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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8NbZJFxHCmB7h4vvwBGbZcM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220291</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore SAGE em Normotensos e Pr&#233;-Hipertensos: Uma Prova de Conceito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7090-1336</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rigonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Rayne Ramos Fagundes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5537-9033</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Miguel Guimar&#227;es Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8741-1720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xaplanteris</surname>
            <given-names>Panagiotis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
            <given-names>Charalambos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Minho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bruxelas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles &#8211; Cardiology Department, Bruxelas &#8211; B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Atenas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GR">Gr&#233;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine &#8211; First University Department of Cardiology, Atenas &#8211; Gr&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rayne Ramos Fagundes Rigonatto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; R. 235, s/n. CEP 74605-220, Setor Leste, Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rayneramos.f@gmail.com</email> , <email>rayne_rf@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20200291</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O SAGE foi desenvolvido para identificar hipertensos com chance de velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) aumentada. At&#233; o momento, as publica&#231;&#245;es do escore foram em hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Verificar a capacidade do SAGE de identificar os normotensos ou pr&#233;-hipertensos com chance de aumento da VOP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Transversal retrospectivo, incluiu exames de normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos que realizaram a medida central da press&#227;o arterial e apresentavam os par&#226;metros para o c&#225;lculo do escore. Para cada pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore, foi analisada a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo utilizando como ponto de corte para o diagn&#243;stico positivo VOP &#8805; 10m/s, &#8805;9,08 m/s (percentil 75) e &#8805;7,30 m/s (percentil 50). Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi adotado como estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra foi de 100 participantes normotensos ou pr&#233;-hipertensos, com m&#233;dia (DP) de 52,64 (14,94) anos e VOP mediana de 7,30 m/s (6,03 &#8211; 9,08). O SAGE apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com idade (r=0,938, p&lt;0,001), glicemia (r=0,366, p&lt;0,001) e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o de glomerular (r=-0,658, p&lt;0,001). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,968 (p&lt;0,001) para VOP&#8805;10 m/s, 0,977 (p&lt;0,001) para VOP&#8805;9,08 m/s e 0,967 (p&lt;0,001) para VOP&#8805;7,30 m/s. O escore 7 apresentou especificidade de 95,40% e sensibilidade de 100% para VOP&#8805;10 m/s. O ponto de corte seria cinco para VOP&#8805;9,08 m/s (s=96,00%, e= 94,70%), e dois para VOP&#8805;7,30 m/s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O SAGE foi capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior chance de apresentar rigidez arterial, utilizando diferentes pontos de corte de VOP. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de um escore espec&#237;fico para normontensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos faz-se necess&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de onda de pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) &#233; um biomarcador consolidado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas. Quando maior que 10 m/s, a VOP tamb&#233;m significa les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, ainda &#233; subutilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pelo alto-custo e pela baixa disponibilidade de equipamentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore SAGE foi desenvolvido com o intuito de difundir o conhecimento e o conceito da avalia&#231;&#227;o de dano e envelhecimento vascular, utilizando quatro par&#226;metros simples &#8211; idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), glicemia de jejum e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) &#8211; para calcular a possibilidade de o indiv&#237;duo apresentar aumento da rigidez arterial. De acordo com a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida, pode-se encaminhar com maior assertividade os pacientes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida central da press&#227;o arterial (MCPA) e an&#225;lise da VOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No estudo de desenvolvimento do escore, o ponto de corte do SAGE foi calculado utilizando a VOP carot&#237;deo-femoral na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em seguida, o escore foi calculado usando a VOP tornozelo braquial em japoneses hipertensos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e, recentemente, o escore foi calculado utilizando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, mais difundido no Brasil, com brasileiros hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2021, um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> com 760 chineses desenvolveu um novo escore cl&#237;nico utilizando idade, PAS perif&#233;rica (PASp) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (PADp), peso e altura, tamb&#233;m visando identificar os indiv&#237;duos com aumento da rigidez arterial. Por&#233;m, esse estudo foi feito especificamente com diab&#233;ticos, e utilizou a an&#225;lise da VOP tornozelo-braquial.</p>
      <p>H&#225; ainda uma lacuna na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso desses escores para identificar o aumento da rigidez arterial nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos, mas que j&#225; podem apresentar VOP elevada e risco de desfechos cardiovasculares, e, de estudos utilizando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, que apresenta menor custo e &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Diante do exposto, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar a capacidade do escore SAGE em identificar a chance de aumento da VOP em uma amostra de brasileiros normotensos ou pr&#233;-hipertensos como uma prova de conceito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo de estudo e local da pesquisa</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal que avaliou prontu&#225;rios de pacientes de dois centros de refer&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento de hipertens&#227;o arterial no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de setembro de 2012 a novembro de 2019, foram realizadas 1594 avalia&#231;&#245;es da MCPA pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico. Desses exames foram exclu&#237;dos:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>os de participantes menores de 18 anos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>os de hipertensos com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial definido como PASp &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PADp &#8805; 90 mmHg, ambos obtidos na MCPA; ou PAS m&#233;dia &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou PAD m&#233;dia &#8805; 80 mmHg (PAD) na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ou uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais necess&#225;rios para o c&#225;lculo do escore SAGE (PASp, idade, glicemia de jejum e creatinina para obten&#231;&#227;o do <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina segundo o grupo CKD-EPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os exames laboratoriais deveriam ter sido realizados at&#233; tr&#234;s meses antes ou ap&#243;s a MCPA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>os de pacientes com <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina calculado pelo grupo CKD-EPI inferior a 15 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Portanto, a amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 100 indiv&#237;duos normotensos ou pr&#233;-hipertensos, que apresentavam todos os dados necess&#225;rios para o c&#225;lculo do escore SAGE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes. Fonte: Autor, 2022.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram identificados, nos dois centros de refer&#234;ncia, todos os exames em arquivo eletr&#244;nico de MCPA realizados entre setembro de 2012 a novembro de 2019. Em seguida, foram analisados os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes para verificar os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade do estudo.</p>
        <p>Dentre os eleg&#237;veis, os seguintes dados foram coletados do exame da MCPA: data de nascimento, data de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, peso, altura, PAS e PAD perif&#233;ricas e centrais, press&#245;es de pulso perif&#233;rica e central, <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> (AIx) e VOP. Para os par&#226;metros centrais e perif&#233;ricos, a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas foi considerada para a an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, foram coletados os seguintes dados: sexo, tabagismo, sedentarismo, estado civil, dados sobre os medicamentos em uso, diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos, e os resultados dos exames de glicemia jejum e creatinina realizados tr&#234;s meses antes ou ap&#243;s o exame da MCPA. Nos casos em que o mesmo exame foi realizado mais de uma vez nesse per&#237;odo, foi considerado o mais pr&#243;ximo da data de realiza&#231;&#227;o da MCPA.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado utilizando a f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>peso</mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>altura</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avali&#231;&#227;o da medida central da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da MCPA foi realizada com o Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM, Stolber, Alemanha) e com o Dyna MAPA AOP<sup>&#174;</sup> (Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita de forma n&#227;o invasiva, os par&#226;metros perif&#233;ricos (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) s&#227;o aferidos com esfigmoman&#244;metro e o algoritmo ARCSolver &#233; utilizado para estimar o valor da press&#227;o arterial a n&#237;vel central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP com uso da bra&#231;adeira, pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, apresenta valores semelhantes aos obtidos de forma invasiva com cateter intra-a&#243;rtico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e &#233; mais reprodut&#237;vel que os equipamentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP carot&#237;deo-femoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ela tamb&#233;m &#233; validada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PAS central em compara&#231;&#227;o com a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo invasivo e pelo m&#233;todo tonom&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aumento da rigidez arterial compat&#237;vel com les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo foi identificada pela VOP maior ou igual a 10 m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do escore SAGE</title>
        <p>O SAGE escore &#233; definido a partir de quatro vari&#225;veis: glicemia de jejum, PASp, idade e taxa estimada de filtrado glomerular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Identifica&#231;&#227;o do escore SAGE de acordo com as quatro vari&#225;veis que o constituem; traduzido de Xaplanteris et al.5</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por exemplo, um indiv&#237;duo com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de 145 mmHg, glicemia de 110 mg/dl, 65 anos e TFG de 69 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> receber&#225; o escore SAGE 8 e, portanto, conforme definido pelo estudo de desenvolvimento do escore, ser&#225; indicado para realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial, devido &#224; maior chance de seu aumento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O SAGE foi calculado para cada um dos participantes. A PASp foi obtida no exame de MCPA, a idade foi estimada pela diferen&#231;a obtida a partir da diferen&#231;a entre a data de realiza&#231;&#227;o desse exame e a data de nascimento dos participantes. A glicemia foi coletada do prontu&#225;rio e a TFG foi calculada utilizando a f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI 2021, a partir dos valores de creatinina coletados do prontu&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados por duas pesquisadoras, utilizando um formul&#225;rio elaborado no programa Epidata, vers&#227;o 3.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m por meio do programa, a dupla digita&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi validada para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis inconsist&#234;ncias e corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados com o <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> vers&#227;o 23.0 (SPSS). Foi aplicado teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados e foi realizada a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados, utilizando m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o para os dados param&#233;tricos e mediana e intervalo interquartil para os n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Os dados qualitativos foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa.</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o SAGE e cada uma das quatro vari&#225;veis que o comp&#245;e foi realizada com o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo foi realizada para cada pontua&#231;&#227;o SAGE, utilizando como diagn&#243;stico positivo tr&#234;s valores de VOP &#8805; 10m/s e VOP &#8805; percentis 50 e 75, que corresponderam a 7,3 e 9,8 m/s, respectivamente. Para cada um desses valores foi constru&#237;da a curva ROC e definido o melhor ponto de corte do escore SAGE, isto &#233;, aquele com maior sensibilidade e especificidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com maior chance de VOP elevada. Considerou-se como significativo p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>A pesquisa seguiu as normas da resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/12 e foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s sob os pareceres n&#186; 1.500.463 e 3.792.750 (emenda), com dispensa do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados dados de 100 participantes, com m&#233;dia de idade 52,64 &#177; 14,94 anos. A maioria dos participantes eram do sexo masculino, com dislipidemia, com PA &#243;tima e valores de VOP inferiores a 8 m/s ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes (n=100)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="left">n/%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td>45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td>55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro</td>
                <td>29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro</td>
                <td>57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td>14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 50 anos</td>
                <td>42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50 a 59 anos</td>
                <td>24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60 a 69 anos</td>
                <td>18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;70 anos</td>
                <td>16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Fator de risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td>5 / 5,3%*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC &gt; 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td>11 / 11,7%*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td>53 / 65,4%*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Colesterol total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 150 mg/dl</td>
                <td>29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>150 - 199 mg/dl</td>
                <td>41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>200 - 249 mg/dl</td>
                <td>18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>250 - 299 mg/dl</td>
                <td>4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 300 mg/dl</td>
                <td>1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td>7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>LDL</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804;50 mg/dl</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>51&#8211;69 mg/dl</td>
                <td>10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70&#8211;99 mg/dl</td>
                <td>26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>100&#8211;129 mg/dl</td>
                <td>31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;130 mg/dl</td>
                <td>16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td>9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt;150 mg/dl</td>
                <td>63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;150 mg/dl</td>
                <td>26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td>11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Glicemia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 126 mg/dl</td>
                <td>94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 126 mg/ dl</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 a 59</td>
                <td>5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60 a 89</td>
                <td>48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                <td>47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA &#243;tima</td>
                <td>46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA normal</td>
                <td>34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td>20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Rigidez arterial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP &lt; 8 m/s</td>
                <td>59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP 8 - 10 m/s</td>
                <td>29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP &gt; 10 m/s</td>
                <td>12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros de Press&#227;o Central</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (DP) / Mediana (25 &#8211; 75)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASp (mmHg)</td>
                <td>119,43 (9,59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADp (mmHg)</td>
                <td>75,50 (67,00 &#8211; 79,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPp (mmHg)</td>
                <td>45,00 (39,00 &#8211; 52,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc (mmHg)</td>
                <td>109,15 (9,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc (mmHg)</td>
                <td>77,00 (67,25 &#8211; 81,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc (mmHg)</td>
                <td>32,00 (29,00 &#8211; 39,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AI (%)</td>
                <td>18,87 (11,30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td>7,30 (6,03 &#8211; 9,08)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Alguns pacientes n&#227;o continham esses dados, logo a frequ&#234;ncia foi diferente do n. AI(%): augmentation index; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PPc: press&#227;o de pulso central; PPp: press&#227;o de pulso perif&#233;rica; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O escore SAGE mais frequente na amostra foi 0, seguido de 1 e 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 03</xref> ). Ao verificar as caracter&#237;sticas desses pacientes que justifiquem o escore, verificou-se que dentre os 13, 12 participantes estavam na faixa et&#225;ria de 70 anos ou mais e apresentavam glicemia &lt; 126mg/dL e TFG de 60 a 89 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. O outro paciente apresentou idade entre 60 e 69 anos, glicemia &#8805; 126mg/dL e a mesma TFG.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia relativa de distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore SAGE (n=100).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os pacientes com rigidez arterial (VOP &#8805; 10 m/s), o escore mais frequente foi sete ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). Todos os pacientes com VOP &#8805; 10 m/s (n=13, 100%) apresentavam 70 anos ou mais e glicemia &lt; 126 mg/dL; 10 (76,9%) apresentagvam TFG entre 60 e 89 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, e tr&#234;s (23%) entre 30 e 59 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Onze (84,6%) apresentavam dislipidemia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa de distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore SAGE, dentre os participantes ; (A) pacientes com velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) &#8805; 10 m/s, (B) pacientes com VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s e (C) pacientes com VOP &#8805; 7,30 m/s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Analisando-se o percentil 75 (9,08 m/s) e o percentil 50 da VOP (7,30 m/s), o escore SAGE mais frequente tamb&#233;m foi sete. Dentre os pacientes com VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s, 88% tinham glicemia &lt; 126 mg/dL, 64% tinha 70 anos ou mais (e os demais estavam na faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 e 69 anos), e 80% tinham TFG entre 60 e 89 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de SAGE de acordo com a idade, a PASp, a glicemia de jejum e a TFG (segundo grupo CKD-EPI) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ), demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a idade e com a taxa de glicemia, e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a TFG. N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o SAGE e a PASp.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o do SAGE (A- de acordo com a idade, B- de acordo com a PASp, C- de acordo com a taxa de glicemia, D- de acordo com o CKD-EPI).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, a &#225;rea sob a curva para VOP &#8805; 10 m/s, foi de 0,968 (p&lt;0,001), para VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s foi 0,977 (p&lt;0,001) e para a VOP &#8805; 7,30 m/s foi 0,967 (p&lt;0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC do escore SAGE (A - para VOP &#8805; 10 m/s, B &#8211; para VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s e C &#8211; para VOP &#8805; 7,30 m/s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade e especificidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ), para os indiv&#237;duos com rigidez arterial (VOP &#8805; 10 m/s), o escore sete apresentou alta especificidade (95,40%) associado &#224; uma sensibilidade de 100% e um valor preditivo negativo de 100%. Considerando o percentil 75 (VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s), o ponto de corte seria o SAGE &#8805; 5, com sensibilidade de 96,00% e especificidade de 94,70%. J&#225; para a mediana da VOP (&#8805; 7,30 m/s), o ponto de corte reduziria para dois.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade e especificidade do escore SAGE por ponto de corte e considerando diferentes valores de velocidade da onda de pulso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>SAGE</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>VPP/ Corretamente classificado</th>
                <th>VPN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                  <bold>VOP &#8805; 10 m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td align="center">13,00%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">27,59%</td>
                <td align="center">17,11%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">47,13%</td>
                <td align="center">22,03%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">63,22%</td>
                <td align="center">28,89%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">73,56%</td>
                <td align="center">36,11%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">82,76%</td>
                <td align="center">46,43%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">91,95%</td>
                <td align="center">65,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">95,40%</td>
                <td align="center">76,47%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">23,08%</td>
                <td align="center">98,85%</td>
                <td align="center">75,00%</td>
                <td align="center">89,60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td align="center">98,85%</td>
                <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td align="center">86,90%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                  <bold>VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td align="center">25,00%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">32,00%</td>
                <td align="center">32,89%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">54,70%</td>
                <td align="center">42,40%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">73,30%</td>
                <td align="center">55,60%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">85,30%</td>
                <td align="center">69,40%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">96,00%</td>
                <td align="center">94,70%</td>
                <td align="center">85,70%</td>
                <td align="center">98,60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">72,00%</td>
                <td align="center">97,30%</td>
                <td align="center">90,00%</td>
                <td align="center">91,30%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">68,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">90,40%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">16,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">78,10%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">4,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">75,80%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                  <bold>VOP &#8805; 7,30 m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td align="center">51,00%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">48,98%</td>
                <td align="center">67,11%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">98,00%</td>
                <td align="center">81,60%</td>
                <td align="center">84,70%</td>
                <td align="center">97,60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">82,40%</td>
                <td align="center">93,90%</td>
                <td align="center">93,30%</td>
                <td align="center">83,60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">68,60%</td>
                <td align="center">98,00%</td>
                <td align="center">97,20%</td>
                <td align="center">75,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">54,90%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">68,10%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">39,20%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">61,30%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">33,30%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">59,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">7,80%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">51,00%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">100,00%</td>
                <td align="center">49,50%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; VPN: valor preditivo negativo, VPP: valor preditivo positivo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo identificamos que o escore 0 foi o mais frequente no total da amostra de n&#227;o hipertensos. Por outro lado, naqueles com VOP &#8805; 7,3 m/s, 9,08 m/s ou 10 m/s o escore sete foi o mais frequente. O escore SAGE apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e moderada com a glicemia, positiva e muito forte com a idade, e, negativa e forte com a TFG. N&#227;o foi identificada correla&#231;&#227;o do SAGE com a PASp. Com base nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade e especificidade, o escore sete foi definido como o ponto de corte recomendado para indicar a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da rigidez arterial considerando como diagn&#243;stico positivo a VOP &#8805; 10 m/s. J&#225; para VOP &#8805; 9,08 m/s e &#8805; 7,30 m/s, os pontos de corte foram, respectivamente, 5 e 2.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o fato de os pacientes serem n&#227;o hipertensos, o qual &#233; um dos par&#226;metros que comp&#245;em o escore SAGE, n&#227;o resultou em um ponto de corte menor na an&#225;lise incluindo a VOP &#8805; 10 m/s, assim como no estudo de desenvolvimento do escore.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O ponto de corte do SAGE foi semelhante ao definido pelo estudo original realizado com pacientes hipertensos caucasianos de origem europeia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e ao estudo feito com 837 brasileiros hipertensos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que obtiveram o ponto de corte de oito. Ainda, o ponto de corte foi igual ao do estudo feito com 1816 japoneses hipertensos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em que o ponto de corte foi sete. Isso pode ser justificado pelo fato de que, mesmo n&#227;o apresentando hipertens&#227;o arterial, que &#233; um dos fatores que contribuem com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do SAGE, todos os participantes com VOP &#8805; 10 m/s apresentavam idade elevada (&#8805; 70 anos), o que j&#225; atribui seis pontos ao escore. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da idade cronol&#243;gica e a rigidez arterial j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> uma vez que, concomitantemente ao envelhecimento cronol&#243;gico do organismo, ocorre tamb&#233;m o envelhecimento vascular, culminando no aumento da rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o estabelecimento de pontos de corte para estratos de PAS menores que 140 mmHg, e a inclus&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros no escore, como o colesterol, possa otimizar ainda mais a aplicabilidade desse escore para a popula&#231;&#227;o de normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do fator idade, verificou-se que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com VOP &#8805; 10 m/s apresentou dislipidemia. Esse fator de risco, apesar de n&#227;o ser contemplado pelo escore SAGE, tamb&#233;m contribui para o desenvolvimento e a progress&#227;o da rigidez arterial. As taxas basais triglic&#233;rides (TG) e a raz&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis TG e de colesterol de alta densidade (TG/HDL) apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o aumento persistente da VOP e com a incid&#234;ncia de VOP elevada em homens saud&#225;veis acompanhados por 4,1 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Analisamos tamb&#233;m os percentis 75 e 50 da VOP considerando que a VOP &#8805; 10 m/s j&#225; identifica les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e nessa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o hipertensa, valores da VOP menores que 10 m/s j&#225; representam um aumento da rigidez arterial e por consequ&#234;ncia, do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Foram identificados 25 e 51 participantes com VOP acima dos percentis 75 e 50, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto a se considerar &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore SAGE com um ponto de corte mais baixo, por exemplo cinco, como estrat&#233;gia para identificar valores de VOP maiores que o percentil 75, o que resultaria na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um a cada quatro n&#227;o hipertensos. J&#225; o uso do escore dois, definido para o percentil 50, n&#227;o seria t&#227;o vi&#225;vel, pois recomendaria quase todos os pacientes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame de an&#225;lise da rigidez arterial.</p>
      <p>Ao nosso ver, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de aumento na rigidez arterial mesmo em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos, representa uma enorme janela de oportunidade para identificar precocemente les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas e possibilitar o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas e/ou farmacol&#243;gicas com o objetivo de otimizar a preven&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Na investiga&#231;&#227;o do papel dos biomarcadores na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial foi recomendada tamb&#233;m para pacientes com diabetes, dislipidemias e com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, refor&#231;ando a influ&#234;ncia desses outros fatores de risco na VOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A taxa de glicemia e a TFG foram identificadas como preditores independente da VOP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e no presente estudo elas apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com o SAGE. Ainda, a redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia e/ou da distensibilidade dos vasos ocorre independentemente da press&#227;o arterial na presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco, dentre eles, a diabetes mellitus, o envelhecimento cronol&#243;gico, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, a obesidade, a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e a doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, apesar de a maioria dos estudos apresentarem a hipertens&#227;o como um dos principais fatores de risco para o aumento da rigidez arterial, o pr&#243;prio aumento da rigidez prediz a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e contribui para sua patog&#234;nese, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de analisar a VOP mesmo em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Em um estudo de seguimento de uma coorte de Framingham com 1048 participantes, acompanhados por quatro a 10 anos, a VOP, avaliada pelo m&#233;todo tonom&#233;trico carot&#237;deo-femoral, foi identificada como preditora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, enquanto o aumento da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o foi preditor da rigidez elevada. E cada aumento de um desvio-padr&#227;o na VOP carot&#237;deo-femoral, aumenta em 30% o risco de desenvolver a hipertens&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo &#233; que o escore SAGE foi desenvolvido para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e, por isso, n&#227;o h&#225; pontua&#231;&#227;o diferenciada para normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. Por outro lado, cria-se aqui a oportunidade do desenvolvimento de escores espec&#237;ficos para essa popula&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo com atribui&#231;&#227;o de uma pontua&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m para os indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, visto que eles j&#225; apresentam um risco aumentado para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; idade dos participantes em nossa amostra, principal fator correlacionado &#224; chance de VOP aumentada nesse modelo. Portanto, seria importante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos incluindo amostras maiores e com mais indiv&#237;duos em cada faixa et&#225;ria para verificar se, em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos, seria mais recomendado medir a VOP apenas pelo crit&#233;rio da idade (&#8805; 70 anos) em vez do c&#225;lculo do escore.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Na amostra estudada, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore SAGE foi capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior chance de apresentar rigidez arterial para diferentes pontos de corte de VOP. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de um escore espec&#237;fico para a popula&#231;&#227;o de normotensos ou pr&#233;-hipertensos se faz necess&#225;rio, e pode contribuir de maneira significativa na incorpora&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de risco de envelhecimento vascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>SAGE Score in Normotensive and Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Proof of Concept</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde Oliveira</given-names>
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          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Camargo</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Miguel Guimar&#227;es Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8741-1720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xaplanteris</surname>
            <given-names>Panagiotis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
            <given-names>Charalambos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BE">B&#233;lgica</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles &#8211; Cardiology Department, Bruxelas &#8211; B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="GR">Gr&#233;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine &#8211; First University Department of Cardiology, Atenas &#8211; Gr&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rayne Ramos Fagundes Rigonatto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; R. 235, s/n. Postal code 74605-220, Setor Leste, Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rayneramos.f@gmail.com, rayne_rf@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The SAGE score was developed to detect individuals at risk for increased pulse wave velocity (PWV). So far, studies have been focused on hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To assess the ability of the score to detect non-hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients at risk for increased PWV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective cross-sectional study of analysis of central blood pressure data and calculation of the SAGE score of non-hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients. Each score point was analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, using the cut-off point for positive diagnosis a PVW &#8805; 10m/s, &#8805;9.08 m/s (75<sup>th</sup>percentile) and &#8805;7.30 m/s (50<sup>th</sup>percentile). A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The sample was composed of 100 normotensive and pre-hypertensive individuals, with mean age of 52.64 &#177; 14.94 years and median PWV of 7.30 m/s (6.03 &#8211; 9.08). The SAGE score was correlated with age (r=0.938, p&lt;0.001), glycemia (r=0.366, p&lt;0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.658, p&lt;0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.968 (p&lt;0.001) for PWV &#8805; 10 m/s, 0.977 (p&lt;0.001) for PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s and 0.967 (p&lt;0.001) for PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s. The score 7 showed a specificity of 95.40% and sensitivity of 100% for PWV&#8805;10 m/s. The cut-off point would be of five for a PWV&#8805;9.08 m/s (sensitivity =96.00%, specificity = 94.70%), and two for a PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The SAGE score could identify individuals at higher risk of arterial stiffness, using different PWV cutoff points. However, the development of a specific score for normotensive and pre-hypertensive subjects is needed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a well-established biomarker in cardiovascular risk stratification and identification of subclinical lesions, and it can also be an indicator of target-organ lesion when higher than 10m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, PWV is still underutilized in clinical practice due to its high cost and low availability of the equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The SAGE score was developed to spread knowledge and the concept about the assessment of vascular aging and damage, based on four simple parameters &#8211; age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting glycemia and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &#8211; to calculate the probability of an individual developing increased arterial stiffness. Based on the values obtained, patients can be more assertively referred to central blood pressure (CBP) measurements and analysis of PWV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the study in which the score was developed, the SAGE cut-off was calculated using the carotid-femoral PWV obtained from a hypertensive population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Subsequently, the score was calculated using the brachial-ankle PWV in Japanese subjects with hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and more recently, it was calculated in Brazilian hypertensive individuals using the oscillometric method, which is a more commonly used method in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2021, a study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> with 760 Chinese individuals developed a new clinical score using age, peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), weight and height, also aiming at identifying individuals with increased arterial stiffness. However, the study was conducted specifically on diabetic patients, and using brachial-ankle PWV measurements only.</p>
        <p>There is still a gap in the literature regarding the use of these scores to identify increased arterial stiffness in non-hypertensive individuals that may already have increased PWV and increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes, and studies involving the oscillometric method, which is a low-cost, easy-to-use method.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the ability of the SAGE score to identify individuals at high risk for increased PWV in a sample of normotensive and pre-hypertensive Brazilian individuals, as a proof of concept.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and place</title>
          <p>This was a cross sectional study in which medical records of patients attending two referral centers for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in Brazil were analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and sample</title>
          <p>From September 2012 to November 2019, a total of 1594 measurements of CBP were made by the oscillometric method. Of these, we excluded:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Measurements of patients younger than 18 years old;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Measurements of patients with diagnosis of hypertension, defined as pSBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and pDBP &#8805; 90 mmHg, both obtained from CPB; or mean SBP &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or mean DBP &#8805; 80 mmHg PAS by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> or use of anti-hypertensive drugs;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Measurements of patients who did not have all clinical and laboratory data available for calculation of the SAGE score (pSBP, age, fasting glycemia, creatinine [for creatinine clearance according to the CKD-EPI)].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Laboratory tests should have been made from three months before to three months after the CBP measurement;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Measurements of patients of creatinine clearance (calculated according to the CKD-EPI group) lower than 15mL/min/1.73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Then, the sample was composed of 100 normotensive or pre-hypertensive individuals, who had all data required for calculation of the SAGE score available ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patient selection. Source: Author, 2022.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study procedure</title>
          <p>Electronic files of CBP measurements performed between September 2012 and November 2019 were identified. Then, medical files of these patients were analyzed for eligibility for the study.</p>
          <p>Among the eligible patients, the following data were collected from the electronic files &#8211; date of birth, date of the CBP measurement, weight, height, peripheral and central SBP and DBP, peripheral and central pulse pressure, Augmentation Index (AIx) and PWV. For central and peripheral parameters, the mean of three measurements was considered for analysis.</p>
          <p>In addition, the following data were collected: sex, smoking status, sedentary lifestyle, marital status, medications used, clinical diagnoses, and fasting glucose and creatinine levels obtained within three months before or after the CBP measurement. When glucose and creatinine levels were measured more than once within this period, those obtained on the closest date to the CBP measured were used for analysis.</p>
          <p>Body mass index was calculated using the formula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>weight</mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>height</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of central blood pressure</title>
          <p>Measurements of CBP were performed using the Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup>(IEM, Stolber, Germany) and the Dyna MAPA AOP<sup>&#174;</sup>(Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). This evaluation is performed non-invasively; pSBP and DBP are measured using a sphygmomanometer and the ARCSolver algorithm is used to derive central pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The assessment of PWV using the sphygmomanometer and the oscillometric method yields comparable values to those obtained invasively using the intra-aortic catheter,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in addition to being more reproducible than the devices used for assessment of carotid-femoral PWV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The method has also been validated for assessment of central SBP compared with the assessment by the invasive method and the tonometric method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> An increase in arterial stiffness compatible with target organ damage was detected by PWV &#8805; 10m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculation of the SAGE score</title>
          <p>The SAGE score is defined based on four variables &#8211; fasting glucose, pSBP, age, and estimated GFR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SAGE score classification and its four variables; translated from Xaplanteris et al.5</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>For example, an individual with a SBP of 145 mmHg, glycemia of 110 mmHg, 65 years old and GFR of 69 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>will be assigned a SAGE score of eight and, therefore, as defined by the study in which the score was developed, will be referred for assessment of increased arterial stiffness due to higher risk of its occurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The SAGE score was calculated for each participant. Measurements of pSBP were obtained from the CBP measurement; age was calculated by the difference between the date of birth and the date that of the CBP measurement. Glycemia was obtained from patient medical record and GFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI creatinine equation (2021), using serum creatinine levels obtained from the medical record.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were collected by two investigators using a form developed with the Epidata software version 3.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The program was also used for validation of the form in terms of potential inconsistencies and errors.</p>
          <p>Data analysis was made using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0. Normality of data distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; descriptive analysis was performed using mean and standard deviation and using median and interquartile range for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Qualitative data were described as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>The correlation between SAGE score and the four variables of the score was assessed by the Spearman correlation.</p>
          <p>Analysis of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was made for each SAGE rating. A positive diagnosis was defined as the presence of three PWV measurements &#8805; 10m/s and &#8805; 50<sup>th</sup>and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles, which correspond to 7.3 and 9.8 m/s, respectively. For each of these values, a ROC curve was constructed to define the best cut-off point for the SAGE score, <italic>i.e</italic> ., the one with the highest sensitivity and specificity to detect patients at higher risk for increased PWV. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The study was conducted according to the resolution number 466/12 and approved by the ethics committee of the General Hospital of the Federal University of Goias (approval and amendment number 1.500.463 and 3.792.750, including approval of the waiver of the consent form).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Data of 100 participants were analyzed, with mean age of 52.64 &#177; 14.94 years. Most patients were male, and had dyslipidemia, with optmial blood pressure and PWV lower than 8m/s ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n=100)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left">n/%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td>45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td>55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Marital status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Living without a partner</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Living with a partner</td>
                  <td>57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not reported</td>
                  <td>14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 50 years</td>
                  <td>42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 - 59 years</td>
                  <td>24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 - 69 years</td>
                  <td>18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;70 years</td>
                  <td>16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td>5 / 5.3%*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI &gt; 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td>24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td>11 / 11.7%*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td>53 / 65.4%*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Total cholesterol</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 150 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>150 - 199 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>200 - 249 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>250 - 299 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 300 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not reported</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>LDL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804;50 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>51&#8211;69 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70&#8211;99 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>100&#8211;129 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;130 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not reported</td>
                  <td>9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;150 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;150 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not reported</td>
                  <td>11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Glycemia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 126 mg/dl</td>
                  <td>94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 126 mg/ dl</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Glomerular filtration rate</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 - 59</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 - 89</td>
                  <td>48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                  <td>47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Classification of blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Optimal BP</td>
                  <td>46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal BP</td>
                  <td>34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-hypertension</td>
                  <td>20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Arterial stiffness</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV &lt; 8 m/s</td>
                  <td>59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV 8 - 10 m/s</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV &gt; 10 m/s</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central pressure parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>M&#233;dia (DP) / Mediana (25 &#8211; 75)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pSBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>119.43 (9.59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pDBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>75.50 (67.00 &#8211; 79.75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pPP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>45.00 (39.00 &#8211; 52.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>109.15 (9.38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>77.00 (67.25 &#8211; 81.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>32.00 (29.00 &#8211; 39.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AI (%)</td>
                  <td>18.87 (11.30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                  <td>7.30 (6.03 &#8211; 9.08)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*These data were not available from some of the patients and the frequency was then different from the number; AI (%): augmentation index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; cPP: central pulse pressure; pPP: peripheral pulse pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The most frequent SAGE score in the sample was 0, followed by 1 and 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Patients&#8217; characteristics that could justify the scores were analyzed; of 13 participants, 12 were aged 70 years or older and had fasting glucose &lt; 126 mg/dL and GFR of 60 - 89 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. The other patient was aged between 60 and 69, had fasting glucose &#8805; 126mg/dL and the same GFR.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relative frequency of the SAGE scores of the study patients (n=100).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Among patients with arterial stiffness (PWV &#8805; 10 m/s), the most frequent score was seven ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). All patients with PWV &#8805; 10 m/s (n=13, 100%) were aged 70 years or older, and had fasting glucose &lt; 126 mg/dL; 10 (76.9%) had GFR between 60 and 89 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, and three (23%) between 30 e 59 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Eleven (84,6%) had dyslipidemia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Absolute and relative frequency of SAGE score ratings of the study patients; (A) patients with pulse wave velocity (PWV) &#8805; 10 m/s, (B) patients with PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s and (C) patients with PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Analysis of the 75<sup>th</sup>percentile (9.08 m/s) and the 50<sup>th</sup>percentile of the PWV (7.3 m/s), the most frequent SAGE score was also seven. Among patients with PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s, 88% had fasting glucose &lt; 126 mg/dL, 64% were aged 70 years or older (and the others between 60 and 69 years), and 80% had GFR between 60 and 89 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Distribution of SAGE parameters by age, pSBP, fasting glucose, and GFR (according to the CKD-EPI group) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ) showed a positive correlation with age and glucose levels, and a negative correlation with GFR. No correlation was found between SAGE and pSBP.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of SAGE score by age (A) peripheral systolic blood pressure (B), glycemia (C) and glomerular filtration rate (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the analysis of the ROC curve, the area under the curve for PWV &#8805; 10 m/s was 0.968 (p&lt;0.001), for PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s was 0.977 (p&lt;0.001) and for PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s was 0.967 (p&lt;0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve of the SAGE score for pulse wave velocity (PWV) &#8805; 10 m/s (A), PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s (B) and PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-02-e20200291-20291-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>According to the sensitivity and specificity analysis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ), for individuals with arterial stiffness (PWV &#8805; 10 m/s), a SAGE score of seven showed high specificity (95.40%) associated with a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100%. Considering the percentile 75<sup>th</sup>(PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s), the cut-off point for SAGE would be &#8805; 5, with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 94.7%. For the median PWV (&#8805; 7.30 m/s), the cut-off point would be lower (SAGE score of two).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensitivity and specificity of the SAGE score by cutoff point and pulse wave velocity value</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>SAGE</th>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>PPV/ Correctly classified</th>
                  <th>NPV</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                    <bold>PWV &#8805; 10 m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">13.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">27.59%</td>
                  <td align="center">17.11%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">47.13%</td>
                  <td align="center">22.03%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">63.22%</td>
                  <td align="center">28.89%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">73.56%</td>
                  <td align="center">36.11%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">82.76%</td>
                  <td align="center">46.43%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">91.95%</td>
                  <td align="center">65.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">95.40%</td>
                  <td align="center">76.47%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">23.08%</td>
                  <td align="center">98.85%</td>
                  <td align="center">75.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">89.60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">98.85%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">86.90%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                    <bold>PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">32.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">32.89%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">54.70%</td>
                  <td align="center">42.40%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">73.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">55.60%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">85.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">69.40%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">96.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">94.70%</td>
                  <td align="center">85.70%</td>
                  <td align="center">98.60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">72.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">97.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">90.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">91.30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">68.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">90.40%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">16.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">78.10%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">75.80%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="10">
                    <bold>PWV &#8805; 7.30 m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">51.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">48.98%</td>
                  <td align="center">67.11%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">81.60%</td>
                  <td align="center">84.70%</td>
                  <td align="center">97.60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">82.40%</td>
                  <td align="center">93.90%</td>
                  <td align="center">93.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">83.60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">68.60%</td>
                  <td align="center">98.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">97.20%</td>
                  <td align="center">75.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">54.90%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">68.10%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">39.20%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">61.30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">33.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">59.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.80%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">51.00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">100.00%</td>
                  <td align="center">49.50%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NPV: negative predictive value, PPV: positive predictive value; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, we found that a SAGE score of zero was the most frequent in this sample of non-hypertensive patients. On the other hand, a SAGE score of seven was the most common among patients with PWV &#8805; of 7,3 m/s, 9,08 m/s or 10 m/s. The SAGE score showed a moderate positive correlation with glycemia, a very strong positive correlation with age, and a strong negative correlation with GFR. No correlation was observed between SAGE and pSBP. Based on the analysis of sensitivity and specificity, the score seven was defined as arterial stiffness considering a PWV &#8805; 10 m/s as the positive diagnosis. For PWV &#8805; 9.08 m/s and &#8805; 7.30 m/s, the cut-off points were 5 and 2, respectively.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the fact that the patients were not hypertensive, which is one of the parameters of the SAGE score, did not lead to a lower cut-off point in the analysis including PWV values &#8805; 10 m/s, like the study in which the score was developed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The cut-off point in our study was similar to that established in the original study with European Caucasian hypertensive patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and to the Brazilian study with 837 hypertensive patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> which established a cut-off of eight. In addition, it was equal to that reported in a Japanese study with 1,816 hypertensive individuals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in which the cut-off was seven. This may be justified by the fact that, even though these patients do not have hypertension, which is a condition that already contributes to the SAGE score, all patients with PWV &#8805; 10m/s were aged 70 years or older, which already contributes to six points to the score. The relationship between aging arterial stiffness is already well established in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> since concomitantly with chronological aging, vascular aging occurs, culminating in increased arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> On the other hand, one may consider that the establishment of cutoffs for blood pressure levels lower than 140 mmHg and the inclusion of other parameters, like cholesterol, may optimize the applicability of this score in normotensive and pre-hypertensive populations.</p>
        <p>In addition to the age factor, most individuals with PWV &#8805; 10 m/s had dyslipidemia. Although this risk factor was included in the SAGE score, it also contributes to the development of arterial stiffness. Baseline triglyceride (TG) levels and the TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio are independently associated with the persistent increase in PWV and the incidence of increased PWV in healthy men followed-up for 4.1 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We also analyzed the 75<sup>th</sup>and the 50<sup>th</sup>percentiles, since PWV &#8805; 10m/s can already be an indicator of target-organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Also, in this population of non-hypertensive individuals, PWV values lower than 10m/s already represents an increase in arterial stiffness and consequently in cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Twenty-five and 51 participants were found to have PWV above the 75<sup>th</sup>and 50<sup>th</sup>percentiles, respectively.</p>
        <p>Another aspect to be considered is the application of the SAGE score with a lower cut-off point (e.g. five) as a strategy to detect PWV values above the 75<sup>th</sup>percentile, which would result in the identification of one in every four non-hypertensive individuals. The use of a score of two, defined for the 50<sup>th</sup>percentile, would not be feasible, as almost all patients would have to be referred to assessment of arterial stiffness.</p>
        <p>In our opinion, the risk assessment of increased arterial stiffness even in non-hypertensive individuals represents a great window of opportunity to identify early subclinical lesions and to establish non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies aiming at optimizing cardiovascular protection and prevention.</p>
        <p>In the investigation of the role of biomarkers in primary prevention, the assessment of arterial stiffness was also recommended for patients with diabetes, dyslipidemias and chronic renal disease, reinforcing the influence of these risk factors on PWV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Both glycemia and GFR were identified as independent predictors of PWV and,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in this present study, they were correlated with SAGE. Also, the reduction in arterial compliance and/or distensibility occurs independently of blood pressure in the presence of other risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, chronological aging, metabolic syndrome, obesity, peripheral artery disease, and end-stage renal disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Besides, although most studies have reported that hypertension is one of the main risk factors for increased arterial stiffness, this increase, in turn, is a predictor of hypertension and contributes to its pathogenesis, reinforcing the importance of assessing the PWV even in non-hypertensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In a follow-up study of the Framingham cohort with 1048 participants, followed-up for four to 10 years, carotid-femoral PWV, obtained by tonometry, was identified as a predictor of arterial hypertension, while the increase in blood pressure was not a predictor of increased arterial stiffness. A one standard deviation in carotid-femoral PWV increased by 30% the risk of arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One limitation of this study is that the SAGE score was developed for hypertensive subjects, and, for this reason, there are no differential ratings between normotensive and pre-hypertensive patients. On the other hand, an opportunity for the development of specific scores for this population is warranted, including the assignment of ratings to pre-hypertensive patients also, considering their increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Another limitation was the age of the study population, which is the main factor correlated to increased PWV in this model. Thus, further studies are needed including larger samples of individuals in different age ranges to determine whether it would be more appropriate to measure PWV of non-hypertensive patients using the criterion of age (&#8805;70 years) rather than the score calculation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the study sample, the SAGE score could identify patients at higher risk of arterial stiffness by different PWV cutoffs. However, the development of a specific score for non-hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients is needed and could contribute significantly to the implementation of the analysis of the risk of vascular aging in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rayne Ramos Fagundes Rigonatto, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
