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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zK84CM7jQncfpzsrKcmsQGg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abordagem H&#237;brida de Extra&#231;&#227;o e Implanta&#231;&#227;o Simult&#226;neas de Marca-passo sem Eletrodo em um Caso de Endocardite por Eletrodo Transvenoso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5785-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grazina</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Os&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portugal</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lousinha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Arritmologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Arritmologia - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia , Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central , Lisboa &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barreiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E ., Barreiro &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Helder Santos &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo &#8211; Avenida Movimento das For&#231;as Armadas, 2834-003 Barreiro &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>helder33689@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220091</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Equipamentos e Provis&#245;es/instrumenta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Sem Fio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Reimplante</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#233;todo de PISA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento da bradicardia sintom&#225;tica baseia-se no m&#233;todo de estimula&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica transvenosa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, os dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) est&#227;o associados a um risco potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo infe&#231;&#245;es, com uma taxa estimada de 0,5% com implantes prim&#225;rios e 1&#8211;7 % com interven&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Infec&#231;&#245;es por DCEI est&#227;o associadas a maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, maiores custos cl&#237;nicos e taxas de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De acordo com as diretrizes, a endocardite infecciosa relacionada ao DCEI implica a remo&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema, seguida de um per&#237;odo sem terapia intravascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes necessita de reimplante de DCEI, o que sabidamente est&#225; associado a um risco de reinfec&#231;&#227;o entre 2 e 11%, principalmente nos casos com remo&#231;&#227;o apenas parcial do dispositivo inicial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica PISA &#233; um procedimento percut&#226;neo utilizado com sucesso na extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos do DCEI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica inicia-se com a identifica&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o proximal do eletrodo. Em seguida, &#233; realizado um desbridamento ao longo do eletrodo para atingir o local da inser&#231;&#227;o venosa. A seguir, uma bainha dilatadora de polipropileno &#233; inserida e avan&#231;ada externamente at&#233; o eletrodo em movimentos rotacionais, mantendo-se uma leve tra&#231;&#227;o. Tais movimentos ir&#227;o resultar na libera&#231;&#227;o de ader&#234;ncias ao redor do eletrodo, permitindo, ap&#243;s o avan&#231;o total da bainha, a remo&#231;&#227;o total do eletrodo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 86 anos, ex-tabagista, com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, obesidade e hiperuricemia, deu entrada no pronto-socorro com quadro de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e febre dez meses ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo DDDR por bloqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau. A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica detectou sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o local na m&#227;o esquerda, onde a paciente havia sido submetida a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dois meses antes. Os exames de sangue sugeriram uma infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, apesar das hemoculturas negativas. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal, sem doen&#231;a valvar significante e sem identifica&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou complica&#231;&#245;es locais sugestivas de endocardite. Ainda assim, considerando a suspeita de endocardite, foi realizado um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico duas semanas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial, revelando duas massas no &#225;trio direito, aderidas ao eletrodo ventricular, com dimens&#245;es m&#225;ximas de 21x7 mm. Antibioticoterapia com vancomicina e ceftriaxona foi iniciada e mantida por 35 dias, enquanto as hemoculturas permaneceram est&#233;reis. Ela foi ent&#227;o encaminhada ao nosso centro para extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo pela t&#233;cnica PISA.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a paciente era totalmente dependente do ritmo do marca-passo. Portanto, para promover a sincroniza&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, decidimos implantar o marca-passo sem eletrodo Micra AV (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, EUA), habilitando um modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o VDD. A extra&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo e o implante do Micra AV foram realizados em procedimento simult&#226;neo. Implantou-se inicialmente marca-passo intracard&#237;aco sem eletrodo, conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o de treinamento do fabricante, via acesso femoral esquerdo. Um cateter de entrega Micra <sup>TM</sup> Delivery (105 cm de comprimento) inserido na bainha introdutora Micra <sup>TM</sup> (di&#226;metro externo de 27 Fr) foi desviado para o &#225;trio direito sem dificuldade. Um operador foi respons&#225;vel por manter o cateter de entrega no &#225;trio direito, enquanto outros dois operadores iniciaram a extra&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo. A remo&#231;&#227;o completa de ambos os eletrodos foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo PISA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Nessa fase, a implanta&#231;&#227;o adequada do marca-passo intracard&#237;aco sem fio permitiu alcan&#231;ar uma posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel no septo m&#233;dio-ventricular. Todo o procedimento ocorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Imagens do procedimento, mostrando a retirada do marca-passo transvenoso e a implanta&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo sem eletrodos, posicionado no septo m&#233;dio-ventricular (F).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220091-20091-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No dia seguinte, os par&#226;metros est&#225;veis do Micra AV foram confirmados e otimizados, o acesso femoral foi verificado e n&#227;o apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es. A paciente recebeu antibioticoterapia por mais 12 dias. Um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado uma semana ap&#243;s o procedimento, sem sinais de endocardite. No seguimento de um m&#234;s, os par&#226;metros do marca-passo estavam est&#225;veis, com detec&#231;&#227;o atrial precisa e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular de 100%, e a paciente permanecia assintom&#225;tica, sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dispositivos intracard&#237;acos sem eletrodos s&#227;o agora uma alternativa segura e eficaz aos marca-passos transvenosos, principalmente em pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es anteriores relacionadas ao dispositivo, problemas de acesso venoso, extra&#231;&#227;o anterior de eletrodos e comorbidades, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia renal em est&#225;gio terminal e diabetes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de um bolso subcut&#226;neo ou eletrodos transvenosos evitam o risco potencial de infec&#231;&#227;o associado a esses componentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O fato do sistema Micra ter uma pequena &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie, ser inteiramente endovascular (com encapsulamento) e submetido a maior turbul&#234;ncia sangu&#237;nea, velocidade e press&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode favorecer um menor risco de infec&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico em curto e longo prazos e, mesmo ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o completa do dispositivo e resolu&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, observam-se altas taxas de mortalidade em um ano, entre 20% e 35%, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> v&#225;rias vezes associada a um risco ainda maior de reinfec&#231;&#227;o. &#201; particularmente importante selecionar o procedimento mais adequado, e &#233; por isso que a escolha de um dispositivo intracard&#237;aco sem eletrodo parece garantir uma importante alternativa de abordagem para pacientes dependentes de marca-passo. El-Chami et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstraram que o implante do dispositivo Micra &#233; seguro ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de marca-passo, pois n&#227;o foi observada infec&#231;&#227;o causada pelo Micra e n&#227;o foram detectadas infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas com necessidade de remo&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo durante o seguimento. Al&#233;m disso, a capacidade do dispositivo intracard&#237;aco sem eletrodos de fornecer sincronia atrioventricular &#233; vantajosa, pois pode evitar alguns dos efeitos delet&#233;rios associados &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;mara &#250;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O momento ideal para realizar o reimplante &#233; desconhecido e controverso. A literatura anterior <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> descreve apenas alguns casos de procedimento simult&#226;neo, pois a maioria dos operadores prefere concluir a extra&#231;&#227;o e realizar o reimplante alguns dias depois. No entanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es sugerem que o reimplante deve ocorrer pelo menos 72 horas ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o de hemoculturas negativas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Curiosamente, uma recente metan&#225;lise concluiu que o reimplante ap&#243;s 72 horas estava associado a um maior risco de reinfec&#231;&#227;o do novo sistema card&#237;aco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O reimplante em procedimento simult&#226;neo de um novo sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o e extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo j&#225; se mostrou vi&#225;vel, sem aumentar as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nossa decis&#227;o de realizar as duas t&#233;cnicas simultaneamente foi tomada de acordo com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco-benef&#237;cio. Considerando a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a idade e a presen&#231;a de v&#225;rias comorbilidades, o risco intr&#237;nseco de infe&#231;&#227;o associado aos procedimentos repetidos e todas as potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es, um procedimento &#250;nico pareceu ser a melhor alternativa de abordagem. Al&#233;m disso, as evid&#234;ncias da literatura <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sobre a seguran&#231;a do dispositivo intracard&#237;aco sem eletrodo em pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es preexistentes refor&#231;am essa suposi&#231;&#227;o e, portanto, a abordagem utilizada por nossa equipe.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Hybrid Approach of Simultaneous Extraction and Leadless Pacemaker Implantation in a Transvenous Lead Endocarditis Case</article-title>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role> Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Arritmologia - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E., Barreiro &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Helder Santos &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo &#8211; Avenida Movimento das For&#231;as Armadas, 2834-003 Barreiro &#8211; Portugal E-mail: helder33689@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Equipment and Supplies/instrumentation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Leadless Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Replantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Method PISA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Symptomatic bradycardia treatment is based on the transvenous method of endocardial pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, cardiac electronic implantable devices (CEID) are associated with a potential risk of complications, including infections, with an estimated rate of 0.5% with primary implants and 1&#8211;7 % with secondary interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> CIED infections are associated with longer hospital length of stay, higher clinical costs and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to guidelines, infective endocarditis related to CIED implicates complete removal of the system, followed by a period without intravascular therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, most of the patients require CIED reimplantation, which is known to be associated with a risk of reinfection between 2 and 11%, particularly in cases with only partial removal of the initial device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PISA technique is a percutaneous procedure used with success in lead extraction of the CIED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This technique starts with the identification of the proximal portion of the lead. Then, a debridement is performed along the lead to achieve the site of venous insertion. Subsequently, a polypropylene dilator sheath is inserted and advanced externally up to the lead in rotational movements, while maintaining a light traction. Such movements will cause the release of adhesions around the lead, allowing, after the full advancement of the sheath, the entire lead removal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical case</title>
          <p>An 86-year-old female patient, a former smoker with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity and hyperuricemia was admitted to the emergency room with atypical chest pain and fever ten months after a DDDR pacemaker implantation due to a third-degree atrioventricular block. The first clinical evaluation detected signs of local infection in the left hand, where the patient had a surgical intervention two months before. Blood tests suggested a systemic infection, despite negative blood cultures. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction, without any significant valvular disease, and without the identification of vegetations or local complications suggesting endocarditis. Yet, considering the suspicion of endocarditis, a transesophageal echocardiogram was performed two weeks after the initial hospital admission, revealing two masses in the right atrium, attached to the ventricular lead, with maximum dimensions of 21x7 mm. Antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and ceftriaxone was initiated and continued for 35 days, while blood cultures remained sterile. She was then referred to our center for lead extraction using the PISA technique.</p>
          <p>Moreover, the patient was totally dependent on the pacemaker rhythm. Therefore, to promote atrioventricular synchronization, we decided to implant the Micra AV (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) leadless pacemaker, enabling a VDD pacing mode. Pacemaker extraction and the Micra AV implantation were performed in a simultaneous procedure. An intracardiac leadless pacemaker was implanted initially according to the manufacturer&#8217;s training recommendation via the left femoral access. A Micra<sup>TM</sup>Delivery Catheter (105-cm-long) inserted in the Micra<sup>TM</sup>introducer sheath (27-Fr outer diameter) was deflected into the right atrium without difficulty. One operator was responsible to maintain the delivery catheter in the right atrium, while two other operators started the pacemaker extraction. Complete removal of both leads was obtained with the PISA method ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). At this stage, a suitable deployment of the intracardiac leadless pacemaker allowed a stable position to be reached in the mid-ventricular septum. The entire procedure occurred without complications.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Images of the procedure, showing the extraction of the transvenous pacemaker and the implantation of the leadless pacemaker, positioned in the mid-ventricular septum (F).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20220091-20091-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>On the next day, Micra AV stable parameters were confirmed and optimized, the femoral access was checked and did not show any complications. The patient received antibiotic therapy for 12 more days. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed one week after the procedure, without any signs of endocarditis. At the one-month follow-up, the pacemaker parameters were stable, with 100% accurate atrial sensing and ventricular pacing, and the patient remained asymptomatic, without complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Intracardiac leadless devices are now a safe and effective alternative to transvenous pacemakers, namely in patients with previous device-related infections, venous access issues, previous lead extraction, and comorbidities, including end-stage renal failure and diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The absence of a subcutaneous pocket or transvenous leads prevent the potential risk of infection associated with these components.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The fact that the Micra system has a small surface area, is entirely endovascular (with encapsulation) and submitted to higher blood turbulence, velocity and pressure may also favor a lower infection risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with systemic infections have worse short- and long-term prognosis, and, even when complete device extraction has been accomplished and the systemic infection was resolved, high mortality rates are observed at one year, between 20% and 35%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> several times associated with an even higher risk of reinfection. It is particularly important to select the most suitable procedure, and that is why choosing an intracardiac leadless device seems to guarantee an important alternative approach for dependent-pacemaker patients. El-Chami, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> showed that Micra implantation is safe after a previous pacemaker infection, since no Micra infection was observed and systemic infections requiring device removal were not detected during the follow-up. Also, the ability of the intracardiac leadless device to provide atrioventricular synchrony is advantageous, since it may prevent some of the deleterious effects associated with a single-chamber pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The optimal timing to perform the reimplantation is unknown and controversial. Previous literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> described just a few cases of a simultaneous procedure, since most of the operators prefer to complete the extraction and perform the reimplantation a few days later. Nonetheless, the recommendations suggest that reimplantation should occur at least 72 hours after the extraction and documentation of negative blood cultures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Curiously, a recent meta-analysis concluded that the reimplantation after 72 hours was associated with a higher risk of reinfection of the new cardiac system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Reimplantation in a simultaneous procedure of a new pacing system and lead extraction has already proved to be feasible, without increasing complication rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Our decision to make both techniques simultaneously was made according to a risk-benefit balance evaluation. Considering the clinical evolution during the hospitalization, age and the presence of several comorbidities, the intrinsic risk of infection associated with repeated procedures and all the potential complications, a single procedure seemed to be the best alternative approach. Moreover, literature evidence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> of the safety of intracardiac leadless device in patients with pre-existing infections reinforces this assumption and, therefore, the approach used by our team.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
