In addition to pulmonary disease, patients with critical illness may have also experienced cardiac, hepatic, renal, central nervous system, or thrombotic disease.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>CPET was performed on a treadmill (Centurium 200) with breath-by-breath gas analysis (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex). Symptom-limited maximal exercise testing with an individualized ramp protocol was used to yield a fatigue-limited exercise duration of 8 to 12 min.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>Precautions to mitigate viral transmission were adopted following national recommendations.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The following CPET variables were obtained:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>pre-effort spirometry: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>clinical signs and symptoms, electrocardiographic monitoring, and pulse oximetry.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak heart rate (HR, bpm) and HR at ventilatory thresholds (VT) 1 and 2.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak oxygen uptake (peak VO<sub>2</sub>, L/min and mL/kg/min).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>percent-predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub>(VO<sub>2</sub>%).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub>(mL/kg/min) at VT1 and VT2.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak oxygen pulse (mL/beat).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak respiratory exchange ratio.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak loads achieved (speed, km/h, and inclination, %).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak minute ventilation (VE, L/min and percent-predicted) and ratio of VE to maximal voluntary ventilation (VE/VVM).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>peak VE/VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>and minute ventilation were expressed as the highest 30-second averaged sample obtained from the effort final minute. The highest achieved values at the peak effort were considered for other peak variables. VT1 and VT2 were determined by an experienced physician, and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope was calculated until VT2. Predicted HR was calculated by the formula 220 &#8211; age (yr)<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>and predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub>according to the Brazilian Midwest reference values.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was classified according to the percentile distribution of peak VO<sub>2</sub>in Brazilian Midwest reference values,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>which identified reduced CRF if measured values were below the 5<sup>th</sup>percentile. Percent-predicted peak VE was calculated according to a prediction equation.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>MVV was calculated as measured or predicted by FEV1 x 40. Brazilian reference values were used for spirometry.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The etiology of exercise limitation was identified by clinical interpretation of the CPET variables according to the Wasserman 9-panel plot analyses and the European Respiratory Society criteria as well as patient signs and symptoms.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>In the sample with CPET prior to viral infection available, a longer interval between the before and after assessments is possible. Thus, to verify the aging influences in the post-COVID peak VO<sub>2</sub>, calculations of the differences in the age-related predicted values in both CPETs were performed according to the Brazilian reference values.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies and continuous variables were not normally distributed, being described through median and interquartile range. The normality of the data was examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare pairwise continuous variables (within-group). Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis with Muller Dunn post hoc tests compared subgroup variables as appropriate. Median difference and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by Hodges-Lehmann estimates. Chi-square tests examined categorical variables. Propensity score matching was used to obtain the healthy control subgroup paired to the COVID-19 subjects. Propensity scores were estimated according to the predictors: sex, age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). A one-to-one matched pair selection, using nearest-neighbor matching, was performed based on the estimated propensity scores of each subject, and the match tolerance (caliper) was set as 0.10. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the capacity of several independent variables, age, sex, COVID-19 severity, and presence of obesity, to predict a reduced CRF. Relative risks (RR) and 95% CI were calculated. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM-SPSS 28.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study sample</title>
          <p>During the study period, a total of 867 CPET were performed ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ), and a clinical history of symptomatic COVID-19 was identified in 167 subjects. After excluding subjects with previous cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, a sample of 144 subjects was included in the study [age 43 (36, 53) yr, 57% male] ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). Illness severities were classified as mild in 87 (60%), moderate in 30 (21%), severe in 25 (17%), and critical in 2 (1%). The two critical illness subjects were combined with the severe subgroup for group analysis. The control subgroup (n = 144) was selected by propensity score matching from 322 healthy adults without COVID-19 ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart diagram of patients</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and prior medications in control subjects and in COVID-19 subjects by illness severity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Characteristics</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Control subjects</th>
                    <th colspan="6" scope="col">COVID-19 subjects</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">p Value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Overall</th>
                    <th scope="col">Mild</th>
                    <th scope="col">Moderate</th>
                    <th scope="col">Severe</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Subjects</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">144 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">144 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (19)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">83 (58)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">82 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (55)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">.722</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">61 (42)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">62 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, yr</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">43.0 (38.0, 51.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">43.0 (36.0, 53.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0 (33.0, 49.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.5 (40.8, 53.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0 (44.0, 61.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">76.3 (65.7, 86.7)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">77.2 (67.1, 85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.1 (65.0, 83.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.4 (69.1, 95.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.1 (73.1, 88.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height, m</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1.71 (1.63, 1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1.70 (1.63, 1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70 (1.61, 1.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70 (1.63, 1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74 (1.66, 1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">.68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">25.9 (23.5, 29.2)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">26.0 (23.7, 28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0 (23.1, 27.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.7 (25.4, 30.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.3 (26.1, 29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">21 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">
                      <bold>COVID-19 acute phase information</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">SpO<sub>2</sub>&lt; 94% on room air</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">22 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">Lung infiltrates on CT</td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> &#8805; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">18 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> 25-49%</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">21 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> &#8804; 24%</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">17 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> Normal</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">25 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> Not performed</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">63 (44)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">22 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">Mechanical ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">Persistent symptoms related to COVID-19</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">60 (42)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (47)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (85)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as median and interquartile range or absolute and relative frequencies, as appropriate. Statistical analysis: Comparison between control and overall COVID-19 subjects: Mann-Whitney Test: all demographic variables were not different (effective pairing). * Comparisons between illness severity subgroups and control subjects: Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables or Chi-square for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; CT: computed tomography; SpO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:<sub/>oxygen saturation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Most of the patients were previously healthy, with a low frequency of hypertension ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). During the COVID-19 acute phase, the hospitalization rate was low, with only 2 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, although some patients had oxygen desaturation at rest and abnormalities on pulmonary CT. Residual symptoms related to post-COVID-19 syndrome (such as fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, and reduced exercise tolerance) were identified in 60 subjects (42%), with increased frequency according to illness severity ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Post-COVID-19 and control subjects were not different in age, sex, and anthropometric data, indicating an effective matching strategy. However, in comparing illness severities and controls, moderate and severe illness subgroups were older and had greater weight and BMI than those with mild illness and controls ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). Among post-COVID-19 subgroups, a lower prevalence of hypertension and medication use were observed in subjects with milder illness than higher severity illness during the acute phase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test</title>
          <p>CPET was performed on average 11.5 (7.0, 21.2) weeks after the acute disease, with the majority of CPET limited by peripheral muscle fatigue (92%), with minimal limitation due to the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems (6% and 2%, respectively) ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ). Although peripheral muscular fatigue was the predominant etiology of exercise limitation, the magnitude of CRF reduction varied among COVID-19 illness severities and was lower in moderate and severe subgroups than in subjects with mild illness and controls. Significantly lower VO<sub>2</sub>% was observed in the severe subgroup compared to both mild and control subgroups ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise test variables in COVID-19 subjects according to illness severity and control subjects</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Characteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col">Control subjects (n=144)</th>
                    <th colspan="4" scope="col">COVID-19 subjects</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">p Value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Overall (n=144)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Mild (n=87)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Moderate (n=30)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Severe (n=27)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CPET variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time after COVID-19 acute disease, wk</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">11.5 (7.0, 21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.4 (6.7, 22.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5 (6.5, 15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.6 (7.9, 23.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">.288</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise duration, min</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0 (8.9, 1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">10.4 (9.0, 1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.2 (9.0, 11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.3 (8.8, 11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.7 (9.4, 11.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.551</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">171 (162, 180)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">172 (160, 180)</td>
                    <td align="center">178 (169, 185)</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (155, 179)</td>
                    <td align="center">156 (147, 169)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .001; &#8225; &lt; .001; &#8214; .018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR, % predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">98.3 (94.0, 101.7)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">97.2 (93.2, 101.7</td>
                    <td align="center">98.3 (94.5, 102.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">96.7 (93.1, 101.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">94.0 (87.0, 100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak speed, km/h</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 (7.6, 11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">9.2 (7.3, 11.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6 (8.5, 12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.3 (6.9, 11.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.1 (6.6, 7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; &#8225; &lt; .001; &#167; .024</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak inclination, %</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3.5 (3.0, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 (3.5, 6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .001; &#8225; &lt; .001; &#167; .005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak RER</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (1.11, 1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1.13 (1.08, 1.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 (1.08, 1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (1.05, 1.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (1.10, 1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">.017 &#182; .014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>, L/min</td>
                    <td align="center">2.49 (1.76, 3.11)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2.40 (1.85, 2.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.60 (1.95, 3.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46 (1.67, 3.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.06 (1.48, 2.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">.026 &#8225; .016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2,</sub>mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">30.9 (25.3, 38.4)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">31.1 (23.6, 37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.7 (28.1, 40.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.9 (22.7, 35.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.6 (20.4, 29.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; &#8225; &lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>, % predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">91.6 (78.2, 111.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">92.4 (76.7, 107.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.5 (86.5, 111.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.1 (74.9, 103.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.2 (64.1, 89.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .001; &#8225; &lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak oxygen pulse, mL/beat</td>
                    <td align="center">14.4 (10.6, 18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">14.0 (11.1, 17.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5 (11.3, 18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5 (10.5, 17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5 (11.1, 15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">.558</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OUES</td>
                    <td align="center">2,544 (1,900, 3,246)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">2,570 (1,968, 3,236)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,707 (2,035, 3,389)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,742 (1,767, 3,248)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,240 (1,729, 2,767)</td>
                    <td align="center">.134</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE, L/min</td>
                    <td align="center">100.1 (70.9, 128.1)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">94.8 (75.6, 118.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.5 (77.9, 125.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5 (77.1, 112.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.0 (64.9, 100.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">.067</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE, % predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">106.2 (92.4, 118.7)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">104.9 (93.6, 115.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">104.9 (96.0, 116.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">108.8 (91.8, 115.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">94.3 (75.1, 111.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.103</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE/MVV, %</td>
                    <td align="center">71.3 (59.7, 83.7)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">72.0 (63.1, 81.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.9 (63.3, 80.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.2 (65.0, 81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.1 (56.6, 84.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">.888</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE/VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">40.2 (37.0, 43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">40.2 (36.4, 44.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.8 (36.1, 44.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.4 (36.9, 42.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1 (37.4, 46.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">.503</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope</td>
                    <td align="center">32.5 (29.7, 35.1)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">33.8 (30.6, 36.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.6 (30.0, 35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.0 (31.4, 37.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.0 (30.6, 39.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.089</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub>at VT1, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8 (13.4, 23.2)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">15.6 (12.9, 23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.8 (13.5, 24.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.3 (11.7, 20.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1 (12.0, 14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .002; &#8225; &lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise HR at VT1, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (112, 129)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">120 (112, 130)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (114, 137)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (109, 126)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (106, 120)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8225; &lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub>at VT2, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5 (21.0, 34.2)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">28.5 (22.3, 35.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.8 (25.7, 36.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.4 (20.7, 33.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.0 (17.5, 26.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .001; &#8225; &lt; .001; &#8214; .036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise HR at VT2, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">158 (146, 167)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">162 (151, 172)</td>
                    <td align="center">167 (158, 174)</td>
                    <td align="center">158 (152, 167)</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (135, 154)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001 &#8224; .002; &#8225; &#8214; &lt; .001; &#167; .011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise SpO<sub>2</sub>reduction</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">7 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (25.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CPET termination reason</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Muscle fatigue</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">132 (92)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (98)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (93)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular limitation</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary limitation</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">9 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (26)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">144 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as median and interquartile range or absolute and relative frequencies. * Comparisons between illness severity subgroups and control subjects: Kruskal-Wallis test with Muller Dunn post hoc test for continuous variables or Chi-square for categorical variables. Post-test p values reported when Kruskal-Wallis p value &lt; .05: &#8224; Severe versus Control; &#8225; Severe versus Mild; &#167; Severe versus Moderate; &#8214;Mild versus Control; &#182; Moderate versus Control; # Moderate versus Mild. CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; HR: heart rate; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation; OUES: Oxygen uptake efficiency slope; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; SpO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:<sub/>oxygen saturation; VCO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>: carbon dioxide production; VE: minute ventilation; VO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:<sub/>oxygen uptake; VT: ventilatory threshold.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables in subjects with COVID-19 according to illness severity and control subjects. Subjects with CPET after COVID-19 (n = 144) and controls (n = 144). Values are expressed as median, interquartile range, and limits. HR: heart rate; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; VE: minute ventilation; VO2: oxygen uptake; VT: ventilatory threshold.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Moderate severity subjects exhibited a median of peak VO<sub>2</sub>5.8 mL/kg/min lower than mild illness subgroup, and 1.0 mL/kg/min lower than controls, although the differences were not significant. Severe illness subjects presented greater limitations and significantly lower median peak VO<sub>2</sub>compared to the mild illness subgroup and controls (13.1 and 8.3 mL/kg/min, respectively) ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). As a result, CRF classification was significantly different among the severity subgroups ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3A</xref> ), with reduced CRF in 56% of the severe illness subjects and lower frequencies in the moderate and mild subgroups (23% and 10%, respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) classification and COVID-19 severity. A) Data for subjects with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) after COVID-19 (n = 144) and controls (n = 144); B) Data for a subgroup with CPET before and after the viral disease (n = 42). Illness severity values presented as percentage of distribution (%) and CRF as classification percentile, according to peak oxygen uptake.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>According to multiple logistic regression, age and sex were not able to predict a reduced CRF, while both COVID-19 severity and obesity were (r2 = 0.46). Subjects with severe COVID-19 had a higher risk of presenting a reduced CRF [RR: 8.6 (95% CI: 2.9 to 25.7)] compared to the controls. By contrast, mild or moderate illness severities were not associated with a lower CRF. Similarly, obese and overweight classification were identified as a robust predictor of a reduced CRF [RR: 37.4 (95% CI: 11.7 to 119.9) and [RR: 3.4 (95% CI 1.07 to 11.1), compared to healthy weight subjects.</p>
          <p>Regarding the ventilatory thresholds, significantly lower VO<sub>2</sub>at VT1 and VT2 were also found in more severely ill subjects ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). Likewise, the HR at peak and at VTs were similar, with significantly lower values in the severe illness subgroup. Peak minute ventilation, OUES, and peak oxygen pulse revealed median values that were lower in the severe illness subjects, but the differences among the other subgroups and controls were not statistically significant. All other CPET variables were also not significantly different among COVID-19 illness severity subgroups ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Resting spirometry performed before CPET found normal values in several post-COVID-19 subjects with mild abnormalities in only 13% of the subjects based on FVC values and in 14% based on FEV1 values. Although not statistically significant, severe illness subjects presented a higher proportion of mild abnormalities based on FVC and FEV1 values (29% and 18%, respectively). However, the percent-predicted values were significantly lower in severe illness subjects than in controls (FVC: 85.7 versus 99%, p = 0.022 and FEV1: 85.5 versus 94.3%, p = 0.007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup of patients with previous CPET assessment</title>
          <p>Forty-two of the 144 subjects (29%) had a previous CPET available for comparison ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). This subgroup of subjects had COVID-19 severity classified as mild in 27 subjects (64%), moderate in 9 (21%), and severe in 6 (14%). For severity subgroup analysis, the moderate and severe subjects were combined. Characteristics of these 42 subjects were similar to the full study sample ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ). During the COVID-19 acute phase, the hospitalization rate was also low, and mechanical ventilation was not required in any subjects.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demography, comorbidities, prior medications, and COVID-19 clinical information in a subgroup of subjects with previous evaluation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Characteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">COVID-19 subjects</th>
                    <th rowspan="3" scope="col">p Value *</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Overall</th>
                    <th scope="col">Mild</th>
                    <th scope="col">Moderate/severe</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col" align="left">Subjects</th>
                    <th scope="col">42 (100)</th>
                    <th scope="col">27 (64)</th>
                    <th scope="col">15 (36)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (64)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (63)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">.810</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (36)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (37)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">46.5 (40.0, 54.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.0 (36.0, 51.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.0 (44.0, 55.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.030</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg</td>
                    <td align="center">81.4 (70.4, 85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.0 (69.2, 85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.3 (73.3, 87.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.906</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">173.5 (165.0, 178.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">175.0 (168.0, 180.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">173.0 (164.0, 178.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">25.8 (23.4, 27.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 (23.0, 27.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.4 (24.0, 27.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">.259</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">.482</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>COVID-19 acute phase information</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SpO2&lt;94% on room air</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent symptoms related to COVID-19</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">.040</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as median and interquartile range or absolute and relative frequencies. Statistical analysis: * Comparisons between illness severity subgroups: Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables or Chi-square for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; SpO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:<sub/>oxygen saturation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The CPET before COVID-19 infection was performed with a median interval of 25.0 (16.8, 40.0) and 39.4 (19.9, 67.5) months in the mild and moderate/severe illness subgroups, respectively, and this difference was not significant.</p>
          <p>In the mild illness subgroup of 27 subjects, the CPET before and after the COVID-19 infection did not reveal significant changes in the majority of measures except for a median reduction in peak treadmill speed of 0.4 km/h [95% CI: - 0.6 to - 0.2], a small reduction in exercise duration of 0.5 minutes, and a small increase in percent-predicted peak HR ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> and <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise test variables in subgroup with previous exam and division according to COVID-19 severity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th>
                    <th colspan="6" scope="col">COVID-19 severity</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Mild (n = 27)</th>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Moderate or severe (n = 15)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CPET variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Before</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>After</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p Value * Difference &#8224;</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Before</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>After</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p Value * Difference &#8224;</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise duration, min</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6 (9.9, 11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4 (9.0, 11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.5 (-1.0 to -0.05) p = .037</td>
                    <td align="center">11.3 (9.9, 12.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4 (9.0, 11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.0 (-1.8 to -0.2) p = .022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (163, 181)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (160, 185)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5 (-2.5 to 3.0) p = .829</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (168, 178)</td>
                    <td align="center">169 (156, 176)</td>
                    <td align="center">-5 (-10 to -0.5) p = .029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak HR, % predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">96.3 (93.5, 99.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.3 (94.4, 102.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 (0.2 to 3.1) p =.027</td>
                    <td align="center">97.8 (96.1, 102.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.1 (93.7, 101.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.1 (-4.1 to 1.6) p = .49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak speed, km/h</td>
                    <td align="center">11.9 (11.0, 14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.7 (10.6, 14.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.4 (-0.6 to -0.2) p = .005</td>
                    <td align="center">11.2 (8.2, 13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 (6.8, 12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.0 (-1.5 to -0.6) p = .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak inclination, %</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.3 (-0.5 to 0) p =.048</td>
                    <td align="center">4.0 (3.5, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (3.0, 4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.3 (-0.8 to 0.3) p = .259</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak RER</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (1.06, 1.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 (1.08, 1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03 (-0.02 to 0.07) p = .218</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (1.11, 1.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (1.10, 1.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04 (-0.02 to 0.09) p = .196</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>, L/min</td>
                    <td align="center">2.93 (2.00, 3.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.08 (2.09, 3.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.05 (-0.17 to 0.05) p = .249</td>
                    <td align="center">2.29 (2.04, 3.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12 (1.84, 2.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.16 (-0.38 to -0.03) p = .023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">40.8 (33.7, 44.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.0 (33.4, 41.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">- 0.8 (-2.2 to 0.3) p = .175</td>
                    <td align="center">34.1 (26.5, 40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.8 (22.3, 36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-4.1 (-9.8 to -2.3) p &lt; .001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VO<sub>2,</sub>% predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">110.4 (99.8, 122.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">106.3 (98.2, 124.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.4 (-3.7 to 2.8) p = .866</td>
                    <td align="center">108.1 (83.9, 113.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.1 (69.6, 103.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.4 (-20.5 to -0.7) p =.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak oxygen pulse, mL/beat</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7 (11.8, 21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.6 (13.0, 19.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.3 (-1.1 to 0.4) p = .414</td>
                    <td align="center">14.4 (11.8, 19.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.6 (11.1, 16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.9 (-2.3 to 0.5) p = .256</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>OUES</td>
                    <td align="center">3,075 (2,176, 3,706)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,977 (2,283, 3,554)</td>
                    <td align="center">-115 (-262 to 56) p = .121</td>
                    <td align="center">2,481 (2,209, 3,215)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,260 (2,086, 3,047)</td>
                    <td align="center">-140 (-517 to 37) p = .078</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE, L/min</td>
                    <td align="center">121.3 (89.1, 139.4</td>
                    <td align="center">119.2 (90.8, 139.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.7 (-5.4 to 2.8) p = .639</td>
                    <td align="center">98.4 (80.8, 126.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.3 (78.5, 127.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.3 (-11.1 to 2.2) p = .147</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE, % predicted</td>
                    <td align="center">112.8 (101.9, 120.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">114.2 (105.1, 125.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (-2.1 to 5.2) p = .374</td>
                    <td align="center">114.2 (95.1, 122.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">111.1 (95.9, 116.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">- 2.8 (-10.1 to 6.3) p = .570</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE/MVV, %</td>
                    <td align="center">74.9 (67.4, 81.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.9 (71.9, 85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3 (-0.7 to 10.2) p = .097</td>
                    <td align="center">72.80 (62.8, 79.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">78.1 (71.2, 89.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7 (-2.0 to 18.3) p = .100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak VE/VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">39.6 (36.9, 42.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0 (36.5, 42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (-0.8 to 1.5) p = .360</td>
                    <td align="center">39.1 (37.6, 45.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4 (40.2, 45.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 (-0.3 to 3.2) p = .167</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope</td>
                    <td align="center">33.9 (31.6, 36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.2 (30.6, 35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.4 (-1.9 to 1.4) p = .631</td>
                    <td align="center">31.4 (29.6, 36.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.1 (31.5, 34.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.05 (-2.8 to 3.4) p = .977</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub>at VT1, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 (18.8, 28.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.9 (18.5, 26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.6 (-3.4 to 0.7) p = .133</td>
                    <td align="center">19.8 (13.7, 25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.9 (12.8, 23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.1 (-4.1 to -0.7) p = .011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR at VT1, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (119, 143)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (116, 143)</td>
                    <td align="center">-2 (-7 to 4) p = .400</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (112, 130)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (112, 126)</td>
                    <td align="center">-6 (-13 to 2) p = .094</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub>at VT2, mL/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">38.3 (29.6, 42.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1 (32.7, 37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.6 (-3.6 to 0) p = .05</td>
                    <td align="center">30.7 (23.8, 37.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.4 (21.8, 33.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.2 (-6.8 to -1.7) p = .003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise HR at VT2, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (158, 174)</td>
                    <td align="center">166 (151, 174)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1 (-4 to 3) p =.637</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (156, 165)</td>
                    <td align="center">156 (146, 165)</td>
                    <td align="center">-5 (-10 to 1) p = .069</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN8">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as the median and interquartile range. Statistics: * Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare before and after variables within each COVID-19 severity subgroup. &#8224; Median differences (after minus before) and 95% CI estimates calculated by Hodges-Lehman method. CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; HR: heart rate; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>:<sub/>oxygen uptake; VCO<sub><italic>2</italic></sub>: carbon dioxide production; VE: minute ventilation; VT: ventilatory threshold; OUES: Oxygen uptake efficiency slope.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable differences according to COVID-19 severity. Patient subgroup (n = 42) with CPET before and after COVID-19. Values are median difference and 95% CI. HR: heart rate; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; VE: minute ventilation; VO2: oxygen uptake; VT: ventilatory threshold. Some variables were adjusted for graphic scaling. Peak VO2(L/min), peak RER, and peak speed (km/h), multiplying by 10; OUES, multiplying by 10-2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220150-20150-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the moderate/severe subgroup of 15 subjects, a significant median reduction in peak speed was observed, but with a greater magnitude [1.0 km/h (95% CI: - 1.5 to - 0.6). Furthermore, significant reductions in VO<sub>2</sub>at peak and at the VTs, were observed. The median reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>of 4.1 mL/kg/min (95% CI: - 9.8 to - 2.3) reflected a 7.4% (95% CI: -20.5 to - 0.7) reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>% (<xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> and <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ). Similarly, a reduced level of CRF was previously identified in 13% of the subjects which increased to 33% after COVID-19 ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3B</xref> ). Considering the age-related reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>due to the interval between the CPET assessments, the predicted values median difference was -0.8 (-0.7 to -1.4) mL/kg/min, which accounted for only about 20% of the observed median peak VO<sub>2</sub>reduction.</p>
          <p>Peak HR was also significantly lower after COVID-19, with a median difference of -5 beats per minute (95% CI: - 10 to - 0.5). Despite the significant changes observed in peak VO<sub>2</sub>and HR, there were no significant differences in ventilatory equivalents, OUES, peak oxygen pulse, peak minute ventilation, and other CPET variables before and after COVID-19 in the moderate/severe subgroup.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest studies to examine CPET results in post-COVID-19 subjects, presenting with a broad clinical spectrum, and has compared CPET results to a control group selected by propensity score matching. Furthermore, the comparison of CPET performed before COVID-19 in almost 30% of the study cohort is noteworthy and strengthens the relevance, novelty, and importance of the study findings.</p>
        <p>Our results indicate that patients who experienced severe COVID-19 illness have a significant reduction in CRF three months after symptom onset, confirmed by a lower median peak VO<sub>2</sub>than subjects with mild illness and control subjects. Pairwise comparison of subjects with a previous CPET prior to COVID-19 supports the findings in the entire cohort. Additionally, the 9-pannel plot and signs and symptoms observed during CPET reveal that peripheral muscle fatigue was the most prevalent cause of exercise limitation in subjects post-COVID-19. These findings are similar to previous studies, including hospitalized subjects.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Recent CPET studies in post-COVID-19 subjects found a similar reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>of 30% to 34% of the predicted values.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>Extrapulmonary factors, such as hospitalization, &#8220;bed rest&#8221;,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>anemia,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>and muscle weakness,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>were presented as possible underlying mechanisms for reduced CRF. Our results support such extrapulmonary factors, since subjects with moderate and severe illness presented peak VO<sub>2</sub>% values that were 11.4% and 26.3% lower than the mild illness subgroup ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ), highlighting the role that peripheral muscle fatigue had on limiting exercise in our cohort of mainly non-hospitalized subjects post-COVID-19. Furthermore, in the 42 patients with CPET before COVID-19, significant reductions in peak VO<sub>2</sub>and peak VO<sub>2</sub>% were observed only in subjects with higher severity illness, which could not be explained by the age difference between CPET assessments. In view of the above, our findings and those of others have identified the major detrimental effects severe COVID-19 has on exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle performance.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Similar to previous studies with hospitalized patients, reduced CRF due to peripheral skeletal muscle impairment from abnormal peripheral oxygen extraction due to muscle catabolism seems to be a more likely consequence of COVID-19 rather than a &#8220;bed rest&#8221; effect.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>This mechanism is strengthened by the marked reductions observed in VO<sub>2</sub>at both VT1 and VT2, comparing illness severities and controls ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ), as well as the pairwise comparison before and after COVID-19 in mostly non-hospitalized subjects ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> and <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ). These observations indicate early activation of anaerobic metabolism and lower buffering capacity during exercise,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>which may be one of the key mechanisms responsible for persistent fatigue symptoms in patient&#8217;s post-COVID-19. Similarly, Singh et al.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>using invasive CPET assessment, reported a marked reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>associated with impaired oxygen extraction, despite a preserved cardiac index, reinforcing a peripheral rather than central cardiac limit during exercise.</p>
        <p>Moreover, we observed a significantly lower peak HR in subjects with severe illness compared to controls and the subgroup of individuals with mild illness ( <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ), as well as a lower peak HR during the post-COVID-19 CPET when compared to CPET before COVID-19 in the moderate/severe illness subgroup ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ). This finding is supported by a previous study in COVID-19 subjects<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>that reported a similar reduction in peak HR. We also found that HR at VT1 and VT2 were significantly lower in the severe illness subgroup when compared to the mild illness and control subgroups, but such a reduction was not observed in the pairwise comparison. The combination of lower peak HR and peak VO<sub>2</sub>values and early VT may be attributed to a metabolic myopathy limiting exercise<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>which corroborates muscle fatigue as the main cause for exercise limitation in our study. It is important to highlight that these differences in peak values were not associated with lower relative effort intensity in that the peak respiratory exchange ratio was not different among the subjects within different illness severities and controls, nor during pairwise before-after COVID-19 comparisons.</p>
        <p>Despite the reported differences in VO<sub>2</sub>and HR at the peak and VT1 and VT2, no other CPET measure was significantly different among the illness severity subgroups and controls ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ) nor during pairwise before-after COVID-19 comparisons. Despite the pulmonary involvement in more severely affected subjects during acute COVID-19 infection and a 42% rate of residual symptoms, we found no differences in ventilatory efficiency, quantified by the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope, neither in the matched-pair comparisons with the control group ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ) nor in the pairwise analysis with pre-COVID-19 data ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> and <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref> ) which are similar to the results reported by Gao et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>However, several other studies<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> </sup>have reported higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope values in COVID-19 subjects compared to controls, which, according to Baratto et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>were attributed to increased chemosensitivity stimulating higher ventilation. Also different from our results is that lower values for the OUES<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>and oxygen pulse<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup>have been reported in post-COVID-19 subjects. However, the subjects in these studies were assessed at or soon after hospitalization, with a higher possibility of myocardial injury and dysfunction,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup>which could have influenced the CPET results reported in these studies. In our study, post-COVID-19 patients with a broad clinical spectrum were evaluated, and only 15% of the subjects had been previously hospitalized during the acute viral phase. Characteristics of our participant sample may have produced the different results in these CPET variables.</p>
        <p>According to multiple logistic regression, we identified that severe COVID-19 was associated with a nearly 9-fold higher risk of presenting a reduced CRF, highlighting the impact of disease severity on the exercise limitation. While both age and sex were not predictors, obesity was a robust predictor with a 37-fold increased risk. The impact of weight and illness severity on the exercise limitation was also demonstrated by Braga et al.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>; however, in this study, age and sex were predictors of reduced CRF, which is opposite to our findings.</p>
        <p>Finally, it is essential to highlight that the main findings of the present study indicate that the primary reason for exercise limitation, and probably the reason for the persistent symptoms, was peripheral muscle limitation in the majority of the subjects (92%). Pulmonary and cardiovascular limitations were identified in only 12 subjects (8%) who were most severely affected. In the severe subgroup, the main limitation was also peripheral muscle fatigue (70%), of whom 85% reported persistent symptoms. However, 26% of the patients in this subgroup presented significant reductions in pulse oximetry during exercise despite the majority having normal spirometry. This finding embodies the importance of using CPET in subjects with persistent symptoms, especially in those more severely affected by COVID-19, since normal or near-normal resting spirometry may not be enough to exclude pulmonary dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations that should be addressed. First, it is a unicentric retrospective study performed in one outpatient private laboratory, leading to a selection bias. Moreover, individuals referred for CPET evaluation may be more symptomatic than individuals not referred for CPET, which may make the results of our study more applicable to patients with long COVID and thus, a strength rather than limitation of our study. Subjects with critical illness were also underrepresented in our study, and it is possible that a reduction in CRF could be even more pronounced in this subgroup. The interval between assessments varied in the sample with CPET prior to viral infection. However, the calculation of the age-related reductions in predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub>demonstrated that aging could explain approximately 20% of the observed reduction in the variable. Thus, we assume that our findings were mainly related to COVID-19 and not to the time interval between assessments. Finally, although this is a relatively medium-term study (CPET performed at a median of 11.5 weeks after disease onset), a longer follow-up period is needed to better understand long COVID and the clinical impact of intolerance to exercise, as well as the effects exercise training may have on this patient population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Peripheral muscle fatigue was the most common cause of exercise limitation in post-COVID-19 patients, regardless of the illness severity, and reductions were observed mainly in VO<sub>2</sub>and HR at peak exercise and ventilatory thresholds. Ventilatory equivalents, OUES, and peak oxygen pulse were not different among illness severity or before-after COVID-19 comparisons. Our data strengthen the importance of using CPET in post-COVID-19 subjects with residual symptoms to help discover the most compromised systems to tailor rehabilitation efforts.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the laboratory staff and primary physicians who attended and referred the patients for CPET assessment after COVID-19. Among these, we would like to give special thanks to: Carlos Vieira Nascimento, Christiane Aires Teixeira, Luiz Jean Castro Xidis, Renault Mattos Ribeiro Junior, and R&#244;mulo Alzuguir Montijo.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the post-doctoral research of Mauricio Milani, from Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by public research grants and scholarships from <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES)</italic> , and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal</italic> (FAPDF).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
