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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Syn9tkMkDBCGmrxkCFdzdFB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica e Tomografia Computadorizada Cardiovascular na Cardiologia do Presente e Futuro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; (InCor, HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos E. Rochitte &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44 &#8211; Andar AB, Resson&#226;ncia &amp; Tomografia. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rochitte@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230021</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/tend&#234;ncias/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Precoce</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo, Gen&#243;tipo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>M&#233;todos de imagem n&#227;o invasivos modernos, como a tomografia computadorizada cardiovascular (TCC) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC), t&#234;m a capacidade de diagnosticar e monitorizar uma ampla gama de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com acur&#225;cia, precis&#227;o e seguran&#231;a sem precedentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do entendimento sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a disponibilidade de novos e revolucion&#225;rios tratamentos, informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas e quantitativas sobre o est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a passaram a ser fundamentais para a tomada de decis&#227;o mais apropriada para cada paciente, um dos pilares da medicina personalizada.</p>
    <p>Como exemplo, podemos citar a alta acur&#225;cia da TCC no diagn&#243;stico e na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose e estenose coron&#225;rias ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da signific&#226;ncia funcional pela t&#233;cnica de reserva de fluxo fracional ( <italic>fractional flow reserve</italic> , FFR) por TC. Considerando os novos conhecimentos de que caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da placa e a carga global de placa da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria podem ser indicadores poderosos do progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), a TCC passa a ser pe&#231;a fundamental na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, seja para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de estenoses, seja na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Um outro exemplo da TCC &#233; a capacidade de monitorizar a resposta das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas a terapias avan&#231;adas como aquelas envolvendo a interfer&#234;ncia na PCSK9 por anticorpos monoclonais ou por RNA de interfer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#245;es da tomografia computadorizada cardiovascular.</title>
          <p>AngioTC: angiotomografia; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; PTC: perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por tomografia computadorizada; FFRct: reserva de fluxo fracional por tomografia computadorizada; TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20230021-30021-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ainda na DAC, a RMC permite a investiga&#231;&#227;o detalhada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e seu mioc&#225;rdio, com t&#233;cnicas que incluem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til global e regional ( <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdicos), visualiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica de forma precisa, e a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante estresse que permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de defeitos perfusionais associados a estenoses coron&#225;rias hemodinamicamente significativas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Mais recentemente, a RMC pode quantificar o fluxo mioc&#225;rdico absoluto em mL/min/g em repouso e estresse, permitindo o c&#225;lculo da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio ( <italic>coronary flow reserve</italic> , CFR), algo antes s&#243; poss&#237;vel por t&#233;cnicas mais complexas como o PET/TC. O CFR &#233; atualmente considerado o par&#226;metro mais preciso para caracterizar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo essencial na defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a microvascular (INOCA, <italic>ischaemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease</italic> ), quando n&#227;o h&#225; estenose coron&#225;ria significativa detect&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; T&#233;cnicas e indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular.</title>
          <p>RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; FSE: Spin-eco r&#225;pido; FatSat: satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20230021-30021-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Com estas breves explana&#231;&#245;es, fica claro que a parceria da RMC e TCC j&#225; &#233; fundamental na Cardiologia avan&#231;ada atual e ser&#227;o pilares essenciais da Cardiologia do futuro, na assist&#234;ncia e desenvolvimento.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da DAC, no &#226;mbito das cardiomiopatias (CMP) e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), as t&#233;cnicas de RMC e TCC t&#234;m sido mais utilizadas, objetivando diagn&#243;sticos mais precoces, mais precisos e quantitativos, o que leva &#224; escolha de terapias mais apropriadas. Na IC, como s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica, a RMC e a TCC podem avaliar par&#226;metros quantitativos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e esquerda, geometria ventricular, contratilidade regional espec&#237;fica ( <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdicos), volume e fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, em particular do &#225;trio esquerdo. No diagn&#243;stico de CMP, al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros citados para IC, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual do mioc&#225;rdio passa a ter papel fundamental, seja ela pelo cl&#225;ssico realce tardio, seja pela avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da matriz intersticial do mioc&#225;rdico com os c&#225;lculos do T1 (tempo de relaxamento longitudinal), T2 (relaxamento transversal) e volume extracelular do mioc&#225;rdio ( <italic>extracellular volume</italic> , ECV). Os mapas param&#233;tricos do T1 pr&#233; e p&#243;s-contraste fornecem o c&#225;lculo do ECV e, associados ao T2 mioc&#225;rdico, podem dar uma vis&#227;o abrangente da microestrutura do mioc&#225;rdio em suas altera&#231;&#245;es mesmo que discretas. Importante destacar que embora esses par&#226;metros sejam avaliados classicamente pela RMC, a TCC tamb&#233;m pode avaliar o realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico e o ECV de forma precisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ainda no diagn&#243;stico das CMP, as t&#233;cnicas de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual pela RMC e TCC s&#227;o hoje pe&#231;as-chaves nas fases iniciais da doen&#231;a. Como exemplo, na CMP dilatada, a presen&#231;a de realce tardio do tipo <italic>ring-like</italic> eleva em muito o risco arritmog&#234;nico maligno desta entidade. Nas CMP que cursam com hipertrofia ventricular, e nas quais os diferenciais de hipertrofia incluem cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, CMP infiltrativa ou de dep&#243;sitos, a RMC tem um papel crucial no diagn&#243;stico e estadiamento da doen&#231;a. Recentemente, por exemplo, a amiloidose com envolvimento card&#237;aco tem sido diagnosticada de forma muito mais frequente, precoce e mesmo sem necessidade de bi&#243;psia, utilizando t&#233;cnicas de multimodalidade de imagem cardiovascular. A RMC tem papel central no diagn&#243;stico e &#250;nico no seguimento e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da carga amiloide durante tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, pouqu&#237;ssimos aspectos n&#227;o s&#227;o avaliados pela combina&#231;&#227;o destes dois poderosos m&#233;todos de imagem cardiovascular n&#227;o invasivos, a RMC e a TCC.</p>
    <p>Este editorial refor&#231;a o que muitos autores e sociedades m&#233;dicas de cardiologia t&#234;m enfatizado, a RMC e TCC s&#227;o os instrumentos fundamentais para a fenotipagem avan&#231;ada das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O fen&#243;tipo avan&#231;ado correto em associa&#231;&#227;o com a s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica e o gen&#243;tipo (em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas) s&#227;o a base para a escolha do melhor tratamento personalizado das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A Cardiologia, em n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio de aten&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o pode prescindir da RMC e TCC, o que tem sido demonstrado por in&#250;meras diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, regulamenta&#231;&#245;es oficiais, e mesmo nas descri&#231;&#245;es de programas da disciplina de Cardiologia de universidades de ponta no Brasil e no exterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O modelo cl&#237;nico-fenot&#237;pico-genot&#237;pico tem sido corroborado pelas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e avan&#231;a rapidamente para uma ado&#231;&#227;o ampla na Cardiologia do futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in the Present and Future Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; (InCor, HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Carlos E. Rochitte &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44 &#8211; Andar AB, Resson&#226;ncia &amp; Tomografia. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rochitte@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/trends/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Fhenotype</kwd>
        <kwd>Genotype</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Modern non-invasive imaging techniques like cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can diagnose and monitor a wide range of cardiovascular diseases with unprecedented accuracy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> With advances in the understanding of cardiovascular diseases and increasing availability of new and revolutionary therapies, detailed and quantitative information of disease stage have become crucial for the appropriate decision-making for each patient, which is one of the pillars of personalized medicine.</p>
      <p>As an example, we can mention the high accuracy of CCT in the diagnosis and quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and stenosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), and assessment of functional significance by the fractional flow reserve (FFR) technique. Considering recent knowledge of the role of characteristics of the plaque and the global burden of the atherosclerotic plaque involving the coronary tree on the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), CCT has turned out to be a key tool in therapeutic decision making, be it for stenosis revascularization, be it for prevention of adverse cardiovascular events. Another example is the ability of CCT in monitoring the response of atherosclerotic plaques to advanced therapies, like those including PCSK9 inhibition by monoclonal antibodies or RNA interference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular computed tomography indications.</title>
            <p>CTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; CTP: computed tomography perfusion; FFRct: fractional flow reserve by computed tomography; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implant/replacement; TVMR: transcatheter mitral valve replacement; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20230021-30021-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Also in CAD, CMR allows a detailed examination of the left ventricle and its myocardium, by techniques that include the assessment of global and regional contraction (myocardial strain), accurate visualization of infarction and quantification of myocardial viability, and myocardial perfusion during stress, which allows the detection of perfusion defects associated with hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). More recently, CMR has been used to quantify absolute myocardial flow (mL/min/g), both at rest and during stress, enabling the calculation of coronary flow reserve (CFR), which was only possible via more complex techniques, like PET/CT. CFR is currently considered the most accurate parameter for characterizing myocardial ischemia, being fundamental in defining coronary microvascular disease (INOCA, ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease), when there is no detectable significant coronary stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance techniques and indications.</title>
            <p>LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; MRA: magnetic resonance angiography; MR: magnetic resonance; FSE: fast spin-echo; FatSat: fat saturation.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20230021-30021-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the above, the partnership between CMR and CCT is already crucial in current advanced cardiology and will be essential pillars of future cardiology, in terms of care and development.</p>
      <p>In addition to CAD, CMR and CCT have been increasingly used in cardiomyopathies (CMP) and heart failure (HF), focusing on earlier and more precise quantitative diagnosis, that lead to more appropriate therapeutic choices. In HF, as a clinical syndrome, both CMR and CCT can examine quantitative parameters of right and left ventricular function, ventricular geometry, regional contractility (myocardial strain), atrial volume and function, particularly in the left atrium. In the diagnosis of CMP, in addition to the parameters for HF, myocardial tissue characterization plays a crucial role, for the classical myocardial late enhancement and for the quantitative assessment of myocardial interstitial matrix by calculation of T1 (longitudinal relaxation time), T2 (transversal relaxation time), and myocardial extracellular volume (ECV). Pre- and post-contrast parametric maps at T1 enable the ECV estimation and, combined with myocardial T2, can provide a comprehensive view of myocardial microstructure and its changes, even discrete ones. It is worth pointing out that, although these parameters are classically evaluated by CMR, CCT can also precisely evaluate myocardial late enhancement and ECV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Also in the context of CMP, the techniques of tissue characterization by CMR and CCT are key elements in the initial stages of the disease. As an example, in dilated CMP, the presence of a ring-like late gadolinium enhancement greatly increases the risk of malignant arrhythmia. In CMP that progress to ventricular hypertrophy, and that differential diagnoses of hypertrophy include hypertrophic, infiltrative or deposition CMP, CMR plays a crucial role in disease diagnosis and staging. For example, the diagnosis of amyloidosis with cardiac involvement has been made more frequently and earlier, even without the need of biopsy, using multimodal cardiovascular imaging techniques. CMR plays a central and unique role in the follow-up and monitoring of amyloid burden during treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In most cardiovascular diseases, very few aspects cannot be evaluated by the combination of these two powerful non-invasive cardiovascular imaging techniques &#8211; CMR and CCT.</p>
      <p>This editorial reinforces what many authors and cardiology societies have highlighted &#8211; CMR and CCT are fundamental tools for the advanced phenotyping of cardiovascular diseases. A correct advanced phenotyping, in combination with the clinical syndrome and genotyping (in some cases) form the basis of choosing the best individualized treatment for cardiovascular disease patients. Both CMR and CCT are indispensable in settings of tertiary cardiology care; this has been emphasized in several guidelines, official regulations, and even in cardiology disciplines offered in top-notch universities in Brazil and other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical-phenotype-genotype model has been supported by scientific evidence and has rapidly advanced towards a wide-scale use in near future.</p>
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