<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="review-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dkByjNBr6DymrKvy5GytztP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210941</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprocessamento de Marca-Passos em Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa: Uma Reflex&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3616-435X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Neiberg de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Albertino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6572-7505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribeiro Bunda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4229-4831</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Puroll</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eagle</surname>
            <given-names>Kim A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crawford</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wayne State University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Detroit</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Michigan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Wayne State University School of Medicine &#8211; Internal Medicine, Detroit, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Faculdade de Medicina da UFC, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Eduardo Mondlane</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maputo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MZ">Mo&#231;ambique</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Eduardo Mondlane &#8211; Faculdade de Medicine, Maputo &#8211; Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clinica Girassol</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Luanda</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinica Girassol, Luanda &#8211; Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Baptista de Sousa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mindelo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Cabo Verde</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Baptista de Sousa, Mindelo &#8211; Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agostinho Neto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Praia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Cabo Verde</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agostinho Neto, Praia &#8211; Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Tom&#233;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ST">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; &#8211; S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Michigan Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ann Arbor</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Michigan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Michigan Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Frankel Cardiovascular Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ann Arbor</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Michigan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medicine &#8211; Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Thomas C. Crawford &#8226; The University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5853 E-mail: <email>thomcraw@med.umich.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210941</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>H&#225; uma enorme disparidade entre os pa&#237;ses de alta renda e outros em termos de acesso a dispositivos m&#233;dicos card&#237;acos, como marca-passos e desfibriladores implant&#225;veis. Os custos s&#227;o uma das principais barreiras ao uso de dispositivos card&#237;acos nesses pa&#237;ses. Existem iniciativas internacionais que visam reduzir essa disparidade, e o reuso de marca-passos tem sido discutido como uma poss&#237;vel alternativa. O conceito de reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos n&#227;o &#233; novo; entretanto, estudos recentes t&#234;m se mostrado seguros, &#233;ticos e eficazes para aqueles que precisam de dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis e n&#227;o tem como adquiri-los. Parte dos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa, especialmente na &#193;frica, precisam de uma resposta imediata que beneficie seus in&#250;meros pacientes que sofrem de arritmias trat&#225;veis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Administra&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparidade nos N&#237;veis de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial e a eletrofisiologia s&#227;o atividades m&#233;dicas estabelecidas e reconhecidas internacionalmente, por&#233;m ainda h&#225; um abismo no acesso aos diversos tratamentos entre pa&#237;ses de alta renda e os demais. A reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos vem sendo discutida como uma poss&#237;vel alternativa a essa problem&#225;tica.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Contudo, mesmo havendo uma necessidade evidente, pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda da l&#237;ngua portuguesa ainda n&#227;o possuem pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas ou come&#231;aram discuss&#245;es amplas em suas sociedades m&#233;dicas sobre essa tem&#225;tica. Este artigo se prop&#245;e a revisar e resumir o que se conhece sobre essa tem&#225;tica, particularmente em regi&#245;es de maior dificuldade de acesso a esses aparelhos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Disparidades em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</title>
        <p>Desde os anos 1950, quando os primeiros marca-passos foram implantados, at&#233; agora, houve um avan&#231;o sem precedentes no tratamento das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Apesar de a tecnologia ter avan&#231;ado bastante, ela ainda &#233; cara e inacess&#237;vel para muitos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Para se ter um exemplo, a taxa de implante anual de marca-passo &#233; de mais de 700 por milh&#227;o de habitantes na Fran&#231;a, Su&#233;cia e Estados Unidos, enquanto chega a ser menos de 7 por milh&#227;o no Paquist&#227;o, Filipinas e Indon&#233;sia e menos de 3 por milh&#227;o na &#193;frica. Baseado nesses n&#250;meros, &#233; estimado que at&#233; um milh&#227;o de pessoas morram todos os anos sem acesso a terapia para bradicardia no mundo.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Os custos s&#227;o uma das principais barreiras para &#224; ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos card&#237;acos nesses pa&#237;ses. Um marca-passo chega a custar 2500 d&#243;lares americanos, isso &#233; v&#225;rias vezes mais do que a renda per capita de muitos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>A falta de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o infecciosas, profissionais capacitados para reconhecer e tratar arritmias card&#237;acas, acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o carente a hospitais especializados e de infraestrutura cir&#250;rgica &#233; outra poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Existem iniciativas que visam diminuir esse abismo entre pa&#237;ses de alta renda e pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, como o <italic>Heartbeat International, </italic>uma organiza&#231;&#227;o que distribui marca-passos pr&#243;ximos ao vencimento, que s&#227;o doados generosamente pela ind&#250;stria de marca-passos.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O Projeto &#8220;<italic>My Heart Your Heart&#8221;</italic> (PMHYH) &#233; uma colabora&#231;&#227;o entre cidad&#227;os, m&#233;dicos e diretores de funer&#225;rias dos Estados Unidos, a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Michigan, a <italic>NEScientific </italic>e a <italic>World Medical Relief (WMR)</italic>. A WMR &#233; uma organiza&#231;&#227;o filantr&#243;pica sem fins lucrativos, com sede em Detroit, cuja miss&#227;o &#233; afetar o bem-estar de indiv&#237;duos pobres em escala internacional por meio da distribui&#231;&#227;o de suprimentos m&#233;dicos, equipamentos e rem&#233;dios doados.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O objetivo da colabora&#231;&#227;o &#233; determinar se a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo pode se mostrar um meio seguro de prestar cuidados a pacientes em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.</p>
        <p>Antes da aprova&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos internacionais, o projeto MHYH passou os primeiros anos fornecendo a estrutura para que essa ideia fosse apoiada por todos aqueles que ela afetaria.</p>
        <p>Em mais de 10 anos, o projeto j&#225; beneficiou in&#250;meros pacientes que receberam de forma gratuita marca-passos recondicionados em pa&#237;ses como Filipinas, Venezuela, Qu&#234;nia e Serra Leoa, entre outros. O programa tamb&#233;m fornece treinamento e acompanhamento de profissionais locais e pacientes. Para mais informa&#231;&#245;es, acesse <italic>http://www.myheartyourheart.org.</italic></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos card&#237;acos</title>
        <p>O conceito de reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos n&#227;o &#233; novo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Apesar de nunca terem sido a norma padr&#227;o, eles j&#225; foram utilizados no Brasil e &#205;ndia na d&#233;cada de 80 e 90.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Na d&#233;cada de 90, a Su&#233;cia reutilizava cerca de 5% dos seus aparelhos.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Tentativas de doa&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos retirados de doadores cad&#225;veres para pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento por m&#233;dicos americanos data da d&#233;cada de 80.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDIs) e marca-passos biventriculares reutilizados tamb&#233;m v&#234;m sendo utilizados h&#225; algum tempo na &#193;frica, por&#233;m em menor escala.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As fontes potenciais de doa&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos s&#227;o: <italic>post-mortem</italic> e p&#243;s-extra&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo mostrou que mais de tr&#234;s mil aparelhos s&#227;o retirados por cremat&#243;rios americanos, sendo que mais de um quinto tinha bateria restante superior a 4 anos e que um aparelho novo tem bateria com longevidade de at&#233; 12 a 14 anos, variando de acordo com a programa&#231;&#227;o e o fabricante.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>Mais de sessenta mil aparelhos s&#227;o explantados por ano nos Estados Unidos, e h&#225; uma estimativa de que cerca de 20% destes poderiam ser reutilizados, gerando um total anual de 10 a 12 mil aparelhos-ano.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora a doa&#231;&#227;o de geradores de marca-passos seja vi&#225;vel, a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos &#233; bem mais dif&#237;cil. Eletrodos s&#227;o, em geral, dif&#237;ceis de serem retirados devido ao processo de fibrose causado ao longo do tempo ap&#243;s o seu implante, e a sua extra&#231;&#227;o &#233; potencialmente danosa a eles. Mesmo admitindo que em situa&#231;&#245;es pontuais esses eletrodos possam ser adequadamente retirados, o processo de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos &#233; muito mais desafiador.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Entretanto, eletrodos de marca-passo s&#227;o bem mais baratos que os geradores, podendo ser mais facilmente adquiridos por pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda e at&#233; mesmo por seus habitantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>Quando se fala no uso de um aparelho reprocessado, as principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Seguran&#231;a dos aparelhos reprocessados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ID do Estudo</th>
                  <th>Anos do Estudo</th>
                  <th>Tipo de estudo</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Total de pacientes com aparelhos reprocessados</th>
                  <th>Taxa de Infec&#231;&#227;o (%)</th>
                  <th>Taxa de Disfun&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo (%)</th>
                  <th>Mortalidade</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Panja M et al. Indian Heart J, 1996<sup><italic> 9</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">1976-1992</td>
                  <td align="center">Observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndia</td>
                  <td align="center">642</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8% <italic>A maioria quando os dispositivos eram reutilizados no mesmo paciente ap&#243;s serem esterilizados.</italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,1%<italic> - Altos limiares </italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o reportada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baman T et al. Circ Arrhythm Eletrophysiol 2011 <sup><italic>21</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">Metan&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndia, Rom&#234;nia, Su&#233;cia, Brasil, Hungria, Israel, Austr&#225;lia, Finl&#226;ndia, Noruega, Canad&#225;, Holanda, Filipinas, It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">2270</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76%.<italic> Sem diferen&#231;a do grupo controle. </italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,5%. <italic>Maior que no grupo de aparelhos novos. </italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enache et al. PACE, 2019 <sup><italic>22</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">2001-2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo. Caso controle.</td>
                  <td align="center">Rom&#234;nia</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">5% <italic>Sem diferen&#231;a do grupo controle</italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sethi et al. Indian Heart J. 1992 <sup><italic>19</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">1979-1991</td>
                  <td align="center">Observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndia</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Khairy et al. NEJM, 2020 <sup><italic>23</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">2003-2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Controlado. Prospectivo.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cuba, Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, Equador, Guatemala, Honduras e M&#233;xico</td>
                  <td align="center">1051</td>
                  <td align="center">2% <italic>Sem diferen&#231;a do grupo controle</italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baman et al. JACC 2009 <sup><italic>7</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de Casos</td>
                  <td align="center">Filipinas</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinha et al. PACE 2018<sup><italic>4</italic></sup> </td>
                  <td align="center">2009-2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Metan&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">Filipinas, Nicaragua, &#205;ndia, M&#233;xico, China, &#193;frica do Sul, Rom&#234;nia, &#205;ndia.</td>
                  <td align="center">856</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1%. <italic>Sem diferen&#231;a do grupo controle</italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,2% <italic>Sem diferen&#231;a do grupo controle</italic> </td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a infec&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; uma vasta literatura mostrando que aparelhos recondicionados s&#227;o usados com seguran&#231;a. Entre 1979 e 1991, quarenta e dois aparelhos foram doados e reutilizados na &#205;ndia ap&#243;s serem explantados, em sua maioria devido a infec&#231;&#227;o de gerador, e, ap&#243;s um seguimento de 3 anos, apenas 2 pacientes tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na d&#233;cada de 80, na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 22 aparelhos foram reutilizados ap&#243;s descontamina&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica com o uso de &#243;xido et&#237;lico. Desses pacientes, um teve complica&#231;&#227;o eletromagn&#233;tica devido &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do gerador que aconteceu 2 meses ap&#243;s o implante.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2011, uma metan&#225;lise que tinha a seguran&#231;a do reuso de marca-passos como desfecho prim&#225;rio, incluiu 18 trabalhos publicados de 1988 a 2008, totalizando 2270 pacientes. Os m&#233;todos de reprocessamento n&#227;o foram homog&#234;neos. A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o foi de apenas 1,97%. Desses 18 trabalhos, 5 foram controlados e totalizaram 913 pacientes, mostrando aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 6697 novos implantes de aparelhos.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo n&#227;o randomizado sobre a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de CDIs comparou 157 pacientes que receberam aparelhos reutilizados e 114 que receberam novos aparelhos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos no que se refere a infec&#231;&#245;es, disfun&#231;&#227;o de aparelho ou esgotamento inesperado de bateria.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2020, um grupo da Universidade de Montreal com participa&#231;&#227;o internacional publicou um importante estudo no <italic>New England Journal of Medicin</italic>e que comparou 1051 aparelhos de marca-passo e CDI implantados no M&#233;xico, Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, Guatemala e Honduras com 3131 implantes de marca-passos novos realizados no Canad&#225;. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes controles no Canad&#225; foram ajustadas para o grupo do estudo. Os protocolos de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o dos marca-passos n&#227;o foram descritos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica de mortalidade relacionada ao aparelho ou infec&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A mesma metan&#225;lise de 2011 teve como desfecho secund&#225;rio a avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo e incluiu dezessete trabalhos, totalizando 2150 aparelhos reutilizados, mostrando apenas 13 disfun&#231;&#245;es de aparelho, descritos como &#8220;erros t&#233;cnicos&#8221; (n=5), esgotamento prematuro de bateria (n=1), reprograma&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (n=1), inibi&#231;&#227;o eletromagn&#233;tica (n=1), inibi&#231;&#227;o por m&#250;sculo peitoral (n=1), anormalidades nos parafusos (n=3) e taquicardia ventricular espont&#226;nea (n=1). Em quatro estudos controlados dessa metan&#225;lise de 793 marca-passos reutilizados e 2200 novos implantes, houve um aumento no risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o nos aparelhos reutilizados.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A maior desvantagem da reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos, naturalmente, &#233; a vida &#250;til inferior ao aparelho novo, que j&#225; &#233; um evento esperado.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> O Projeto MHYH somente processa aparelhos se a longevidade exceder quatro anos ou 75% da bateria de f&#225;brica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O reprocessamento</title>
        <p>Para diminuir o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do aparelho j&#225; h&#225; t&#233;cnicas validadas para o reprocessamento de aparelhos de marca-passo card&#237;aco. Aqui descrevemos a t&#233;cnica desenvolvida pelo nosso grupo na Universidade de Michigan e publicada no <italic>Journal of American College of Cardiology</italic> em 2017 (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Projeto My Heart your Heart in Detroit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20210941-10941-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s serem doados por cremat&#243;rios ou ap&#243;s extra&#231;&#245;es clinicamente indicadas, seja por infec&#231;&#227;o ou por necessidade de <italic>upgrade, </italic>o aparelho passa pelas seguintes fases de reprocessamento<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> como mostrado na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">figura 2</xref>:</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Etapas reprocessamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20210941-10941-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Inspe&#231;&#227;o visual e, caso danificado fisicamente, &#233; imediatamente descartado. O aparelho &#233; interrogado rapidamente e a longevidade da bateria, testada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limpeza com spray desinfetante <italic>Lysol</italic> e, ap&#243;s isso, separa&#231;&#227;o por fabricante.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descontamina&#231;&#227;o: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>O aparelho &#233; submerso em deioniza&#231;&#227;o/osmose reversa (D-OR) e solu&#231;&#227;o de detergente Enzol por 10 minutos (<italic>Advanced Sterilization Products, Irvine, Calif&#243;rnia</italic>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>O aparelho &#233; lavado com &#225;gua deionizada e, posteriormente, secado.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As sa&#237;das dos geradores s&#227;o ent&#227;o conectadas a um teste de 500-Ohms. Os aparelhos s&#227;o ent&#227;o programados com uma sa&#237;da de 2.5V com 1ms de largura de pulso, a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 60bpm. Com essa programa&#231;&#227;o se interroga a bateria. Se bateria &#233; inferior a 4 anos, o aparelho &#233; descartado. Se superior a 4 anos ou 75% da bateria, o gerador &#233; separado de acordo com o fabricante.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O gerador &#233; colocado em modo de armazenamento. Ele &#233; desligado, se houver essa fun&#231;&#227;o, ou colocado em VVI com sa&#237;da de 1V a 0.1ms, frequ&#234;ncia de 30, e todos os sensores s&#227;o desligados.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Processamento e limpeza: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>As tampas dos parafusos s&#227;o retiradas. Os parafusos s&#227;o retirados, lavados com &#225;gua destilada, secados e separados por fabricante.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Colocam-se os parafusos e o gerador em uma pia com D-OR e imersos em solu&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica de Enzol por 3 minutos.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Os aparelhos s&#227;o ent&#227;o esfregados quatro vezes com uma toalha sem fiapos. Todas as fendas s&#227;o escovadas com uma escova de n&#225;ilon. Conectores s&#227;o escovados com limpadores de tubos enquanto imersos em &#225;gua. O aparelho &#233; inspecionado com uma lupa de 5 aumentos e, caso sejam encontrados detritos, o aparelho &#233; escovado novamente. Se forem encontrados detritos ap&#243;s dois ciclos de escova&#231;&#227;o e limpeza, o aparelho &#233; descartado.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Os aparelhos s&#227;o colocados em D-OR. Depois de 3 minutos a pia &#233; drenada. O processo &#233; repetido por tr&#234;s vezes.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Lava-se novamente com &#225;gua deionizada e depois seca-se com ar a 35 - 50 &#176;C por 7 horas.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Se houver qualquer aparente res&#237;duo, o aparelho &#233; descartado.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>Recolocam-se novos parafusos e tampas de silicone e o aparelho &#233; submerso em silicone medicinal quatro vezes.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O aparelho &#233; reinterrogado e programado em modo de armazenamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Inspe&#231;&#227;o e empacotamento</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Esteriliza&#231;&#227;o <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>Esteriliza&#231;&#227;o usando 100% &#243;xido de etileno em c&#226;mara a v&#225;cuo por 8 horas.</p></list-item><list-item><p>C&#226;mara de aera&#231;&#227;o por 48 horas.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O aparelho &#233; ent&#227;o colocado em &#225;rea est&#233;ril at&#233; ser enviado para reuso.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica</title>
        <p>Apesar de aparentemente seguro do ponto de vista infeccioso, como descrito anteriormente, algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o: o maior risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e a menor durabilidade da bateria.</p>
        <p>Essa aparente diferen&#231;a entre os aparelhos esterilizados e novos levanta uma quest&#227;o: &#233; apropriado reutilizar aparelhos n&#227;o sendo esses iguais aos novos? Marca-passos podem ser exportados de pa&#237;ses de alta renda para pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda mesmo sem seu uso ser permitido nos pa&#237;ses doadores?<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em bio&#233;tica, justi&#231;a &#233; dar a cada um o que &#233; seu por direito, de forma equitativa e apropriada a uma pessoa. Uma injusti&#231;a acontece quando se nega a uma pessoa um bem a que tem direito, ou se distribui de maneira desigual.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Ent&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; justo oferecer um marca-passo recondicionado se h&#225; a possibilidade de adquirir um aparelho novo, haja vista a maior longevidade de bateria e o menor risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o do aparelho novo. Entretanto, caso esses aparelhos sejam oferecidos a pa&#237;ses que n&#227;o tenham uma pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica que garanta amplo acesso a eles, seria mesmo aceit&#225;vel os privar desse tratamento, sabendo que, no fim das contas, a aus&#234;ncia de terapia para bradicardia pode ocasionar importante morbimortalidade?<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mesmo em pa&#237;ses onde haja d&#233;ficits na aquisi&#231;&#227;o desses aparelhos, a decis&#227;o final sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos reutilizados deve ser do paciente. Esse deve preencher um consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do procedimento. &#201; ainda direito do indiv&#237;duo se negar a utilizar o aparelho recondicionado caso assim queira.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em car&#225;ter de pesquisa, &#233; ainda necess&#225;rio que haja a autoriza&#231;&#227;o de comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais e que haja um plano para a continuidade do fornecimento dos produtos e acompanhamento dos pacientes caso a pesquisa se encerre.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Os fabricantes e os dispositivos reprocessados</title>
        <p>As empresas de dispositivos sempre funcionaram em um paradigma de dispositivos de uso &#250;nico. A reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos n&#227;o &#233; sancionada pelos fabricantes por v&#225;rios motivos. Os dispositivos reprocessados n&#227;o atendem &#224;s especifica&#231;&#245;es originais e por isso mesmo n&#227;o podem ser garantidos pelos fabricantes originais. H&#225; uma s&#233;rie de considera&#231;&#245;es legais sobre a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de uso &#250;nico que n&#227;o tem preced&#234;ncia. A reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos pode expor os fabricantes de dispositivos a poss&#237;veis lit&#237;gios por parte de uma parte lesada. A ind&#250;stria &#233; altamente regulamentada e todos os seus produtos s&#227;o aprovados especificamente em cada jurisdi&#231;&#227;o com especifica&#231;&#245;es claras. &#201; improv&#225;vel que a aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla da reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos promova os interesses comerciais dos fabricantes.</p>
        <p>Pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa e a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos</p>
        <p>Apesar de existirem v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa e de baixa e m&#233;dia renda que poderiam se beneficiar, essas parcerias ainda n&#227;o foram at&#233; o momento concretizadas.</p>
        <p>Pelo nosso conhecimento n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma larga organiza&#231;&#227;o em pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa com o objetivo de reusar marca-passos para pacientes que n&#227;o t&#234;m como adquirir um aparelho novo.</p>
        <p>Situa&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em alguns pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa e disponibilidade de dispositivos. Em vermelho, pa&#237;ses onde dispositivos card&#237;acos n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis; em amarelo os parcialmente dispon&#237;veis e em verde os amplamente dispon&#237;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Popula&#231;&#227;o do Pa&#237;s/IDH*/ GNI -PP</th>
                  <th align="left">Disponibilidade de Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Eletr&#244;nicos Implant&#225;veis (DCEI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Portugal</bold> 10,3M/0,86/33 967USD</td>
                  <td>Amplamente dispon&#237;vel atrav&#233;s do sistema p&#250;blico nacional de sa&#250;de.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Brasil</bold> 210M/0,765/14 263USD</td>
                  <td>Embora os atrasos no acesso ao atendimento card&#237;aco especializado possam acontecer, os DCEIs est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis atrav&#233;s do sistema p&#250;blico nacional de sa&#250;de e de seguros privados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Angola</bold> 32,87M/0,581/6 104USD</td>
                  <td>Os CDEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis. Os procedimentos s&#227;o realizados nos hospitais p&#250;blico, militar e privado. Atrasos no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de s&#227;o comuns.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Mo&#231;ambique</bold> 31,26M/0,4/1 250USD</td>
                  <td>Os DCEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis. Se o paciente tem a capacidade de pagar o dispositivo, existem hospitais com capacidades cir&#250;rgicas. Caso n&#227;o, os pacientes contam com o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de que atualmente s&#243; tem capacidade para atender 20% da demanda.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cabo Verde 0,55M/0,665/7 019USD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Os DCEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis. Se o paciente tem a capacidade de pagar o dispositivo, existem dois hospitais com capacidade cir&#250;rgica. Caso n&#227;o, os pacientes s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal. Atrasos s&#227;o comuns.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</bold> 0,21M/0,62/3 952USD</td>
                  <td>Os DCEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no momento. N&#227;o h&#225; radioscopia no pa&#237;s. Os pacientes s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal. Atrasos s&#227;o comuns.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Guin&#233;-Bissau</bold> 1,98M/0,48/1 996USD</td>
                  <td>Os DCEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no momento. N&#227;o h&#225; radioscopia no pa&#237;s. Os pacientes s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal. Atrasos s&#227;o comuns.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Timor-Leste</bold> 1,31M/0,606/4 440USD</td>
                  <td>Os DCEIs n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no momento. N&#227;o h&#225; radioscopia no pa&#237;s. Os pacientes s&#227;o transferidos para Indon&#233;sia, Cingapura ou Mal&#225;sia.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: Human Development Report Office 2020 &#8211; Nations. *HDI: &#205;ndice de desenvolvimento humano. ** GNI-PP: Renda nacional bruta per capita &#8211; <italic>https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking</italic></italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Brasil</title>
          <p>O Brasil apresenta taxas de implantes de marca-passos bem inferiores &#224;s dos pa&#237;ses considerados desenvolvidos, bem como em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros pa&#237;ses latino-americanos.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Diversos fatores podem justificar essas diferen&#231;as, como as dificuldades de acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de de alta complexidade, o baixo n&#250;mero de centros de implantes em algumas regi&#245;es do Brasil e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o inadequada dos pacientes que necessitam de implantes de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI).</p>
          <p>Estima-se que o servi&#231;o p&#250;blico tenha mais de 234 centros cardiovasculares especializados, apesar de ser bem mais elevado o n&#250;mero de centros em hospitais privados. A falta de pr&#243;teses para os implantes n&#227;o tem se mostrado um fator presente nesses centros especializados e quando ocorre, deve-se principalmente a raz&#245;es burocr&#225;ticas, relacionadas &#224; demora nas realiza&#231;&#245;es das licita&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas para as compras desses dispositivos.</p>
          <p>No Brasil, um pa&#237;s de grandes dimens&#245;es e heterogeneidade no acesso aos sistemas de sa&#250;de, existem regi&#245;es em que 80% do atendimento m&#233;dico &#233; fornecido pelo setor p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, enquanto em regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas esse n&#250;mero fica em torno de 50 - 60%. Os pacientes, tanto do setor p&#250;blico como do privado, t&#234;m assegurado por lei o direito constitucional ao acesso para procedimentos de alta complexidade e ao implante de pr&#243;teses card&#237;acas.</p>
          <p>A Legisla&#231;&#227;o Brasileira pro&#237;be a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o e o reprocessamento de DCEI, como marca-passos, desfibriladores e ressincronizadores. A ANVISA, &#243;rg&#227;o regulador brasileiro, equivalente ao FDA nos Estados Unidos, delimita as normas t&#233;cnicas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao assunto.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> A ANVISA regulamentou e esclareceu que alguns materiais utilizados em eletrofisiologia e hemodin&#226;mica pudessem ser reprocessados, desde que seguissem as instru&#231;&#245;es normativas publicadas e que o reprocessamento fosse permitido pelos fabricantes, que deveriam colocar no r&#243;tulo, &#8220;proibido reprocessar&#8221;, quando apropriado.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Diversas incongru&#234;ncias foram encontradas nos r&#243;tulos conforme descrito por Kuniyoshi, representando a SOBRAC (Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas).<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>Portanto, materiais que n&#227;o tivessem no r&#243;tulo a proibi&#231;&#227;o de reprocessamento poderiam ser analisados, desde que uma empresa especializada envolvida no processo atestasse a manuten&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do material reprocessado. Isso determinou grande al&#237;vio para diversos servi&#231;os de cardiologia no pa&#237;s, principalmente no n&#237;vel p&#250;blico, que usualmente j&#225; reprocessavam alguns materiais e haviam sido proibidos, determinando a inviabilidade de funcionamento, considerando os baixos pre&#231;os pagos principalmente pelo servi&#231;o p&#250;blico e elevado valor dos materiais importados.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O reuso de dispositivos no Brasil foi uma pr&#225;tica aceit&#225;vel na d&#233;cada de 80, quando m&#233;dicos realizavam tais procedimentos em pacientes de baixa renda sem assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de garantida, por&#233;m isso nunca foi a pr&#225;tica padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>&#201; indiscut&#237;vel que um processo que leve &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de custos e maior acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o a tratamentos necess&#225;rios e de alta complexidade seja bem-vindo, entretanto, no contexto brasileiro, a falta de acesso aos centros especializados parece ser o maior problema que limita a amplia&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento e n&#227;o a falta de aparelhos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angola</title>
          <p>Angola conta com quatro centros de implantes de marca-passos, sendo dois privados e dois p&#250;blicos, todos situados na capital do pa&#237;s. Possui tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos treinados em implantes de dispositivos card&#237;acos, dois cardiologistas e um cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
          <p>S&#227;o implantados marca-passos convencionais, por&#233;m j&#225; houve implantes de ressincronizadores com apoio de cardiologistas estrangeiros.</p>
          <p>Em m&#233;dia, s&#227;o implantados cerca de 30 a 35 dispositivos em cada centro privado e em torno de 100 no hospital p&#250;blico. Nos hospitais p&#250;blicos, os procedimentos s&#227;o gratuitos, com a particularidade de que, no Hospital Militar, apenas s&#227;o atendidos militares e seus familiares diretos.</p>
          <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rias as dificuldades enfrentadas nessa atividade, desde a falta de recursos materiais nos hospitais p&#250;blicos at&#233; o custo elevado nas institui&#231;&#245;es privadas, onde apenas pessoas com conv&#234;nios de empresas e algumas seguradoras (nem todas as seguradoras custeiam os procedimentos) t&#234;m acesso a cirurgia, o que faz com que a lista de espera no hospital p&#250;blico seja ainda maior. Acresce-se a essas dificuldades a escassez de recursos humanos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mo&#231;ambique</title>
          <p>Existem somente 25 cardiologistas, 80% dos quais localizados na capital. S&#243; existem cardiologistas em 4 das 10 capitais provinciais, havendo, portanto, imensas &#225;reas sem qualquer cobertura da especialidade.</p>
          <p>Os &#250;nicos centros aptos a colocar marca-passos, um privado e outro p&#250;blico, localizam-se ambos na capital. Em m&#233;dia s&#227;o colocados por ano cerca de 20 a 30 marca-passos, a maior parte deles no hospital p&#250;blico a doentes indigentes e a custo zero. Os marca-passos adquiridos pelo estado para serem colocados no hospital p&#250;blico n&#227;o cobrem sen&#227;o 20% das necessidades atuais e estas poder&#227;o aumentar largamente com uma campanha de detec&#231;&#227;o de casos eleg&#237;veis no n&#237;vel dos centros de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios, o que nunca foi feito para n&#227;o criar uma expectativa que n&#227;o se pode resolver.</p>
          <p>Uma experi&#234;ncia anterior de uso de marca-passos recondicionados vindos da Espanha em pequena quantidade decorreu sem qualquer problema quer de aceita&#231;&#227;o ou de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cabo Verde</title>
          <p>Cabo Verde possui dois hospitais centrais e 4 regionais. Os hospitais centrais s&#227;o os que oferecem cuidados mais especializados. Os doentes cujas necessidades n&#227;o podem ser satisfeitas internamente, baseados num protocolo intergovernamental, s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal. Por&#233;m, esse protocolo contempla uma quota anual que coloca certo limite &#224;s demandas. A primeira causa de morte &#233; o acidente vascular cerebral e a primeira causa de incapacidade &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, sugerindo que a melhora da sa&#250;de cardiovascular poderia ter importante impacto populacional.</p>
          <p>Desde 2016, baseado num projeto para implantes de marca-passos, m&#233;dicos locais especializados t&#234;m realizado implantes de forma espor&#225;dica, sempre com os pr&#243;prios doentes assumindo o custo do DCEI. Tem-se um registro de quase 80 doentes aguardando cirurgias e estima-se que em m&#233;dia 50 doentes por ano venham a precisar de marca-passos. Muitos dos que est&#227;o a espera nunca s&#227;o chamados para implantes em Portugal, outros nem entram na lista. H&#225; uma necessidade de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de DCEI, pois o pa&#237;s j&#225; apresenta capacidade t&#233;cnica para tal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</title>
          <p>O &#250;nico servi&#231;o de cardiologia do pa&#237;s est&#225; localizado no Hospital Ayres de Menezes, fundado em 2012, e a infraestrutura montada oferece exames n&#227;o invasivos como ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, teste ergom&#233;trico e Holter. Existe apenas um cardiologista em todo o pa&#237;s.</p>
          <p>Entre 2016 e 2021, foram diagnosticados, em m&#233;dia, dez bloqueios atrioventriculares com implante de marca-passo por ano. Por n&#227;o haver estrutura local para implanta&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos, esses pacientes s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal. No entanto, a transfer&#234;ncia para Portugal &#233; complexa e raramente pode ser feita com urg&#234;ncia. O tempo m&#233;dio de espera para a sa&#237;da desses pacientes &#233; de aproximadamente 6 meses; portanto, muitos deles acabam morrendo antes de terem a cirurgia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Guin&#233; Bissau</title>
          <p>O &#250;nico servi&#231;o de cardiologia &#233; o Hospital Nacional. Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; infraestrutura ou pessoal treinado para realizar as cirurgias do DCEI. Os doentes s&#227;o transferidos para Portugal, mas o tempo de espera pode chegar at&#233; dois anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Timor-Leste</title>
          <p>Existem quatro hospitais no pa&#237;s com servi&#231;os de cardiologia, por&#233;m nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; realizada no pa&#237;s. Os pacientes com necessidade de DCEI s&#227;o transferidos para a Indon&#233;sia, Mal&#225;sia ou Cingapura, os custos s&#227;o cobertos pelo governo e os pacientes s&#227;o transferidos em uma semana.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>H&#225; uma enorme disparidade entre pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda e os pa&#237;ses de alta renda, especialmente quando se envolve a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial. O reuso de marca-passo tem se mostrado seguro, &#233;tico e eficaz para aqueles que necessitam de dispositivos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis e n&#227;o t&#234;m como adquiri-los. Parte dos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa, especialmente na &#193;frica, necessitam de uma resposta imediata que beneficie os seus in&#250;meros pacientes que padecem de arritmias trat&#225;veis. Entretanto, cada na&#231;&#227;o deve ter uma ampla discuss&#227;o legal e &#233;tica antes de aprovar essa t&#233;cnica</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.Baman TS, Eagle KA. Cardiac device reutilization: Is it time to &#8220;go green&#8221; in underserved countries?. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(6):651&#8211;2. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03060.x</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac device reutilization: Is it time to &#8220;go green&#8221; in underserved countries?</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>652</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03060.x</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2.Ward C, Henderson S, Metcalfe NH. A short history on pacemakers. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169(4):244&#8211;8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.093</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ward</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metcalfe</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A short history on pacemakers</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>169</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>244</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.093</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3.Mond HG, Proclemer A. The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Calendar year 2009 - A world society of Arrhythmia&#8217;s project. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(8):1013&#8211;27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03150.x</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mond</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proclemer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Calendar year 2009 - A world society of Arrhythmia&#8217;s project</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1013</fpage>
          <lpage>1027</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03150.x</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.Sinha SK, Sivasambu B, Yenokyan G, Crawford TC, Chrispin J, Eagle KA, et al. Worldwide pacemaker and defibrillator reuse: Systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary trials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(11):1500&#8211;7. doi: 10.1111/pace.13488</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sinha</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sivasambu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yenokyan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrispin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Worldwide pacemaker and defibrillator reuse: Systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary trials</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1500</fpage>
          <lpage>1507</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pace.13488</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5.Runge MW, Baman TS, Davis S, Weatherwax K, Goldman E, Eagle KA, et al. Pacemaker recycling: A notion whose time has come. World J Cardiol. 2017;9(4):296-303. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i4.296</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Runge</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weatherwax</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacemaker recycling: A notion whose time has come</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>296</fpage>
          <lpage>303</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4330/wjc.v9.i4.296</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6.Mond HG, Mick W, Maniscalco BS. Heartbeat International: Making &#8220;poor&#8221; hearts beat better. Hear Rhythm. 2009;6(10):1538&#8211;40. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.07.010</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mond</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mick</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maniscalco</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heartbeat International: Making &#8220;poor&#8221; hearts beat better</article-title>
          <source>Hear Rhythm</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1538</fpage>
          <lpage>1540</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.07.010</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7.Baman TS, Romero A, Kirkpatrick JN, Romero J, Lange DC, Sison EO, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Pacemaker Reuse in Underdeveloped Nations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(16):1557&#8211;8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.096</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lange</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sison</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Pacemaker Reuse in Underdeveloped Nations</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1557</fpage>
          <lpage>1558</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.096</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8.Araujo H, Melo C. Homenagem Especial &#8211; Seymour Furman. Relampa. 2014;27(2):73&#8211;5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Homenagem Especial &#8211; Seymour Furman</article-title>
          <source>Relampa</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9.Panja M, Sarkar C, Kumar S, Kar A, Mitra S, Sinha D, et al. Reuse of Pacemaker. Indian Heart J. 1996;(6):677&#8211;80. PMID: 9062017</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Panja</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarkar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinha</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reuse of Pacemaker</article-title>
          <source>Indian Heart J</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>677</fpage>
          <lpage>680</lpage>
          <comment>PMID: 9062017</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10.European Society of Cardiology. Policy document re-use of devices in cardiology. Eur Hear J. 1998;19(11):1628&#8211;31. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1298</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>European Society of Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> Policy document re-use of devices in cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Hear J</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1628</fpage>
          <lpage>1631</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/euhj.1998.1298</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11.Hariprasad MK. Reuse of cardiac pacemakers. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(9):551. doi: 10.1056/nejm198203043060923</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hariprasad</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reuse of cardiac pacemakers</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>306</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <size units="pages">551</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejm198203043060923</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12.Vlay SC. Barriers to pacemaker and ICD recycling. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(7):681&#8211;2. doi: 10.1111/pace.13352</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vlay</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Barriers to pacemaker and ICD recycling</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>681</fpage>
          <lpage>682</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pace.13352</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13.Selvaraj RJ, Sakthivel R, Satheesh S, Pillai AA, Sagnol P, Jouven X, et al. Reuse of pacemakers, defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation devices. Heart Asia. 2017;9(1):30&#8211;3. doi: 10.1136/heartasia-2016-010828</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Selvaraj</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakthivel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satheesh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pillai</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sagnol</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jouven</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reuse of pacemakers, defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation devices</article-title>
          <source>Heart Asia</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartasia-2016-010828</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14.Baman TS, Crawford T, Sovitch P, Meier P, Sovitch N, Gakenheimer L, et al. Feasibility of postmortem device acquisition for potential reuse in underserved nations. Hear Rhythm. 2012;9(2):211&#8211;4. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.09.067</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sovitch</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sovitch</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gakenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Feasibility of postmortem device acquisition for potential reuse in underserved nations</article-title>
          <source>Hear Rhythm</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>211</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.09.067</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15.Gakenheimer L, Romero J, Baman TS, Montgomery D, Smith CA, Oral H, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device reutilization: Battery life of explanted devices at a tertiary care center. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014;37(5):569&#8211;75. doi: 10.1111/pace.12321</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gakenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montgomery</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oral</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac implantable electronic device reutilization: Battery life of explanted devices at a tertiary care center</article-title>
          <source>PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>575</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pace.12321</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16.Hughey AB, Baman TS, Eagle KA, Crawford TC. Pacemaker reuse: an initiative to help those in underserved nations in need of life-saving device therapy. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2013;10(5):577&#8211;9. doi: 10.1586/17434440.2013.827519</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hughey</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacemaker reuse: an initiative to help those in underserved nations in need of life-saving device therapy</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Med Devices</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage>579</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1586/17434440.2013.827519</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17.Baman TS, Kirkpatrick JN, Romero J, Gakenheimer L, Romero A, Lange DC, et al. Pacemaker reuse: An initiative to alleviate the burden of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in impoverished nations around the world. Circulation. 2010;122(16):1649&#8211;56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970483</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gakenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lange</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacemaker reuse: An initiative to alleviate the burden of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in impoverished nations around the world</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1649</fpage>
          <lpage>1656</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970483</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18.Kirkpatrick JN, Papini C, Baman TS, Khota K, Eagle KA, Verdino RJ, et al. Reuse of pacemakers and defibrillators in developing countries: Logistical, legal, and ethical barriers and solutions. Hear Rhythm. 2010;7(11):1623&#8211;7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.04.027</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khota</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verdino</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reuse of pacemakers and defibrillators in developing countries: Logistical, legal, and ethical barriers and solutions</article-title>
          <source>Hear Rhythm</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1623</fpage>
          <lpage>1627</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.04.027</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19.Sethi KK, Bhargava M, Pandit N, Mohan JC, Arora R, Khanna SK, et al. Experience with recycled cardiac pacemakers. Indian Heart J . 1992;44(2):91&#8211;3. PMID: 1427938</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sethi</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhargava</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandit</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohan</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanna</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experience with recycled cardiac pacemakers</article-title>
          <source>Indian Heart J</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>91</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <comment>PMID: 1427938</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20.Costa R, Moreira LF, P&#234;go-Fernandes PM, Martinelli Filho MM, Stolf NA, Verginelli G, et al. Reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de geradores de marca-passo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1983;40(5):317&#8211;8. PMID: 6651564</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#234;go-Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolf</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verginelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reutiliza&#231;&#227;o de geradores de marca-passo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
          <comment>PMID: 6651564</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21.Baman TS, Meier P, Romero J, Gakenheimer L, Kirkpatrick JN, Sovitch P, et al. Safety of pacemaker reuse a meta-analysis with implications for underserved nations. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2011;4(3):318&#8211;23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.110.960112</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gakenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sovitch</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety of pacemaker reuse a meta-analysis with implications for underserved nations</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>318</fpage>
          <lpage>323</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.110.960112</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22.Enache B, &#536;o&#537;dean R, Macarie R, Dodinot B, Pescariu S. Assessing the safety of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator reuse&#8212;A retrospective case-control study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;42(8):1095&#8211;8. doi: 10.1111/pace.13742</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enache</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#536;o&#537;dean</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macarie</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dodinot</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pescariu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing the safety of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator reuse&#8212;A retrospective case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1095</fpage>
          <lpage>1098</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pace.13742</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23.Khairy TF, Lupien MA, Nava S, Baez FV, Ovalle FS, Ochoa NE, et al. Infections Associated with Resterilized Pacemakers and Defibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1823&#8211;31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813876</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khairy</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupien</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nava</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baez</surname>
              <given-names>FV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovalle</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochoa</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Infections Associated with Resterilized Pacemakers and Defibrillators</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1823</fpage>
          <lpage>1831</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1813876</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24.Crawford TC, Allmendinger C, Snell J, Weatherwax K, Lavan B, Baman TS, et al. Cleaning and Sterilization of Used Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices With Process Validation: The Next Hurdle in Device Recycling. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;3(6):623&#8211;31. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.12.007</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allmendinger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snell</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weatherwax</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cleaning and Sterilization of Used Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices With Process Validation: The Next Hurdle in Device Recycling</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>631</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2016.12.007</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25.Aragam KG, Baman TS, Kirkpatrick JN, Goldman EB, Brown AC, Crawford T, et al. The ethics of pacemaker reuse: might the best be the enemy of the good? Heart. 2011;97(24):2005&#8211;6. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301031</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aragam</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baman</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The ethics of pacemaker reuse: might the best be the enemy of the good?</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2005</fpage>
          <lpage>2006</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301031</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26.Siurana JC. Los principios de la bio&#233;tica y el surgimiento de una bio&#233;tica intercultural. Veritas. 2010;22:121&#8211;57. doi: 10.4067/S0718-92732010000100006</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siurana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Los principios de la bio&#233;tica y el surgimiento de una bio&#233;tica intercultural</article-title>
          <source>Veritas</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4067/S0718-92732010000100006</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27.Hutchison K, Sparrow R. Ethics and the cardiac pacemaker: More than just end-of-life issues. Europace. 2018;20(5):739&#8211;46. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux019</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hutchison</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sparrow</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ethics and the cardiac pacemaker: More than just end-of-life issues</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>739</fpage>
          <lpage>746</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eux019</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28.Artal R, Rubenfeld S. Ethical issues in research. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;43:107&#8211;14. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.12.006</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Artal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ethical issues in research</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>114</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.12.006</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29.Laman M, Pomat W, Siba P, Betuela I. Ethical challenges in integrating patient-care with clinical research in a resource-limited setting: Perspectives from Papua New Guinea. BMC Med Ethics. 2013;14(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-14-29</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pomat</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siba</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Betuela</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ethical challenges in integrating patient-care with clinical research in a resource-limited setting: Perspectives from Papua New Guinea</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Ethics</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">1</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1472-6939-14-29</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30.Galvao Filho S, Vasconcelos J, Pachon-Mateos J. Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos (RBM) no Ano de 2003. Dez Anos de RBM. Reblampa. 2004;17(4):165&#8211;7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galvao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pachon-Mateos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos (RBM) no Ano de 2003. Dez Anos de RBM</article-title>
          <source>Reblampa</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>167</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31.Pach&#243;n-mateos JC, Pereira WL, Duarte W, Junior B, Mateos CP, Indal&#233;cio E, et al. RBM - Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos , Ressincronizadores e Desfibriladores. Relampa. 2013;26(1):39&#8211;49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pach&#243;n-mateos</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Junior</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mateos</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Indal&#233;cio</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>RBM - Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos , Ressincronizadores e Desfibriladores</article-title>
          <source>Relampa</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32.Sa&#250;de. M da, Sanit&#225;ria, ANVISA. Resolucao - RDC No 2606, de 11 de agosto de 2006. Di&#225;rio Of da Uni&#227;o. 2006;53(9):6297&#8211;383.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sa&#250;de. M da, Sanit&#225;ria, ANVISA</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resolucao - RDC No 2606, de 11 de agosto de 2006</article-title>
          <source>Di&#225;rio Of da Uni&#227;o</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>6297</fpage>
          <lpage>6383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33.Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria. Resolucao - RDC No 156, de 11 de agosto de 2006. Di&#225;rio Of da Uni&#227;o . 2006;4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="legal-doc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resolucao - RDC No 156, de 11 de agosto de 2006</article-title>
          <source>Di&#225;rio Of da Uni&#227;o</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <comment>4</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34.ANVISA. Nota T&#233;cnica n&#176; 001/2013/GEMAT/GGTPS/ANVISA. Infor</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ANVISA</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nota T&#233;cnica n&#176; 001/2013/GEMAT/GGTPS/ANVISA</article-title>
          <source>Infor</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35.Kuniyoshi RR, Sternick EB, Nadalin E, Hachul DT. Reprocessamento de produtos m&#233;dicos em eletrofisiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108(2):169&#8211;72. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170010</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternick</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadalin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachul</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title> Reprocessamento de produtos m&#233;dicos em eletrofisiologia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170010</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pacemaker Reuse in Portuguese Speaking Countries: A Clinical Reflection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3616-435X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Neiberg de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Albertino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6572-7505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribeiro Bunda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4229-4831</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Puroll</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eagle</surname>
            <given-names>Kim A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crawford</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Wayne State University School of Medicine &#8211; Internal Medicine, Detroit, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Faculdade de Medicina da UFC, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="MZ">Mo&#231;ambique</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Eduardo Mondlane &#8211; Faculdade de Medicine, Maputo &#8211; Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinica Girassol, Luanda &#8211; Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Baptista de Sousa, Mindelo &#8211; Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agostinho Neto, Praia &#8211; Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="ST">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; &#8211; S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medicine &#8211; Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Thomas C. Crawford &#8226; The University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5853 E-mail: thomcraw@med.umich.edu </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>There is a gap between high-income countries and others in terms of access to medical cardiac devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Costs are one of the main barriers to the use of cardiac devices in these countries. There are international initiatives that aim to reduce the gap. The reuse of pacemakers has been discussed as a possible alternative to this problem. The concept of reusing pacemakers is not new; however, recent studies have proven to be safe, ethical, and effective for those who need cardiac implantable electronic devices and cannot afford them. Part of the Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in Africa, need an immediate response that benefits their countless patients who suffer from treatable arrhythmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing Artificial/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health,Administration</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Status Disparities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Artificial cardiac pacing and electrophysiology are well established and internationally recognized medical activities, but there is still a gap between high-income countries and others in terms of access to medical devices. The reuse of pacemakers has been discussed as a possible alternative to this problem.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> However, even though there is an evident need in some areas, low- and middle-income Portuguese-speaking countries still do not have defined public policies on this subject or started broad discussions on this topic in their medical societies. This review proposes to discuss what is known about this theme, promoting the possibility of discussing the implementation of pacemaker reuse, particularly in regions with greater difficulty in acquiring these cardiac devices.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Disparities in artificial cardiac pacing</title>
          <p>Since the 1950s, when the first pacemakers were implanted, there has been an unprecedented advance in the treatment of heart disease.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Although the technology has greatly advanced, it is still expensive and inaccessible for many low- and middle-income countries. For example, the annual pacemaker implant rate is more than 700 per million inhabitants in France, Sweden, and the United States, while it is less than 7 per million in Pakistan, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and less than 3 per million in Africa. Based on those numbers, it is estimated that up to one million people die each year without access to therapy for severe bradyarrhythmia in the world.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Cost is one of the main barriers to the use of cardiac devices in these countries. A pacemaker costs up to US$2,500.00, which is more than the per capita income of many low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> The lack of public health policies for non-infectious diseases, professionals trained to recognize and treat cardiac arrhythmias, as well as access to specialized hospitals and surgical infrastructures are other possible reasons.</p>
          <p>There are initiatives that aim to reduce the gap between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, such as Heartbeat International (https://heartbeatsaveslives.org/), an organization that distributes pacemakers close the manufacturer expiration date, which are generously donated by the device industry.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The <italic>Project My Heart Your Heart</italic> (PMHYH) is a collaboration between US citizens, physicians, and funeral directors, University of Michigan, NEScientific, and World Medical Relief (WMR). WMR is a Detroit-based, non-profit philanthropic organization whose mission is to improve the well-being of the indigent in low- and middle-income countries through the distribution of donated medical supplies, equipment, and medications.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> The purpose of this collaboration is to determine whether pacemaker reuse is safe and scalable.</p>
          <p>Prior to the approval of international clinical trials, the PMHYH spent the first years providing the framework for this idea to be supported by all those it would impact.</p>
          <p>In more than 10 years, the PMHYH has already benefited countless patients who received, free of charge, reconditioned pacemakers sent to countries such as the Nigeria, the Philippines, Venezuela, Kenya, and Sierra Leone, among others. The program also provides training and follow-up for local professionals and patients. For more information, visit http://www.myheartyourheart.org.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reuse of cardiac devices</title>
          <p>The concept of reusing pacemakers is not new.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Even though it was never the standard of care, they have already been reused in Brazil and India in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> In the 1990s, Sweden reused around 5% of their pacemakers.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Attempts to donate pacemakers taken from the deceased donors to the developing countries by American physicians date back to the 1980s.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Reused implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and biventricular pacemakers have also been implanted in Africa, but in a smaller scale.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Potential sources of pacemaker donation are: post-mortem and post-extraction. One study showed that more than three thousand devices are removed by American crematoriums, and at least a fifth of those had a battery longer than 4 years. A new device has a battery life of up to 12-14 years, which varies by programming and the device model.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> More than 60,000 devices are explanted per year in the United States, and it is estimated that around 20% of these could be reused, creating a total of 10 to 12 thousand devices per year.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>-<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although donating pacemaker generators is feasible, reusing leads is not feasible. Leads are, in general, difficult to be removed due to the fibrosis process caused over time after their implantation, and their extraction is potentially harmful to them. Even if properly removed, the lead sterilization process is also challenging.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> However, pacemaker leads are much less expensive than pulse generators, and can usually be purchased by patients in low- and middle-income countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety</title>
          <p>In relation to the use of a reprocessed device, the main concerns are the risk of infection and the risk of device dysfunction (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Safety of reprocessed pacemaker</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study ID</th>
                    <th>Years of Study</th>
                    <th>Type of study</th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Total of patients with reused CIED</th>
                    <th>Infection rate (%)</th>
                    <th>CIED Mafunction rate (%)</th>
                    <th>Mortality</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Panja M et al. Indian Heart J, 1996<sup><italic> 9</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">1976-1992</td>
                    <td align="center">Observational</td>
                    <td align="center">India</td>
                    <td align="center">642</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8% <italic>Mostly when CIED were reused in the same patient after being sterilized.</italic> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.1% - H<italic>igh threshold </italic> </td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baman T et al. Circ Arrhythm Eletrophysiol 2011 <sup><italic>21</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">2011</td>
                    <td align="center">Metanalysis</td>
                    <td align="center">India, Romania, Sweden, Brazil, Hungary, Israel, Australia, Finland, Norway, Canada, Holland, the Philippines, Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">2270</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>1.76%. Not different than the control group.</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>0.5%. Higher than new devices</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Enache et al. PACE, 2019 <sup><italic>22</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">2001-2012</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective. Case control.</td>
                    <td align="center">Romania</td>
                    <td align="center">157</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>5% Not different than the control group</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sethi et al. Indian Heart J. 1992 <sup><italic>19</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">1979-1991</td>
                    <td align="center">Observational</td>
                    <td align="center">India</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3%.</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Khairy et al. NEJM, 2020 <sup><italic>23</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">2003-2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Controlled, prospective study.</td>
                    <td align="center">Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico</td>
                    <td align="center">1051</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>2% Not different than the control group</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baman et al. JACC 2009 <sup><italic>7</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">2008</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">Philippines</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinha et al. PACE 2018<sup><italic>4</italic></sup> </td>
                    <td align="center">2009-2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Metanalysis</td>
                    <td align="center">Philippines, Nicaragua, India, Mexico, China, South Africa, Romania, India.</td>
                    <td align="center">856</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>2.1%. Not different than the control group</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <italic>0.2% Not different than the control group</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding infection, there is vast literature showing that reconditioned devices are safely reused. According to one report, between 1979 and 1991, forty-two devices were donated and reused in India after being explanted, mostly due to generator infection, and after a 3-year follow-up, only 2 patients had infectious complications.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the 1980s, in the city of Sao Paulo, 22 devices were reused after chemical decontamination and the use of ethylene oxide. Of those, only one patient had complications due to electromagnetic inhibition of the generator, which happened 2 months after implantation.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2011, a meta-analysis on the safety of device reuse, with pacemaker infection as the primary endpoint, included 18 papers published from 1988 to 2008, conducted with a total of 2,270 patients. Device reprocessing methods were not homogeneous. The infection rate was only 1.97%. Of these 18 studies, 5 were controlled with a total of 913 patients included, and showed no difference in infection compared to 6,697 new device implantations.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A nonrandomized study of reused ICDs compared 157 patients who received reused devices and 114 patients who received new devices. There was no statistical difference between the groups regarding infections, device malfunction, or unexpected battery depletion.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2020, a group from the University of Montreal, together with international collaboration, published an important study in the New England Journal of Medicine which compared 1,051 pacemakers and ICD devices reused in Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Honduras, with 3,131 new pacemaker implantations performed in Canada. Baseline characteristics of control patients in Canada were adjusted for the study group. The sterilization protocol in that study was not described. No statistical difference was observed in device-related mortality or infection between the groups.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The same 2011 meta-analysis showed a secondary outcome of the assessment of device malfunction and included seventeen papers with a total of 2,150 reused devices, revealing only 13 device malfunctions, described as &#8220;technical errors&#8221; (n=5), premature battery depletion (n =1), spontaneous reprogramming (n=1), electromagnetic inhibition (n=1), pectoral muscle inhibition (n=1), screw abnormalities (n=3), and spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (n=1). In four controlled studies of 793 reused pacemakers and 2,200 new implants, there was an increased risk of malfunction in the reused devices.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The major disadvantage of a reused device, quite naturally, is a shorter life span when compared with a new device, but this is expected since they have already been used. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>The PMHYH only reprocesses pacemakers if the battery longevity exceeds four years or has 75% of the total manufactored battery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprocessing technique</title>
          <p>There are validated techniques for reprocessing pacemakers, aiming to minimize the risk of infection and dysfunction of the devices to be reimplanted. Here, we describe a validated technique developed by our group at University of Michigan and published in the Journal of American College of Cardiology in 2017 (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; My Heart Your Heart lab in Detroit Project.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20210941-10941-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>After being donated by crematoriums or after clinically indicated extractions in hospitals, either due to infection or due to the need for an upgrade, the device passes through the following phases of reprocessing,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> as shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>:</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Device Reprocessing steps.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20210941-10941-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Visual inspection, if damaged the device is discarded. The device is inspected, and the longevity of the battery is tested.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cleaning with Lysol disinfectant spray and sorting according to the manufacturer.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Decontamination: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>The device is immersed in deionization/reverse osmosis (RO-DI) and Enzol detergent solution for 10 minutes (Advanced Sterilization Products, Irvine, California).</p></list-item><list-item><p>The device is washed with deionized water and then wiped dry.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p> The generator outputs are then connected to a 500-Ohm test load. The devices are programmed with a 2.5V output with a 1ms pulse width, at a rate of 60. With this programming, the battery is inspected. If the remainder of the battery is less than 4 years, the device is discarded. If longer than 4 years of battery or 75% of the battery, the generator is separated according to the manufacturer.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The generator is configured to storage settings. It is turned off if this function is activated or placed in VVI with 1V output at 0.1ms, with a frequency of 30 and all sensors turned off.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Processing and cleaning: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>The screw covers are removed. The screws are removed, washed with distilled water, wiped dry, and sorted by manufacturer.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The screws and generator are placed in a sink with RO-DI and immersed in Enzol&#8217;s enzymatic solution for 3 minutes.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The devices are then rubbed four times with a lint-free towel. All devices are brushed with a nylon brush. Connectors are brushed with tube cleaners while immersed in water. The appliance is inspected with a 5x magnifying glass; if debris are found, the appliance is brushed again. If debris are found after two cycles of brushing and cleaning, the device is discarded.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Devices are placed in RO-DI again. After 3 minutes, the sink is drained. The process is repeated three times.</p></list-item><list-item><p>It is washed again with deionized water and then air dried at 35-50&#176;C for 7 hours.</p></list-item><list-item><p>If there is any apparent residue remaining, the device is discarded.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Electrical testing: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>The screws are replaced, and a new silicone cover is placed; the device is then dipped four times in medical grade silicone.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The device is re-inspected and programmed for storage in a non-pacing mode, if available, as described above.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inspection and packaging.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sterilization <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>Sterilization using 100% ethylene oxide in a vacuum chamber for 8 hours.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Aeration chamber for 48 hours.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The device is then placed in a sterile area to wait for shipping.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>Although apparently safe from the infectious standpoint, as described above, some concerns should be taken into consideration: the increased risk of device malfunction and a shorter battery life.</p>
          <p>This apparent difference between reprocessed and new devices raises a question: Is it appropriate to reuse devices if they are inferior to new devices? Can pacemakers be exported from high income countries to low- and middle- income countries if they are not allowed for patient use in the donor countries?<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In bioethics, justice is giving everyone what is rightfully theirs, equitably and appropriately for a person. Injustice occurs when a person is denied a good that he/she is entitled to or when it is distributed unequally.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Therefore, it is not fair to offer a reprocessed pacemaker if there is a possibility of providing a new device, given the longer battery life and the lower risk of malfunction of the new device. However, if these devices are offered to countries that do not have a public policy that guarantees reasonable access to them, would it really be acceptable to deprive them of this treatment, knowing that the absence of therapy for bradycardia can cause significant morbidity and mortality?<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Even in countries where the provision of new devices is severely limited, the final decision on the use of reused pacemakers must be made by the patient. The patient must complete an informed consent prior to the procedure. The patient has the right to refuse the refurbished device.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In terms of research, it is still necessary to have the authorization of the local IRBs and a plan for the continuity of the supply of products and monitoring of patients when the research ends.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Manufacturers and reprocessed pacemakers</title>
          <p>Device companies have always functioned in a paradigm of single use devices. Device reuse is not sanctioned by the manufacturers for a multitude of reasons. Reprocessed devices do not meet the original specifications and <italic>ipso facto</italic> cannot be guaranteed to be performed by the original manufacturers. There is a host of legal considerations concerning the reuse of single use devices, which is without precedence. Reusing devices could expose device manufacturers to possible litigation by an injured party. The industry is highly regulated, and all their products are specifically approved in each jurisdiction with clear specifications. It is unlikely that broader application of pacemaker reuse would advance commercial interests of the manufacturers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Portuguese-speaking countries and the reuse of pacemakers</title>
          <p>Although there are several Portuguese-speaking low- and middle-income countries that could be benefited, partnerships with projects that provide these devices have not yet been implemented.</p>
          <p>To the best of our knowledge, there are no large organizations in Portuguese-speaking countries whose goal is pacemaker reuse to benefit patients who cannot afford a new device.</p>
          <p>Cardiac Stimulation in Portuguese-speaking countries (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Portuguese speaking country and device availability. Countries where devices are not available in red, partially available in yellow, and widely available in green</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Country Population/HDI*/GNI -PP</th>
                    <th align="left">CIED Availability</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Portugal</bold> 10.3M/0.86/33 967USD</td>
                    <td>Widely available through the national public health system.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Brazil</bold> 210M/0.765/14 263USD</td>
                    <td>Even though delays in the access to specialized cardiac care may happen, CIEDs are widely available through the national public health system and private insurances.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Angola</bold> 32.87M/0.581/6 104USD</td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not widely available. Procedures are performed in the public, military, and private hospitals. Delays in the public health system are common.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Mozambique</bold> 31.26M/0.4/1 250USD</td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not widely available. If the patient has the ability to pay the device, there are hospitals with surgery capabilities. If not, patients rely on the public health system that currently only has the capability to attend to 20% of the demand.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cape Verde 0.55M/0.665/7 019USD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not widely available. If the patient has the ability to pay the device, there are two hospitals with surgery capabilities. If not, patients are transferred to Portugal.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Saint Thomas and Prince</bold> 0.21M/0.62/3 952USD</td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not currently available. No fluoroscopy machine in the country. Patients are transferred to Portugal. Delays are common.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Guinea-Bissau</bold> 1.98M/0.48/1 996USD</td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not currently available. No fluoroscopy machine in the country. Patients are transferred to Portugal. Delays are common.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>East Timor</bold> 1.31M/0.606/4 440USD</td>
                    <td>CIEDs are not currently available. No fluoroscopy machine in the country. Patients are transferred to Indonesia, Singapore, or Malaysia.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>Source: Human Development Report Office 2020 - United Nations. *HD: Human development index. ** GNI-PP: Gross national income per capita &#8211; <italic>https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking</italic></italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Brazil</title>
            <p>Brazil presents rates of pacemaker implants that are much lower than those considered to be high-income, as well as in relation to Latin American countries.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Several factors can justify these differences, such as the difficulties in accessing more specialized facilities, the low number of pacemaker implant centers in some regions of Brazil, and the inadequate stratification of patients who need cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED).</p>
            <p>It is estimated that the public health system has more than 234 specialized cardiovascular centers; however, there are plenty of private hospitals. The lack of CIED has not proven to be a factor present in these specialized centers, and when it does occur, it is mainly due to bureaucratic reasons, related to the delay in carrying out public tenders for the purchase of these devices.</p>
            <p>In Brazil, a geographically large country with a broad heterogeneity in access to health care, there are regions where 80% of the medical care is provided by the public health system, while in more developed regions of the country, this number is around 50- 60%. Patients, both from the public and private sectors, have the constitutional right to have access to highly complex procedures and to the implantation of cardiac prostheses guaranteed by law.</p>
            <p>Brazilian legislation prohibits the reuse and reprocessing of CIED, such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and CRT devices. ANVISA, a Brazilian regulatory body, equivalent to the FDA in the United States, defines the technical standards in relation to the subject.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> ANVISA regulated and clarified that some materials used in electrophysiology and the cath lab could be reprocessed, as long as they followed the published normative instructions and were allowed by the manufacturers, who should put on the label, &#8220;no reprocessing&#8221;, when appropriate.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Several inconsistencies in the labels were found as described by Kuniyoshi, in a work carried out representing SOBRAC (Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias).<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Therefore, materials that did not have a reprocessing ban on the label could be analyzed, as long as a specialized company involved in the process attests to the maintenance of the quality of the reprocessed material. This brought great relief to several cardiology services in the country, mainly at the public level, which usually had already reprocessed some materials and had been banned, making them unfeasible, considering the low prices paid mainly for the public service and the high value of imported materials.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The reuse of pacemakers in Brazil was an accepted practice in the 1980s, especially by physicians attending to low-income patients whose medical insurance did not cover such procedures; however, it was never the standard of care.</p>
            <p>It is indisputable that a process that leads to cost reduction and greater access to the population of necessary and highly complex treatments are welcome, but in the Brazilian context, the lack of access to specialized implantation centers seems to be the biggest problem that limits the expansion of this treatment and not the lack of CIEDs.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Angola</title>
            <p>Angola has only four pacemaker implantation centers, two private and two public, all located in the country&#8217;s capital. It has three doctors trained in the implantation of cardiac devices, two cardiologists, and a surgeon.</p>
            <p>Pacemakers are implanted in these hospitals; however, only a few CRT devices have been implanted, and this occurred thanks to the support of foreign cardiologists. On average, 30 to 35 devices are implanted in each private center and around 100 in the public hospital a year. In public hospitals, the procedures are paid by the government, but in the Military Hospital, only military staff and their immediate relatives can receive medical care.</p>
            <p>There are several difficulties in this activity in Angola, from the lack of material resources in public hospitals to the high cost in private institutions where only people with business agreements and some insurance policies have access to these procedures; this increases the waiting list in public hospitals. There is also a scarcity of trained professionals.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Mozambique</title>
            <p>There are only 25 cardiologists, 80% of those are located in the capital. There are only cardiologists in 4 of the 10 provincial capitals, and there is, therefore, a large area with no coverage of the specialty.</p>
            <p>The only centers able to place pacemakers are both located in the capital, one is private and the other is public. On average, around 20 to 30 pacemakers a year are placed, most of them in the public hospital for the indigent patients and at no cost. Pacemakers paid by the state only attend to 20% of the current needs, and these could greatly increase with a campaign to detect eligible cases in primary health centers, which was never done to not create an expectation that cannot be consistently met.</p>
            <p>The country had a previous experience of using reconditioned pacemakers donated from Spain and had no major issues in acceptance or complications.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cape Verde</title>
            <p>Cape Verde has two central and 4 regional hospitals. Central hospitals are those that offer specialized care. Patients whose needs cannot be met nationally, based on an intergovernmental protocol, are transferred to Portugal. However, this protocol includes an annual quota that places a certain limit on demands. The most common cause of death is stroke, and the most common cause of disability is ischemic heart disease, suggesting that improvement of the cardiovascular care here could have a significant impact on the population.</p>
            <p>Since 2016, based on a project for pacemaker implants, local cardiologists have performed CIED implants sporadically, only if the patients assume the cost of the CIED. There is a list of nearly 80 patients awaiting surgery, and it is estimated that 50 patients per year will need pacemakers. Many of those will never be called for implants in Portugal. Thus, there is a need to acquire CIED, as the country already has trained physicians capable of performing these procedures.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>St Thomas and Prince</title>
            <p>The only cardiology service in the country is located at Hospital Ayres de Menezes, which was founded in 2012; the infrastructure set up offers non-invasive tests, such as transthoracic echocardiograms, exercise testing, and Holter. There is only one cardiologist in the entire country.</p>
            <p>Between 2016 and 2021, an average of ten atrioventricular blocks requiring pacemaker implantation per year were diagnosed. Since there is no local structure to implant these devices, these patients are transferred to Portugal. However, the transfer to Portugal is complex, and it can rarely be done urgently. The average waiting time for these patients to leave is approximately 6 months; therefore, many of them end up dying before having the chance to undergo surgery.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Guinea-Bissau</title>
            <p>The only cardiology service is the National Hospital. Currently, there is no infrastructure or trained staff to perform CIED surgeries. Patients are transferred to Portugal, but the waiting time can be up to two years.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>East-Timor</title>
            <p>There are four hospitals in the country with cardiology services, but no cardiac intervention is performed in the country. Patients in need of CIED are transferred to Indonesia, Malaysia, or Singapore. The costs are covered by the government, and patients are transferred within a week.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>There is a huge gap between low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries, especially when it involves artificial cardiac stimulation. Pacemaker reprocessing has proven to be safe, ethical, and effective for those who need cardiac implantable electronic devices and cannot afford them. Part of the Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in Africa, need an immediate response that benefits their countless patients who suffer from treatable bradycardias. Each country should, however, conduct a legal and ethical discussion on this matter.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
